Evaluation of potential human health risks from exposure to volatile organic compounds in contaminated urban groundwater in the Sava river aquifer,Belgrade, Serbia

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The oil pollutant in the Sava River aquifer in the residential area of Belgrade, Serbia was investigated in order to analyze the extent, origin and spatial...     

污泥好氧发酵过程中挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染风险研究

污泥好氧堆肥发酵过程所产生的可挥发性有机物已经成为重要的二次污染物,采用气质联用（GC/MS）的方法分析了郑州某污泥处置厂发酵车间不同位置的挥发性有机物（VOCs）组分。结果表明：污泥堆肥过程可检测出的VOCs共有19种,主要致臭组分是甲硫醇、二甲二硫醚、甲硫醚,它们在所有采气点中的质量浓度均高于检知嗅阈值,对人类嗅觉具有较大危害;总挥发性有机物（TVOC）的质量浓度由堆体内部产生时的47.2 mg·m-3,降为车间工人活动处的1.73 mg·m-3,迁移过程中总浓度减少了96.3%;利用最大增量反应活性法研究VOCs的反应活性和对近地层臭氧的生成潜势影响,VOCs组分中烷烃、芳香烃、酮类、烯烃类的最大臭氧生成潜势值依次增加,其中,最大臭氧生成潜势值（OFP）贡献量最高的组分为1-丁烯和丙烯,OFP分别达到了947.70μg·m-3和875.67μg·m-3,存在大气污染风险。通过主要VOCs组分间的相关性分析,发现甲硫醇宜作为评估VOCs排放情况的指示气体,其在工人活动处的质量浓度为0.04 mg·m-3,远低于GBZ 2—2002《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》所规定的2.5 mg·m-3限量值。     

厦门市隧道中挥发性有机物污染研究

选择厦门市典型的7个隧道,采用三段预浓缩和气相色谱-质谱联用方法,对隧道口和隧道内空气中的VOCs进行了分析研究。结果表明：隧道内VOCs污染一般比隧道口严重,而当隧道口受到周围VOCs污染的影响时,将导致隧道口VOCs污染比隧道内严重;甲苯、乙醇、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯为本研究主要的活性组分,甲苯对隧道空气的光化学活性贡献最大;BTEX分析显示,除汽车尾气外,其它源也会对隧道内苯系物的污染有较大的影响;对隧道内和隧道口VOCs相关性分析发现,1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛、二氯甲烷、正己烷、1,1-二氯乙烷、4-乙基甲苯、氟利昂-12、一氯甲烷的相关性较好,表明在隧道内和隧道口这些物质具有相同的来源。     

碱熔-离子色谱法测定土壤中全硫的研究

研究了用碱熔-离子色谱法测定土壤中全硫的方法,样品采用氧化镁—碳酸钠(2:1)混合熔剂,在恒温马弗炉中800℃加热1 h,使土壤中各种形态的硫转化为SO_4~(2-),冷却,用水超声浸提.离子色谱法测定.分析柱AS14A4-mm(4 mm×250mm),淋洗液0.008mol·L~(-1)Na_2CO_3、0.001 mol·L~(-1)INaHCO_3,再生液0.05mol·LH_2SO_4~(-1),流量1.0mL·min~(-1),进样体积20μL,外标峰面积定量.该方法测定土壤中硫检测限为0.8 mg·kg~(-1),在测量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系.用该方法做精密度,相对标准偏差为3.91%.与不同地区的标准土做对比实验,所测结果跟标准值相比均在标准值范围内.实验证明该方法操作简便、快速.     

Influence of ozone on the sampling and storage of volatile organic compounds in canisters

A dynamic dilution system was used for the study of the influence of ozone on the sampling and storage of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at 0, 4, 7 and 14 days in “TO-Can” canisters at two ozone concentrations, 60 and 150 ppbv. Among the 31 ozone precursors VOCs, a representative mixture containing five alkenes, five aromatics, acetylene and 1,3 butadiene was selected using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of ozone have no influence on the concentrations of VOCs after 14 days storage period and consequently no problem of representativity of the sampling appears after 14 days of storage. The main explanation is the degradation of ozone in contact with deactivated walls of canisters.     

兰州市功能区环境空气中挥发性有机物关键活性组分与来源解析

为明确兰州市不同采样点环境空气中挥发性有机物组分特征、关键活性组分以及来源.在2017年12月至2018年6月期间,选取5个采样点,依据EPA TO-17的挥发性有机物测定方法,采用TENAX吸附管进行采样,TD-GC-MS分析;获得各个采样点功能区VOCs组分在采暖季与非采暖季的特征、含量变化趋势;采用最大增量反应活...     

Soxhlet extraction of organic compounds associated with soil water repellency

The study of compounds associated with soil water repellency usually involves removing organic material from a sample by some extraction procedure. An evaluation of the kinetics and efficiency of Soxhlet extraction using an isopropanol-aqueous ammonia mixture is given here. Increasing extraction time caused an increase in the mass of material extracted and a decrease in soil water repellency. The same compound types were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in all extracts, but their proportions varied with extraction time. In particular, the removal of alkanes from the soil sample was less rapid than that of more polar compounds.     

Role of heavy polar organic compounds for water repellency of sandy soils

Separation and chemical characterisation of specific compounds responsible for soil water repellency has not previously been achieved. Here we describe the extraction, separation and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of organic compounds found in wettable and water repellent sandy soils from the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Fatty acids (C₁₆–C₂₄), amides (C₁₄–C₂₄), alkanes (C₂₅–C₃₃), aldehydes/ketones (C₂₃–C₃₁) and complex ring-containing structures were detected in all samples. We found a greater abundance of high molecular mass polar compounds in the water repellent samples.     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during summer in Beijing, 2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

'Pheromone-like' compounds in the cuticle of aquatic Chironomus larva

Chironomid midges are the most commonly found dipteran insects in all types of aquatic ecosystems. Cuticular extract was bio-assayed, and it exhibited enhanced attraction to the larvae. Therefore, it was subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two compounds were identified as farnesol and farnesene. Bioassay of farnesol indicated its attractive properties. The components present in the cuticular extract can, therefore, be considered as pheromone-like compounds.     

猪场废水灌溉对地下水中氮素的影响

应用猪场废水处理工程中产出的厌氧水不同灌溉量和3个处理阶段V（出水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统连续进行3年小区灌溉试验,地下水中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮等指标的监测结果表明：（1）厌氧水不同灌溉量条件下地下水中4种氮素含量总体呈现高量厌氧水（Ha）〉中量厌氧水（Ma）〉低量厌氧水（La）的变化趋势;（2）混水灌溉处理地下水中4种氮素含量均呈V（原水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合（Tog）〉V（厌氧水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合（Tag）〉V（仿生态塘水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合（Teg）的变化趋势。文章的研究能够为制定合理的猪场灌溉制度提供数据支撑。     

Distribution of arsenic compounds in Plantaginaceae and Cyperaceae plants growing in contaminated soil

The ability of plant species to accumulate arsenic (As) species in the biomass from As-contaminated soils is variable. Among the plants widely grown at the As-contaminated locations, Plantaginaceae and Cyperaceae families belong to the frequent ones. In this study, the ability of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and three wetland plant species representing the family Cyperaceae (Carex praecox, Carex vesicaria, and Scirpus sylvaticus) naturally occurring in the soils with an elevated As in the Czech Republic were investigated. The plants were cultivated under controlled conditions in an As-contaminated soil reaching 735?mg?kg^?1 of the total As. The total As in plants reached up to 8.3?mg?kg^?1 in leaves, and up to 155?mg?kg^?1 in roots of C. praecox. Dominant As compounds were arsenite and arsenate with a small abundance of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in all the plant species. In Cyperaceae, small percentages of arsenobetaine (AB) and arsenocholine (AC) were detected, suggesting the ability of these plants to transform As into less toxic compounds. Moreover, the important role of As(V) sequestration on iron plaque on the root surface of Cyperaceae was confirmed. In this context, root washing with oxalic acid partially disrupted the iron plaque for the better release of arsenate.     

华北平原地下水有机污染特征初步分析

各种污染造成地下水中有害物质逐年增加,地下水水质逐渐下降,严重危及了饮用水安全。针对此情况,按照相关的要求,采集了245组水样。样品由有资质的测试单位测定。依据对地下水质调查的初步分析,华北平原地下水中已有机物检出。对所有水样测试结果的统计显示：检出的有机污染物共有32种。检出率大于4.5%的有氯仿、甲苯、四氯乙烯、苯并[a]芘、氯苯、苯和1,2-二氯苯,其中个别水样中的四氯化碳、苯并[a]芘和挥发性酚类三项超过了饮用水标准（据地下水质量标准报批稿,中国地质调查局,2007）,超标率分别为1.22%、2.45%和1.90%。个别在深层地下水样品中也检出了微量有机污染物,这可能与取样井的混合开采、止水不佳有关。从区域上来看,在人类活动相对强烈的城镇地区地下水中,有机物检出率相对较高,特别是在渗透性好的山前地带,污染物较易进入到地下水中。通过分析发现,地下水有机物的高检出率与地下水硬度的升高有一定相关性。由于地下水有机污染在时间和空间上差异一般较大,建议对已发现的异常点进行重复取样测试,积累水质数据,以利于将来的综合分析。     

有机污染物在土壤和地下水中迁移建模

地下水有机污染是由人类活动引起的各种物理、化学和生物等干扰过程造成有机污染物自土壤表面迁移至地下含水层的结果。为了解有机污染物如何自土表经过不饱和层（包气带）进入含水层，需要对不饱和层中所进行的各种物理、化学和生物等过程进行较准确的定量描述。本文就不饱和层和含水层中水分和有机污染物迁移建模的一些基本概念和方法进行综述，并列举了一些经典的和新颖的建模方法。     

Characteristics of major volatile organic hazardous air pollutants in the urban air of Kaohsiung city

The concentrations and characteristics of volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the urban city of Kaohsiung from motor vehicles and dense pollutant sources has become a national concern. To continuously monitor volatile organic HAPs, sampling sites were selected near the four air-quality monitoring stations established by Ethe nvironmental Protection Administration of Taiwan ROC, namely Nan-tz, Tso-ying, San-min and Hsiao-kang, from north to south. An on-site automated online monitor of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was used for continuous monitoring. This study performed two consecutive days of 24-h monitoring of five volatile organic HAPs form August to October 2005 at the four monitoring sites, which cover the northern, central, and southern areas of Kaohsiung city. The average monitored concentration was 2.78–4.84 ppb for benzene, 5.90–9.66 ppb for toluene, 3.62–5.90 ppb for ethylbenzene, 3.73–5.34 ppb for m,p-xylene, 3.38–4.22 ppb for o-xylene, and 4.48–7.00 ppb for styrene. The average monitored concentrations of the major volatile organic HAPs tended to follow the pattern San-min > Nan-tz > Hsiao-kang > Tso-ying. Among all the species monitored in this study, toluene had the highest ambient concentration, followed by styrene, m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and benzene. The results showed that the concentration at night was higher than that in the day for toluene at Nan-tz, San-min, Hsiao-kang, and for benzene at Nan-tz and Hsiao-kang.     

Controlling microbiological interfacial behaviors of hydrophobic organic compounds by surfactants in biodegradation process

Bioremediation of hydrophobic organic compounds （HOCs） contanlinated soils involves several physicochemical and microbiological interracial processes among the soil-water-microorganism interfaces. The participation of surfactants facilitates the mass transport of HOCs in both the physicochemical and microbiological interfaces by reducing the interfacial tension. The effects and underlying mechanisms of surfactants on the physi-cochemical desorption of soil-sorbed HOCs have been widely studied. This paper reviewed the progress made in understanding the effects of surfactant on microbiological interlhcial transport of HOCs and the underlying mechanisms, which is vital for a better understanding and control of the mass transfer of HOCs in the biodegradation process. In summary, surfactants affect the microbiological interfacial behaviors of HOCs during three consecutive processes： the soil solution-microorganism sorption, the transmembrane process, and the intracellular metabolism. Surfactant could promote cell sorption of HOCs depending on the compatibility of surfactant hydrophile hydrophilic balance （HLB） with cell surface properties; while the dose ratio between surfactant and biologic mass （membrane lipids） determined the transmembrane processes. Although surfactants cannot easily directly affect the intracellular enzymatic metabolism of HOCs due to the steric hindrace, the presence of surfactants can indirectly enhanced the metabolism by increasing the substrate concentrations.     

The determination of partition coefficients of organic compounds in technical products and waste waters for the estimation of their bioaccumulation potential using reversed phase thin layer chromatography

Reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC) has been investigated for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients (P), an important parameter for the prediction of the environmental behaviour of organic chemicals. A strong correlation between P derived from the traditional octanol/water system and RPTLC has been established over five orders of magnitude. RPTLC data are likewise correlated to results obtained by high performance chromatography (HPLC). Due to the low costs, simplicity and separation power RPTLC is especially suited for the investigation and screening of mixtures of compounds before more complicated tests are involved.

Results from a round robin test on the determination of partition coefficients by HPLC, RPTLC and the batch method indicate the simplicity and accuracy of the RPTLC technique. Applications of the RPTLC‐technique on technical products and industrial waste waters are described.     

高硫高铁土壤全硫提取和测定方法的改进

硫酸钡分光光度比浊法是大批量测定土壤环境样品硫含量的常用方法,但影响测定结果的因素较多,如稳定剂的选择、酸度的控制、BaCl：的形态和用量等均可对测定结果产生影响。在多金属硫化物矿区,由于长期的采矿冶炼活动,造成周边土壤中硫、铁含量增加,用比浊法测定硫含量时,铁的含量也对测定结果产生显著影响。针对这些影响因素,本研究在用硝酸．高氯酸湿法对土壤进行消解后,优化了硫酸钡分光光度比浊法测定高硫高铁样品的实验条件和实验步骤,并对多金属硫化物矿区的土壤样品进行了测定,得到了较好的结果。实验证明,称取0．50g土壤样品,消解后过滤,取滤液7mL,加入1mL研（1＋2）甘油．乙醇]=6％的甘油．乙醇为稳定剂,1mL浓磷酸掩蔽Fe3＋与cl-反应所显的黄色,定容到10mL,加入w（BaCl2）=10％的氯化钡溶液10mL,电磁搅拌1min,静置20-40min,在波长440nm处,比浊法测定土壤全硫含量,相对误差〈10％,取得良好的测定结果。此方法简单、快捷、方便,适合大批量环境样品的测定。     

Differences in the electroantennal responses of apple- and hawthorn-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella to host fruit volatile compounds

Summary. Domestic apple (Malus pumila)- and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella, Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) provide an excellent model to examine the role that host plant specificity plays during sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence in the absence of geographic isolation). Previous work has shown that these races differ in their propensities to accept apple and hawthorn fruits in behavioral choice assays, and that this discrimination translates into "host fidelity" in the field (i.e., apple flies tend to mate on and oviposit into apples and hawthorn flies on hawthorns). ?We present the results of a study examining possible physiological factors contributing to host choice differences in R. pomonella. We tested whether apple and hawthorn flies differ in their electroantennogram (EAG) responses to biologically relevant volatile compounds emitted from apples and hawthorns. Significant differences were found in the relative EAG responses of apple and hawthorn flies to host fruit compounds at five of six paired study sites across the eastern United States. The geographic pattern of EAG variation was complex, however, with local populations of apple and hawthorn flies tending to be more similar to one another than to flies of the same race at distant sites. This pattern was largely due to EAG responses for several compounds showing longitudinal or latitudinal clines, the latitudinal clines being similar to those observed for allozyme loci in the host races. We also found evidence for sex-related differences, as males tended to have higher mean EAG responses to compounds than females. Host-associated differences were therefore nested within geographic and sex-related differentiation in R. pomonella.?Further behavioral studies are needed to distinguish whether the EAG differences are responsible for, as opposed to being a consequence of, host-plant fidelity and adaptation. Crosses are also required to establish a genetic basis for the EAG responses, although we did find significant correlations between EAG scores for several compounds and the allozymes NADH-Diaphorase-2 and Hydroxyacid dehydrogenase at one of the study sites. Questions therefore remain concerning the evolutionary significance of the EAG response differences between apple and hawthorn fly races. Nevertheless, these differences raise the possibility that antennal responses to fruit-related volatile compounds contribute to host plant discrimination in R. pomonella. Regardless, the EAG responses represent another set of traits, in addition to diapause/eclosion time phenotypes and allozyme frequencies, differing between apple and hawthorn host races of R. pomonella. Received 17 March 1998; accepted 21 September 1989.     

顶空气相色谱法测定稻田土壤甲烷产生率

介绍测定稻田土壤甲烷产生率的顶空气相色谱法。该法采用特制的不锈钢采样器，采取不同深度的土壤样品于已充满氮气的玻璃瓶中，通过抽空、充氮处理，使其处于厌氧状态，然后在不同时间间隔取上部气体样品分析甲烷浓度，再根据温度、体积、压力及干样重等参数计算甲烷产生率。本法标准偏差为１５．８７μＶ．ｓ（峰面积），变异系数为０．１８％（ｎ＝５）。