Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability

We critically highlight some evidence for the importance of soil biodiversity to sustaining (agro-)ecosystem functioning and explore directions for future research. We first deal with resistance and resilience against abiotic disturbance and stress. There is evidence that soil biodiversity does confer stability to stress and disturbance, but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. It appears to depend on the kind of stress and disturbance and on the combination of stress and disturbance effects. Alternatively, community structure may play a role. Both possible explanations will guide further research. We then discuss biotic stress. There is evidence that soil microbial diversity confers protection against soil-borne disease, but crop and soil type and management also play a role. Their relative importance as well as the role of biodiversity in multitrophic interactions warrant further study. Henceforth, we focus on the effects of plant and soil biodiversity on nutrient and water use efficiencies as important ecological functions in agroecosystems. The available evidence suggests that mycorrhizal diversity positively contributes to nutrient and, possibly, water use efficiency. Soil fauna effects on nutrient and water use efficiencies are also apparent, but diversity effects may be indirect, through effects on soil structure. We present a conceptual diagram relating plant and soil biodiversity with soil structure and water and nutrient use efficiencies as a framework for future studies. We then consider how cropping systems design and management are interrelated and how management options might be interfaced with farmers’ knowledge in taking management decisions. Finally, we attempt to express some economic benefits of soil biodiversity to society as part of a wider strategy of conserving and using agrobiodiversity.     

Integrated nutrient management and waste recycling for restoring soil fertility and productivity in Japanese mint and mustard sequence in Uttar Pradesh, India

Supplementing the nutrient requirement of crops through organic manures plays a key role in sustaining soil fertility, and crop productivity and reducing use of fossil fuels. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years at two different locations (i.e. Lucknow and Pantnagar) in Uttar Pradesh, India. The objectives of the study were to assess the herb and essential oil yields of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis cv. Hy 77), and its nutrient accumulation under single and combined applications of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers (NPK). Changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the soils (Fluvisols, Mollisols) were also determined. Eight treatments comprising different combinations of NPK through inorganic fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) were compared. The distilled waste of mint after extraction of essential oil was recycled to soils in the plots to supplement the nutritional requirement of the succeeding mustard crop (Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold). Herb and essential oil yield of mint were significantly higher with combined application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as compared to single applications. Accumulation of N and P was at par under full inorganic and combined supply whereas, K accumulation was higher with the former. Soil organic C and pH after harvest of mint did not significantly differ among the treatments, but the level of mineralizable N, Olsen-P and NH₄OAc extractable K were higher in soil with integrated supply of nutrients. Significant increase in soil water stable aggregates, organic C, available NPK and microbial biomass, and decrease in soil bulk density were observed with waste recycling over fertilizer application. These benefits were reflected in the seed and stubble yield of mustard which succeeded mint. This study indicates that combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organics helps in increasing the availability of nutrients and crop yield and provides a significant effect to the succeeding crop. Similarly, recycling crop residues reduces the need for fossil fuel based fertilizer, and helps in sustaining and restoring soil fertility in terms of available nutrients and major physical and chemical characteristics of the soil.     

Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming

Organic farming systems often comprise crops and livestock, recycle farmyard manure for fertilization, and preventive or biocontrol measures are used for plant protection. We determined indicators for soil quality changes in the DOK long-term comparison trial that was initiated in 1978. This replicated field trial comprises organic and integrated (conventional) farming systems that are typical for Swiss agriculture. Livestock based bio-organic (BIOORG), bio-dynamic (BIODYN) and integrated farming systems (CONFYM) were compared at reduced and normal fertilization intensity (0.7 and 1.4 livestock units, LU) in a 7 year crop rotation. A stockless integrated system is fertilized with mineral fertilizers exclusively (CONMIN) and one control treatment remained unfertilized (NOFERT). The CONFYM system is amended with stacked manure, supplemental mineral fertilizers, as well as chemical pesticides. Manure of the BIOORG system is slightly rotted and in BIODYN it is composted aerobically with some herbal additives. In the third crop rotation period at normal fertiliser intensity soil organic carbon (C_org, w/w) in the plough layer (0–20 cm) of the BIODYN system remained constant and decreased by 7% in CONFYM and 9% in BIOORG as compared to the starting values. With no manure application C_org-loss was severest in NOFERT (22%), followed by CONMIN together with the systems at reduced fertiliser intensity (14–16%). Soil pH tended to increase in the organic systems, whereas the integrated systems had the lowest pH values. At the end of the third crop rotation period in 1998 biological soil quality indicators were determined. Compared to soil microbial biomass in the BIODYN systems the CONFYM soils showed 25% lower values and the systems without manure application were lower by 34%. Relative to the BIODYN soils at the same fertilization intensity dehydrogenase activity was 39–42% lower in CONFYM soils and even 62% lower in soils of CONMIN. Soil basal respiration did not differ between farming systems at the same intensity, but when related to microbial biomass (qCO₂) it was 20% higher in CONFYM soils and 52% higher in CONMIN as compared to BIODYN, suggesting a higher maintenance requirement of microbial biomass in soils of the integrated systems. The manure based farming systems of the DOK trial are likely to favour an active and fertile soil. Both, C_org and biological soil quality indicators were clearly depending on the quantity and quality of the applied manure types, but soil microbial biomass and activities were much more affected than C_org.     

农田土壤碳循环过程及其量化方法

已有研究表明除了作物碳（根际沉积碳和秸秆碳）对农田土壤有机碳（SOC）的输入外，土壤碳还来源于土壤自养微生物固定SOC的贡献以及土壤无机碳（SIC）的固定（无机化学途径和微生物的生物矿化途径）.农田SOC的高低主要受到外源作物碳输入和原有SOC分解的平衡作用.作物碳输入在短期内通常促进SOC的分解，呈现正（根际）激发效应.通过整合分析主要作物的根际激发效应和秸秆还田的激发效应的研究，发现作物根系生长和秸秆还田引起的（根际）激发效应大小平均值分别为75%和67%.尽管秸秆还田通过激发效应引起SOC分解的额外释放，但是土壤残留秸秆碳通常大于激发效应导致SOC的额外损失，因此秸秆还田可能增加SOC的储量.在农田系统中，秸秆碳和根际沉积碳往往共存，这导致土壤碳输入和输出至少有3个碳源（根际沉积碳、秸秆碳和土壤碳），由于多碳源体系的区分方法存在挑战，目前这两种作物碳（根际沉积碳和秸秆碳）对SOC分解的激发效应影响是不清晰的.最后，提出了新量化方法，可以多源区分根际CO₂排放以及SOC中作物碳输入的碳源，以及区分碱性土壤中无机化学和微生物途径对SIC的贡献.研究有助于提高对农田土壤SOC和SIC输入和输出途径的理解，以及农田土壤碳平衡评估的精确度.     

生物炭在农业增产和污染治理中的应用

生物炭(biochar)作为重要的碳汇、土壤重要的改良剂以及污染物有效地吸附剂受到了国内外研究人员的普遍关注。在阅读近几年国内外关于生物炭在农业增产和污染方面文献的基础上,作者总结了生物炭应用规律并提出一些未来研究的展望。表述如下:生物炭具有多孔性和巨大的表面积,它能够增加土壤的持水量、增加对营养元素的吸附以减少其流失并改善土壤的结构,此外生物炭本身含有丰富的营养元素并能够缓慢释放以供作物吸收,因此生物炭能改善土壤肥力并增加农作物产量。同时,生物炭巨大的吸附功能可以降低重金属和有机污染物在土壤及污水中的活性,起到降低污染物浓度的作用。因此生物炭在农业增产和减少污染方面有巨大的潜力。但是,到目前为止,对于生物炭很多的作用机制还未搞清楚,对不同种类生物炭性状、生物质在高温热解过程中内部化学成分和结构的变化、长期定位实验以及危害方面还应加强研究。对此,研究人员应该结合当地情况,尽多的用当地主要的动植物废料来生产生物炭以达到当地农业增产和治理污染的目的;其次,增加长期定位试验,找到适合当地的生物炭种类及其生产条件;另外还应增加对我国新疆、西藏等土壤贫瘠的偏远地区的研究,使当地的土壤更大程度的被利用以改善当地人民的生活;最后,当地政府及相关部门应该加大对生物炭研究的支持,使生物炭早日被普遍运用,造福百姓。     

长期施肥对黄土高原梯田土壤养分特征和微生物资源限制的影响

长期不同施肥处理会改变土壤的理化性质和微生物生物量,但长期不同施肥对黄土高原梯田土壤微生物胞外酶活性变化和养分特征的影响尚不清楚.本研究以中国科学院安塞水土保持综合试验站长期养分定位试验样地为基础,分析了不施肥(CK)、有机肥与氮肥混施(MN)、有机肥与磷肥混施(MP)、有机肥、氮肥与磷肥混施(MNP)、单施有机肥(M...     

集约化柑橘种植抑制土壤磷循环微生物活性

微生物是调节土壤磷循环的关键驱动力.阐明土壤解磷菌的微生物矿化过程对于提高植物养分吸收率和作物产量具有重要意义.通过测定柑橘园与毗邻的自然林地土壤编码碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）丰度、解磷细菌群落多样性和土壤无机磷组分,探究柑橘种植对土壤微生物获取磷策略的影响机制.结果表明,柑橘种植导致土壤pH下降,土壤有效磷累积,ω（有效磷）平均值高达112 mg·kg^-1,显著高于毗邻的自然林地（3.7 mg·kg^-1）.柑橘种植也会影响土壤磷素组成,柑橘土壤含有较高的可溶态磷（CaCl₂-P）、柠檬酸提取态磷（Citrate-P）和矿物结合态磷（HCl-P）.自然林地土壤各磷组分均显著低于柑橘土壤,而phoD基因丰度和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于柑橘土壤.高通量测序结果表明,柑橘土壤解磷细菌Shannon指数（4.61）显著低于自然林地（5.35）,群落结构也有别于自然林地.柑橘种植改变了土壤解磷菌的群落组成,自然林地变形菌门的相对丰度显著低于柑橘土壤.土壤有效磷含量与碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关,表明土壤高磷累积抑制土壤解磷细菌的活性.柑橘种植改变了土壤微生物对磷的获取策略,在柑橘园中,土壤微生物主要依赖外源磷,而自然林地土壤微生物主要以微生物分泌碱性磷酸酶矿化有机磷来获取磷的方式满足其生长需求.     

Agricultural management affects earthworm and termite diversity across humid to semi-arid tropical zones

Earthworm and termite diversity were studied in 12 long-term agricultural field trials across the sub-humid to semi-arid tropical zones of Eastern and Western Africa. In each trial, treatments with high and low soil organic C were chosen to represent contrasts in long-term soil management effects, including tillage intensity, organic matter and nutrient management and crop rotations. For each trial, a fallow representing a relatively undisturbed reference was also sampled. Earthworm taxonomic richness decreased in the direction fallow > high-C soil > low-C soil and earthworm abundance was higher in fallow than under continuous crop production. Termite abundance was not significantly different between fallow and high and low-C treatments and termite taxonomic richness was higher in fallow soil than in the two cropping systems. We concluded that fewer species of earthworms and termites were favored under agricultural management that led to lower soil C. Results indicated that the soil disturbance induced by continuous crop production was more detrimental to earthworms than to termites, when compared to the fallow.     

生物质炭服务农田生态系统“碳中和”的机制和潜力研究进展

废弃植物生物质热解制备为生物质炭是碳源整合再利用的有效手段之一,既能减少生物质自然分解过程中CO₂排放,同时,生物质炭还田还可通过调控微生物活动和碳源利用效率来减少土壤本底有机碳矿化.此外,生物质炭对土壤通气性的改善有利于CH₄氧化;其多孔结构、高比表面积等性能有利于CO₂及可溶性有机碳等易损耗碳源的吸附固定,促进土壤有机碳的固持,增加土壤碳库容量和质量.在农田生态系统中合理施加生物质炭有利于提高植物光合固碳能力、增加植物生物量和作物产量,具有环境和经济双重效益.因此,生物质炭可借助土壤和植物两条途径助力农田生态系统中碳的减排增汇.然而,生物质炭的内源性污染物、异质性和持久性等导致其很可能具有长期的生态环境风险,仍需深入而广泛的研究.环境友好型生物质炭的制备、生物质炭的因地制宜策略等仍然是亟待解决的难题.未来研究建议在生物质炭促生增碳的相关机理、生物质炭的长期生态效应、生物质炭基“智慧土壤”的研发以及生物质炭制备工艺标准化和生产规模化等方面加强,实现生物质资源的高效整合与绿色应用,以期助力生物质炭还田技术的推广,更好地服...     

Comparative studies on the soil life in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands of Austria

The soil fauna of ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands was investigated in various regions of Austria. The results obtained from the evaluation of a total of 13 paired sites are reviewed in this contribution: (1) many of the investigated soil zoological parameters do not differ statistically in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands; (2) there are no striking differences in species composition and dominance structure of the protozoa, an important group of indicator organisms due to their delicate external membranes, their short generation time and their high contribution to energy flow and nutrient cycling; (3) all differences which can be guaranteed with an error probability of α = 10% or less invariably show higher biological activity in the ecofarmed plots. The soil physical and chemical investigations which accompanied the zoological studies on some sites indicate that the higher biological activity is caused by the higher humus content and the lower soil compaction. The organic matter content is significantly higher in the ecofarmed plots, whereas soil compaction is more pronounced under conventional cultivation; (4) conventional agriculture has a more detrimental effect on soil fauna in semi-arid regions without stockfarming than in atlantic regions with mixed husbandry. A short review of the literature shows our results to be consistent with those of other studies. It is increasingly evident that generalizations like ‘Conventional farming destroys life in the soil’ or ‘Ecofarming stimulates soil life’ are only partially supported by the available data. A far more comprehensive view taking into account especially climate, soil type and farm management is necessary. However, the discernible detrimental effects on the soil organisms caused by conventional farming call for serious consideration and ought to stimulate the development of soft agricultural technology and intensified soil biological research. Future research should include studies on productivity of soil animals under various management systems, the analysis of single factors (e.g. the special admixtures used in biodynamic farming) to elucidate causative mechanisms, and studies on the relationship between soil animals, crop production and sustained yield.     

Applying the concept of agrodiversity to indigenous soil and water conservation practices in eastern Kenya

Agrodiversity – the diversity of cropping systems, crop species and farm management practices has received increasing attention in recent years as a way of spreading risk and supporting food security in resource-poor farming systems. This paper discusses the dynamic aspects of indigenous soil and water conservation (ISWC) practices in a semi-arid part of Kenya. The objective is to show the range of sources of variability and diversity that prevail in this environment, the responses of farmers to this variability, and the way farmers' rationalise the heterogeneity of soil and water management practices. Methods used included participatory surveys and evaluations, on-farm monitoring, soil and rainfall data analyses, and questionnaire surveys. Sources of variability affecting cropping systems and land management practices included rainfall, soil fertility, farmer resource level and farm productivity. A decision-tree was developed to examine how biophysical and socio-economic variability affected farmers' choice of ISWC. Different ISWC structures dominated on sandy and stony soils, respectively. Low resource farmers tended to choose cheaper and less labour demanding techniques, and constructed smaller ISWC structures than better endowed farmers. The largest diversity of ISWC practices was found on newly-opened land with mixed soils. Moreover, on-farm productivity levels indicated that costly investments in SWC are unfeasible, as this would further increase the risk for negative returns to farming. The wider implications of the results are that SWC interventions in marginal areas should build on the existing agrodiversity and an understanding of the complex interactions between environmental and socio-economic factors that give rise to differences in farming systems and land management practices.     

Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisol

The soil quality concept provides a tool to help quantify the combined biological, chemical and physical response of soil to crop management practices. Our objective was to quantify effects of 10 fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) treatments applied for 31 years to a rotation that included maize (Zea mays), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on an Inceptisol at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, India. A soil quality index (SQI) based on six soil functions (i.e. the soil's ability to: accommodate water entry, facilitate water movement and storage, resist surface degradation, resist biochemical degradation, supply plant nutrients and sustain crop productivity) was derived for each treatment using bulk density, water retention, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), plant-available nutrients, soil organic matter (SOM), microbial biomass, soil enzymes and crop yield. SQI ratings ranged from 0.552 (unfertilized control) to 0.838 for the combined NPK fertilizer plus manure treatment. Comparisons among treatments indicated that SQI increases associated with the combined (NPK + manure) treatment were distributed as follows: N (7.1% increase), P (7.8%), K (14.4%), Zn (4.8%) and manure (15%). The control (−11.4%) and N alone (−5.1%) resulted in degradation compared to a reference soil (no fertilizer/manure, no crop), and NP alone or sub-optimal rates of NPK were on the verge of degradation. Hand weeding and sulphur application had no measurable effect on SQI. High K fixing capacity was a limiting factor for these soils, even when FYM was applied. The lower SQI rating associated with N or NP-only treatments suggests that two of the most common fertilizer management practices in India may not be sustainable. The SQI was calculated without the weighting factors too, which revealed that the weighting factors did not affect the relative ranks of individual treatments.     

不同种植方式对亚热带红壤微生物多样性的影响

土壤微生物在推动土壤碳循环过程方面发挥着重要作用,然而种植方式的改变对土壤微生物多样性的影响机制还不十分清楚.本研究采集湖南省盘塘县长期定位试验站红壤稻田(PR)、旱地(UC)及水旱轮作(PR)这3种不同种植方式的土壤样品,采用末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术和实时荧光定量(RT-PCR)技术分析了土壤细菌16S rRNA基因的多样性和丰度,研究种植方式改变对土壤微生物数量、群落结构及其多样性的影响.结果表明,3种种植方式的土壤细菌16S rRNA基因数量(以干土计)为2.5×109~1.5×1010拷贝·g-1,与PR相比,UP和UC处理16S rRNA基因丰度显著下降(P0.05).同时,3种种植方式下土壤细菌的优势类群为变形菌(76、90和327 bp;相对丰度47%~53%)和绿弯菌(65 bp;相对丰度10%~12%).冗余分析表明种植方式改变了土壤理化性质,导致土壤细菌群落结构特征的显著变化,而土壤理化性质中有机碳和全氮含量是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要因子.多样性指数分析(香农指数和均匀度指数)显示种植水稻的土壤细菌多样性最高,显著高于水旱轮作和旱地土壤.可见,种植方式的改变对土壤群落组成和数量造成了深刻的影响,而水稻种植是亚热带红壤可持续利用的一种有效方式,其更有利于土壤有机质的累积,土壤肥力及微生物多样性均较高.     

Plant species coexistence alleviates the impacts of lead on Zea mays L.

Whether plant coexistence can reduce the impacts of lead (Pb) on crops in agroecosystems has not been well understood. We conducted a factorial experiment to investigate the effects of weeds coexisting with maize (Zea mays L.) on Pb accumulation in maize and soil microbes at two Pb levels (ambient and 300 mg/kg). Elevated Pb tended to increase the Pb concentration in maize and decreased soil microbial activity (indicated by the average well color development, AWCD), functional group diversity, as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and vesicle number of maize. Compared to the monoculture, weeds coexisting with maize reduced the Pb concentrations in the root, leaf, sheath and stem of maize at both seedling and mature stages. In maize-weed mixtures, soil microbial activity and functional group diversity tended to increase for both Pb treatments relative to the monoculture. Furthermore, principal component analysis revealed that the soil microbial community structure changed with the introduction of weeds. The highest Pb accumulation in weeds occurred for the elevated Pb treatment in a three species mixture. The results suggest that multiple plant species coexistence could reduce lead accumulation in crop plants and alleviate the negative impacts on soil microbes in polluted land, thereby highlighting the significance of plant diversity in agroecosystems.     

土壤农用地膜微生物降解研究进展

地膜可保持土壤湿度,调节土壤温度及限制杂草生长从而促进农作物增产,在现代农业生产中具有不可或缺的作用.然而,地膜主要成分聚乙烯（PE）性质稳定,难以降解,极易在农田土壤中残留并积累.此外,地膜在生产过程中添加邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）作为塑化剂,该类有机物极易在土壤和水体环境中积累和迁移,且生物毒性大,对生态环境、粮食安全和人体健康构成极大威胁.聚乙烯和邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染是土壤有机污染治理的重点和难点.因此,农用地膜污染土壤修复是环境科学研究的重要课题,亦是作物生产安全和人类健康的重要保障.微生物降解的生物修复较物理化学技术具有效率高、无二次污染、成本低、环境扰动小等优点,具有广泛应用前景.由此,本文综述农用地膜使用和土壤残留现状及其生物降解的研究进展,以期为地膜污染农田土壤的生物修复提供基础信息和技术参考.     

A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis

Increased crop yield is a commonly reported benefit of adding biochar to soils. However, experimental results are variable and dependent on the experimental set-up, soil properties and conditions, while causative mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. A statistical meta-analysis was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the relationship between biochar and crop productivity (either yield or above-ground biomass). Results showed an overall small, but statistically significant, benefit of biochar application to soils on crop productivity, with a grand mean increase of 10%. However, the mean results for each analysis performed within the meta-analysis covered a wide range (from −28% to 39%). The greatest (positive) effects with regard to soil analyses were seen in acidic (14%) and neutral pH soils (13%), and in soils with a coarse (10%) or medium texture (13%). This suggests that two of the main mechanisms for yield increase may be a liming effect and an improved water holding capacity of the soil, along with improved crop nutrient availability. The greatest positive result was seen in biochar applications at a rate of 100 t ha⁻¹ (39%). Of the biochar feedstocks considered and in relation to crop productivity, poultry litter showed the strongest (significant) positive effect (28%), in contrast to biosolids, which were the only feedstock showing a statistically significant negative effect (−28%). However, many auxiliary data sets (i.e. information concerning co-variables) are incomplete and the full range of relevant soil types, as well as environmental and management conditions are yet to be investigated. Furthermore, only short-term studies limited to periods of 1 to 2 years are currently available. This paper highlights the need for a strategic research effort, to allow elucidation of mechanisms, differentiated by environmental and management factors and to include studies over longer time frames.     

Effect of land management on soil microbial N supply to crop N uptake in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania

In Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation of available soil N during early crop growth, when N loss by leaching generally occurs, is important to improve crop productivity. In a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania, we assessed the potential role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source to conserve the available soil N until later crop growth, which generally requires substantial crop N uptake. We evaluated the effect of land management [i.e., no input, plant residue application before planting (P plot) with or without fertilizer application, fertilizer application alone, and non-cultivated plots] on the relationship between soil N pool [microbial biomass N (MBN) and inorganic N] and crop N uptake throughout the ∼120-d crop growth period in two consecutive years. In the P plot, MBN clearly increased (∼14.6-29.6 kg N ha⁻¹) early in the crop growth period in both years because of immobilization of potentially leachable N, and it conserved a larger soil N pool (∼10.5-21.2 kg N ha⁻¹) than in the control plot. Especially in one year in which N leaching was critical, increased MBN maintained a larger soil N pool in the P plot throughout the experimental period, and a delay of increased MB C:N ratio and a substantial decrease in MBN was observed, indicating better soil microbial N supply for crop N uptake during later crop growth. Therefore, plant residue application before planting should enhance the role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source, leading to the conservation of potentially leachable N until later phase of crop growth, especially in years in which N leaching is relatively severe. Although further studies are necessary, our results suggest that plant residue application before planting is a promising option to achieve better N synchronization.     

Potential and sustainability for carbon sequestration with improved soil management in agricultural soils of China

Arable land soils generally have lower organic carbon (C) levels than soils under native vegetation; increasing the C stocks through improved management is suggested as an effective means to sequester CO₂ from the atmosphere. China's arable lands, accounting for 13% of the world's total, play an important role in soil C sequestration, but their potential to enhance C sequestration has not yet been quantitatively assessed. The C sequestration by agricultural soils is affected by many environmental factors (such as climate and soil conditions), biological processes (crop C fixation, decomposition and transformation), and crop and soil management (e.g. tillage and manure application). Estimation of the C sequestration potential requires the quantification of the combined effects of these factors and processes. In this study, we used a coupled remote sensing- and process-based ecosystem model to estimate the potential for C sequestration in agricultural soils of China and evaluated the sustainability of soil C uptake under different soil management options. The results show that practicing no-tillage on 50% of the arable lands and returning 50% of the crop residue to soils would lead to an annual soil C sequestration of 32.5 Tg C, which accounts for about 4% of China's current annual C emission. Soil C sequestration with improved soil management is highly time-dependent; the effect lasted for only 20–80 years. Generally, practicing no-tillage causes higher rate and longer sustainability of soil C sequestration than only increasing crop residue into soils. The potential for soil C sequestration varied greatly among different regions due to the differences in climate, soil conditions and crop productivity.     

酸性矿山废水对稻田土壤微生物菌群结构的影响

为探究酸性矿山废水(AMD)对稻田土壤微生物群落结构的影响,通过取自矿区受AMD污染和未受污染的稻田土壤进行微宇宙灌溉模拟实验,研究了AMD污染过程中土壤理化性质和微生物群落的变化,同时建立环境条件变化引起土壤微生物群落结构改变的相关性关系.结果表明,受AMD污染的土壤中SO_4~(2-)、Cd、Zn含量显著上升,土壤酸化且土壤中细菌群落的多样性下降;而恢复清洁水灌溉可提高土壤细菌群落的多样性,有利于修复AMD的污染.采用高通量测序技术分析了不同处理稻田土壤中微生物群落在门和属分类水平上的相对丰度分布变化,冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤pH和重金属(Pb、Cu)含量是影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子.研究结果不仅有助于进一步揭示AMD污染、土壤因子与土壤微生物群落的相互关系,同时可为恢复AMD污染农业土壤提供理论依据.     

沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06对辣椒根际微生物群落结构的影响

生物农药的使用极大地减少了对环境的污染,探究生物农药对致病菌的细菌多样性及群落分布将为后续研究生物农药对致病菌的微生态调控提供理论依据.本研究运用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析比较辣椒健康植株与疫病发病植株根际土壤微生物多样性,以及研究沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06对植株根际土壤的微生物多样性影响,探究沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06对辣椒疫病的微生态调控机制.结果显示,在第7 d和第14 d的来自同一处理的根际土壤细菌群落多样性变化没有显著差异,辣椒疫病发病植株根际土壤微生物多样性均小于健康植株根际土壤微生物多样性且喷洒沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06发酵液的土样微生物多样性最高;辣椒疫病发病植株根际土壤中放线菌丰度均小于健康植株且喷洒沼泽红假单胞菌菌剂PSB06的土壤中放线菌的丰度最高.辣椒发病植株与健康植株根际土壤中微生物多样性存在显著差异.施用沼泽红假单胞菌可以改善土壤微生物区系,提高土壤微生物群落丰富性以及土壤中放线菌所占的丰度.