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1.
卫宁平原是黄河流域上游的生态保护关键带,也是著名地理标志产品“中宁枸杞”的唯一原产地,在此开展区域性土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价,对改善土壤生态系统功能,保护优质特色农业具有重要意义。该研究以卫宁平原农用地为主要研究对象,采集2 830件表层土壤样品,检测As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn共8项重金属元素与Al、Li、Sc、Ti共4项地壳稳定元素的含量。运用标准化法计算重金属元素的基线值,并以此作为污染评价模型的参照值;采用污染负荷指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法研究农用地土壤重金属的污染程度和生态风险,基于空间分析阐明土壤重金属污染的空间分布格局。结果表明:卫宁平原表层土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的环境地球化学基线值分别为14.51、0.29、79.61、0.05、34.57、26.42、23.95、73.49 mg·kg-1,土壤重金属平均含量均高于黄河流域土壤背景值;污染评价结果表明,土壤As、Cr、Ni污染程度较低,Cu、Pb、Zn污染程度较高,Cd、Hg污染程度最高,综合污染负荷指数总体以轻度污染为主;土... 相似文献
2.
四川凉山州9种野生蘑菇的重金属含量 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
报道了采集于四川凉山州9种野生蘑菇及相关土壤的重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg和As的含量.结果表明,供试土壤均未检出Hg,3个采集地除会理林家山土壤样品有Cd的检出,另外两个样地土壤未检出Cd.土壤中Pb、Zn和As在干土中的含量分别为52.806 4~274.731 0 mg/kg、18.747 5~164.585 8 mg/kg和3.970 9~10.749 9 mg/kg.野生蘑菇对Cd和Hg具有很强的积累能力,在土壤中没有Cd和Hg检出的情况下,蘑菇中均测出了Cd和Hg,Cd含量高达28.383 6 mg/kg出现在梭孢环柄菇(Lepita ventriosospora),Hg含量最高为0.860 7 mg/kg出现在大白菇(Russula deli-ca).在土壤受Pb污染的情况下,大白菇子实体积累Pb的能力最强,含量为115.929 0 mg/kg.本次蘑菇样品Zn的含量不高.蘑菇对As的积累与土壤中As含量高低有关,最高含量为喇叭陀螺菌(Gomphus floccosus),为4.003 5 mg/kg.表明蘑菇对重金属的积累具有种特异性,与环境土壤重金属含量有关.基于蘑菇对重金属的强积累能力,可考虑作为净化重金属污染环境的特种生物.图1表2参11 相似文献
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4.
土壤污染元素异常下限值的确定对环境地球化学评价具有重要意义,传统异常下限值计算方法仪适用于元素含量数据呈正态分布的情况且地球化学意义不明确,而事实上土壤元素含量的空间分布很可能具有分形分布特征,元素背景和异常有各自独立的幂指数关系.文章探讨利用分形方法确定合肥大兴地区土壤中Hg元素的异常下限值.基于分形的含量-面积方法确定的合肥大兴地区土壤中污染元素Hg的异常下限值为0.13 mg/kg.与传统方法(平均值加两倍标准离差)对比显示,分形方法圈定的异常区域是有效的、合理的. 相似文献
5.
上海宝山区农业用地土壤重金属空间分异规律及分布特征研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
利用地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计分析方法对宝山区农业用地土壤重金属(As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb)空间分异规律和分布特征进行研究.结果表明,区内农业用地土壤中5种重金属均表现为中等空间变异性;在全局趋势上,Cd为一次全局趋势,其余重金属元素都表现为二次趋势;5种元素在空间上均存在明显的方向效应;Cr,Hg和Pb具有强烈的空间相关性,As和Cd具有中等强度的空间相关性;5种重金属的空间变程由大到小分别为Hg,Pb,Cr,As和Cd.土壤重金属As,Cd,Cr,Hg和Pb平均含量分别为7.31mg.kg-1、0.24 mg.kg-1、107.89 mg.kg-1、0.15 mg.kg-1和38.54 mg.kg-1,分别是上海土壤背景值的0.80,1.81,1.44,1.43和1.51倍.宝山区南部农业用地土壤重金属污染程度普遍高于北部.从宝山区各镇农业用地土壤重金属污染看,Cr和Pb普遍污染严重,而基本不存在As污染.同期降尘污染调查表明,降尘重金属是本区土壤重金属污染的最重要来源. 相似文献
6.
《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2017,(3)
通过分析衡阳市7个样点的大羽藓植物体及相应土壤样品中的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、As等6种重金属元素含量,大羽藓植物体内6种重金属元素平均含量分别为:40.86 mg/kg、339.27 mg/kg、19.54 mg/kg、0.32 mg/kg、0.27 mg/kg、4.77 mg/kg,基质中重金属元素平均含量分别为:48.32 mg/kg、160.40 mg/kg、22.35 mg/kg、0.21 mg/kg、0.38 mg/kg、11.62 mg/kg,均未超过国家标准2级标准.富集系数分析表明,大羽藓对Zn和Cd具有富集能力,富集系数分别为:2.12和1.52.植物体和土壤基质中重金属含量的相关性分析表明,除Pb外其它5种重金属都达到显著性差异水平(P0.05). 相似文献
7.
武汉市郊区设施蔬菜地土壤重金属含量及其生态风险 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对武汉市郊部分设施蔬菜地土壤5种重金属砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)的累积现状和潜在生态风险进行了分析评价.结果表明,研究区土壤中As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为0.06、0.15、19.85、1.07、5.44 mg/kg,其中Cd和Hg的平均含量分别达到湖北省土壤背景值的9.41和2.36倍;设施蔬菜地土壤中不同重金属的单因子污染状况具有Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb>As的特征,就综合污染指数而言,Cd元素是污染发生的主要贡献因子;从多种重金属潜在综合生态风险指数(RI)来看,研究区仅有18.23%的采样点达到中等生态风险,其余样点的潜在生态风险指数在轻微风险水平范围内.图4表3参15 相似文献
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芜湖市三山区菜地土壤重金属污染特征分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
从芜湖市三山区蔬菜基地采集82个农田土壤样品,测试其中的As、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、Mn和Fe 8种金属总量和生物有效态含量,对蔬菜基地农田土壤含量特征及来源进行了分析.结果表明:蔬菜基地土壤中8种元素的含量均高于其土壤背景值,其中As(30.01 mg/kg)含量是其土壤背景值的2.83倍.与我国《土壤环境质... 相似文献
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河北平原土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在环境地球化学研究中,自然异常与人为异常往往同时存在,因此要判断环境污染状况,从自然异常中分离人为异常是十分重要的。文章根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子来判别河北平原表层土壤中重金属的人为污染情况。以4 km^2为一个评价单元,选择Zr为标准化元素,分别以河北太行山区岩石平均值及该评价单元所对应的深层土壤样品的分析值为地球化学背景,计算得到了河北平原表层土壤中重金属元素的两组富集因子值,分别用EF和CEF表示。结果表明,除As、Ni外,其它重金属元素的EF和CEF分布特征基本一致。按CEF计算结果,该区表层土壤约有50%的区域(约40 000 km^2)发生了1级轻微的重金属污染;As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn约有1%~5%的少部分区域发生了2级中度以上重金属污染;Cd、Hg达到2级中度污染的面积为河北平原总面积的14.7%和49.6%,达到3级显著污染级别以上分别为1.1%(880 km^2)和12.6%(10 080 km^2)。重金属污染主要分布在工矿区(如冀东北部地区的铁矿集区、白洋淀及周边的小冶炼厂集中区)、污灌区(如唐海县的Cd异常、石家庄及其南部的河两岸的多金属异常)、大中城镇(Hg异常)。河北平原的实例研究表明,应用富集因子可有效区分重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响。 相似文献
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以广东省梅州市五华县棉洋镇农用地为研究对象,测定农业用地土壤样品Cd、Hg、Cr、As、Pb重金属含量。通过反距离权重(IDW)的插值模型进行土壤重金属空间分布预测分析,采用内梅罗综合污染指数对棉洋镇重金属污染状况进行全面评价,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属进行生态风险评价,运用主成分分析法和相关性分析法探究土壤重金属的主要来源。结果表明:土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb的平均质量分数分别为7.18、0.13、26.03、0.10和33.87 mg/kg,均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,土壤环境质量总体属于清洁水平,重金属污染潜在生态风险较低。其中,Hg、As、Cr元素在土壤中的积累主要受自然因素(成土母质)的影响,Pb、Cd元素不仅受成土母质影响,还受人类活动影响。 相似文献
11.
Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services. 相似文献
12.
森林土壤固碳机理研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。 相似文献
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中国水稻土碳循环研究进展 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性,进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述,对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象,说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程,水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域,即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡,从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。 相似文献
14.
Hannu Ylönen Jana A. Eccard Ilmari Jokinen Janne Sundell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(3):350-358
Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones. 相似文献
15.
Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality. 相似文献
16.
生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。 相似文献
17.
Nina Wedell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(9):1385-1391
A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources
to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is
assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs
to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine
the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined
white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component
of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary
to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females,
although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to
mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation
in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly
influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species. 相似文献
18.
中国公众参与环境管理的研究 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。 相似文献
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B. Anglin-Brown A. Armour-Brown G. C. Lalor J. Preston M. K. Vutchkov 《Environmental geochemistry and health》1996,18(3):129-133
The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure. 相似文献