Electrokinetic enhancement removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater sludge

An enhanced electrokinetic process for removal of metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) from an industrial wastewater sludge was performed. The electrokinetic experiments were conducted under a constant potential gradient (1.25 V cm(-1)) with processing fluids of tap water (TW), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and citric acid (CA) for 5 days. Results showed that metal removal efficiency of heavy metals for EK-TW, EK-SDS and EK-CA systems are 11.2-60.0%, 37.2-76.5%, and 43.4-78.0%, respectively. A highest metal removal performance was found in EK-CA system. The removal priority of investigated metals from sludge by EK process was found as: Cu > Pb > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr. The results of sequential extraction analysis revealed that the binding forms of heavy metals with sludge after electrokinetic process were highly depend upon the processing fluid operated. It was found that the binding forms of metals with sludge were changed from the more difficult extraction type (residual and sulfate fractions) to easier extraction types (exchangeable, sorbed, and organic fraction) after treatment by electrokinetic process. Results imply that if a proper treatment technology is followed by this EK process to remove metals more effectively, this treated sludge will be more beneficial for sludge utilization afterwards. Before it was reused, the risk associated with metals of more mobile forms to the environment need to be further investigated. The cost analysis was also evaluated for the investigated electrokinetic systems.     

Immobilized cell augmented activated sludge process for enhanced nitrogen removal from wastewater.

The immobilized cell augmented activated sludge (ICAAS) system combines a cell immobilization technique and an offline enricher-reactor for the bioaugmentation of the activated sludge system to improve treatment performances. In this study, enhanced nitrogen removal using ICAAS was investigated. Laboratory-scale, offline, batch enricher-reactors were used to maintain nitrification and denitrification activities of coimmobilized nitrifiers and denitrifiers used to augment a laboratory-scale completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS) treating synthetic wastewater. Cellulose triacetate was the media used to entrap nitrifiers and denitrifiers at a 2:1 mass ratio. The ICAAS augmented with the coimmobilized cells between 5 and 20% by volume gained 24 +/- 5% higher nitrogen removal than a control CMAS, which provided nitrogen removal of 28 +/- 7%. The ICAAS scheme is a viable alternative for upgrading existing activated sludge systems to gain better nitrogen removal. .     

重金属离子对活性污泥处理污水的影响

研究了Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+3种金属离子对活性污泥系统处理污水效能的影响。通过对出水理化指标和生物指标的测定反映Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对活性污泥系统运转效能的影响。结果表明:实验第4 d,Hg2+(0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/L),Cd2+(15、20、25和30 mg/L)和Pb2+(300、400、600和800 mg/L)各实验组出水的COD、SVI等均有显著影响。在实验中得出,对COD影响最为明显的为浓度600 mg/L和800 mg/L Pb2+实验组,在第4 d时,出水的COD去除率已经为零。锐利楯纤虫对Hg2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;点钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;杯钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强。锐利楯纤虫对Pb2+和Cd2+的浓度变化较为敏感;点钟虫对Hg2+的浓度变化较为敏感;小口钟虫对Pb2+的浓度变化较为敏感。     

硅藻土固定化颗粒污泥对海水养殖废水除氨性能

针对实际海水养殖废水低碳高氮的特点,采用间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)和好氧活性污泥添加硅藻土载体的方式,考察硅藻土载体和活性污泥共同作用下的好氧曝气系统对海水养殖废水中氨态氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸态氮(NO2--N)和化学耗氧量(COD)的去除效果,以及对污泥沉降性能和硝化细菌特征的影响。实验结果表明,常温条件下,溶解氧(DO)≥ 4.5 mg/L,pH控制在7.0 ~ 8.0,HRT为11 h,沉降时间10 min,反应器可以处理NH4+-N浓度在50 mg/L左右的海水养殖废水,NH4+-N和COD去除率分别达到98.93%左右和76.62%以上,NO2--N出水浓度低于0.028 mg/L。载体污泥颗粒照片和扫描电镜结果表明,添加硅藻土载体内核后,颗粒污泥的成熟期缩短,颗粒的稳固度和沉降性能提高。在系统启动成功稳定运行后,通过FISH分析表明,在氨氧化菌(AOB)与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)成为优势菌群后,AOB大约占总菌群的33.5%,并且AOB与NOB菌群数量约为1:1.33,AOB和NOB两大类菌群之和约占总菌群的77.2%,成为系统中优势菌群。     

Effective removal of coordinated copper from wastewater using a new dithiocarbamate-type supramolecular heavy metal precipitant

A new dithiocarbamate-type heavy metal precipitant, sodium 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazinedithiocarbamate (HTDC), was prepared and used to remove coordinated copper from wastewater. In the reported dithiocarbamate-type precipitants, HTDC possesses the highest percentage of the effective functional groups. It could effectively precipitate copper to less than 0.5 mg l⁻¹ from both synthetic and actual industrial wastewater containing CuEDTA in the range of pH 3–9. UV–vis spectral investigation and elemental analysis suggested that the precipitate was a kind of coordination supramolecular compound, [Cu₃(HTDC)₂]_n. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and semi-dynamic leaching test (SDLT) indicated that the supramolecular precipitate was non-hazardous and stable in weak acid and alkaline conditions. Tests of an anion exchange resin D231 provided a clue to simultaneously remove excess HTDC and residual CuEDTA in practical process of wastewater treatment.     

畜禽养殖废水生物处理剩余污泥臭氧减量过程中的重金属释放简

采用臭氧氧化污泥减量法对畜禽养殖废水SBR中的剩余污泥进行处理。当臭氧反应时间控制在30 min时,污泥的溶解比例在30%左右（以 MLSS计）。上清液中一定量的SCOD溶出可为生物处理单元提供充足的碳源,同时在上清液中,TN、TP及水相重金属浓度增加有限,臭氧氧化后的污泥液回流污水处理系统后造成的N、P处理负荷较小,重金属对污泥微生物的活性抑制风险较低。若继续延长臭氧的反应时间,上清液SCOD、TN、TP以及重金属Cu、Pb的释放速率明显增加,同时上清液的C/N降低,臭氧化后的污泥液回流反而不利于生物单元的脱氮处理。综合考虑TN、TP及水相重金属浓度增加的危害性,臭氧反应时间应控制在30 min,臭氧实际投加量应为123.1 mg O₃/g SS。     

畜禽养殖废水生物处理剩余污泥臭氧减量过程中的重金属释放

采用臭氧氧化污泥减量法对畜禽养殖废水SBR中的剩余污泥进行处理。当臭氧反应时间控制在30min时,污泥的溶解比例在30％左右（以MLSS计）。上清液中一定量的SCOD溶出可为生物处理单元提供充足的碳源,同时在上清液中,TN、TP及水相重金属浓度增加有限,臭氧氧化后的污泥液回流污水处理系统后造成的N、P处理负荷较小,重金属对污泥微生物的活性抑制风险较低。若继续延长臭氧的反应时间,上清液SCOD、TN、TP以及重金属cu、Pb的释放速率明显增加,同时上清液的C／N降低,臭氧化后的污泥液回流反而不利于生物单元的脱氮处理。综合考虑TN、TP及水相重金属浓度增加的危害性,臭氧反应时间应控制在30min,臭氧实际投加量应为123．1mg O3／gSS。     

Heavy metal extractable forms in sludge from wastewater treatment plants

The analysis of heavy metals is a very important task to assess the potential environmental and health risk associated with the sludge coming from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, it is widely accepted that the determination of total elements does not give an accurate estimation of the potential environmental impact. So, it is necessary to apply sequential extraction techniques to obtain a suitable information about their bioavailability or toxicity. In this paper, a sequential extraction scheme according to the BCR's guidelines was applied to sludge samples collected from each sludge treatment step of five municipal activated sludge plants. Al. Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti and Zn were determined in the sludge extracts by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. In relation to current international legislation for the use of sludge for agricultural purposes none of metal concentrations exceeded maximum permitted levels. In most of the metal elements under considerations, results showed a clear rise along the sludge treatment in the proportion of two less-available fractions (oxidizable metal and residual metal).     

Immobilized-cell-augmented activated sludge process for treating wastewater containing hazardous compounds.

A novel bioaugmentation scheme called immobilized-cell-augmented activated sludge (ICAAS) was developed. Offline enricher reactors were used to maintain immobilized acclimated cells applied to augment completely mixed activated sludge (CMAS) treating a pentachlorophenol (PCP) pulse loading. Cellulose triacetate (CA) and powder activated carbon (PAC) combined with CA (PAC + CA) were the two media types used for entrapping the PCP-degrading culture. With ICAAS at 5% by volume augmentation, PCP removal of 73.1 and 75.1% via biodegradation, volatilization, and adsorption onto suspended cells, entrapped cells, and media was achieved for the systems with CA and PAC + CA media, respectively, while PCP removal in a control CMAS, which had a comparable level of combined PCP adsorption onto suspended cells and volatilization as the ICAAS, was 48.7%. Results further showed that the immobilized cells retained their PCP-degrading ability when they were fed with the inducer (PCP) once every 20 days.     

FeOOH对采矿废水中重金属的吸附

为了开发出吸附容量更大且制备过程更简便的新型重金属吸附剂,仅以三价铁化合物为原料,采用水热法一步合成羟基氧化铁,并用于矿山废水中铜、铁、锌、锰四种重金属的吸附分离。结果表明,在投加量为0.4 g·L-1、原水pH为1.50的情况下,合成的羟基氧化铁吸附剂对废水中重金属的总吸附容量为41.67 mg·g-1,其中铜、铁、锌、锰的吸附容量分别为6.17、19.55、2.22、2.53 mg·g-1。与羧甲基纤维素、活性炭、氧化铁相比,羟基氧化铁吸附剂在较低pH下仍然具有较高的吸附容量,无需事先投加碱性药剂,更适于吸附分离采矿废水中的重金属。     

A review of antibiotic removal from domestic wastewater using the activated sludge process: removal routes,kinetics and operational parameters

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Many advanced technologies have shown encouraging results in removing antibiotics from domestic wastewater. However, as activated sludge treatment is...     

Activated sludge systems removal efficiency of veterinary pharmaceuticals from slaughterhouse wastewater

The knowledge on the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from animal food production industry for the removal of both hormones and antibiotics of veterinary application is still very limited. These compounds have already been reported in different environmental compartments at levels that could have potential impacts on the ecosystems. This work aimed to evaluate the role of activated sludge in the removal of commonly used veterinary drugs, enrofloxacin (ENR), tetracycline (TET), and ceftiofur, from wastewater during a conventional treatment process. For that, a series of laboratory-controlled experiments using activated sludge were carried out in batch reactors. Sludge reactors with 100 μg/L initial drug charge presented removal rates of 68 % for ENR and 77 % for TET from the aqueous phase. Results indicated that sorption to sludge and to the wastewater organic matter was responsible for a significant percentage of drugs removal. Nevertheless, these removal rates still result in considerable concentrations in the aqueous phase that will pass through the WWTP to the receiving environment. Measuring only the dissolved fraction of pharmaceuticals in the WWTP effluents may underestimate the loading and risks to the aquatic environment.     

负载铝铈污泥生物炭对模拟废水的强化除氟作用

以市政污泥为原料,通过热解、活化及共沉淀工艺制备了铝铈负载污泥生物炭复合材料(Al/Ce-CSBC),运用多种分析技术表征了材料形貌、比表面积及结构特征,通过模拟废水的批量吸附实验,考察了pH、初始氟离子质量浓度及吸附时间对Al/Ce-CSBC吸附氟性能的影响,最后探究了其除氟机制。结果表明,活化和改性均提高污泥生物炭的比表面积,其中Al/Ce-CSBC具有丰富的狭缝形介孔,比表面积为176.36 m²·g⁻¹,pH_PZC为9.5。负载于材料表面的无定形铝/铈氧化物是主要吸附组分,且发挥了双金属协同作用,在pH=4.0~9.0内其可保持较高的吸附容量。吸附动力学符合伪二级模型,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型。最大吸附容量可达到41.74 mg·g⁻¹,显著优于其他常见生物炭材料。其吸附机理主要包括静电吸附、离子交换和表面络合。本文可为污泥的资源化利用提供重要的参考。     

重金属废水的生物处理技术

介绍了重金属废水生物处理技术的一般原理 ,主要分析了微生物絮凝法、生物吸附法和植物修复技术的研究现状及应用前景。指出了利用生物化学方法处理重金属废水是一种长期、高效、经济、可靠的方法。     

Evolution of heavy metal speciation during the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge

The contents of heavy metals and their bioavailability to the soil-plant system were the major limitation to the application of sewage sludge compost in soil. This study was conducted to determine the evolution of heavy metal speciation in the course of an aerobic composting, and investigate the influence of changes of composting process parameters including pH, temperature and organic matter (OM) content on distribution of heavy metal speciation in composted sludge. The sequential extraction procedure developed by Tessier et al. was used in sludge compost to determine the heavy metal speciation. Results showed that, during composting, (1) the contents of the residue fraction for Pb, Zn and Cd were decreased but those for Ni and Cr were increased; the Cu residue fraction was almost constant; (2) the contents of the total mobile fractions (including fractions 1-4) for Zn and Pb were significantly increased, but the increase of those for Cu and Ni were not so remarkable; (3) there were significant degrees of correlation between heavy metal fractions and changes of some selected parameters (for example, pH, composting temperature, and OM content). Only the content of the total mobile fractions for Cu could be predictable from its total content. For the prediction of the total mobile fractions of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr, the R(2) value was significantly increased by the inclusion of other variables such as pH, temperature and OM content.     

Carbon and nutrient removal from on-site wastewater using extended-aeration activated sludge and ion exchange.

The need to improve on-site wastewater treatment processes is being realized as populations move into more environmentally sensitive regions and regulators adopt the total maximum daily load approach to watershed management. Under many conditions, septic systems do not provide adequate treatment; therefore, advanced systems are required. These systems must remove significant amounts of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids, and substantially nitrify, denitrify, and remove phosphorus. Many existing advanced on-site wastewater systems effectively remove BOD, suspended solids, and ammonia, but few substantially denitrify and uptake phosphorus. The purpose of this research was to design and test modifications to an existing on-site wastewater treatment system to improve denitrification and phosphorus removal. The Nayadic (Consolidated Treatment Systems, Inc., Franklin, Ohio), an established, commercially available, extended-aeration, activated sludge process, was used to represent a typical existing system. Several modifications were considered based on a literature review, and the option with the best potential was tested. To improve denitrification, a supplemental treatment tank was installed before the Nayadic and a combination flow splitter, sump, and pump box with a recirculation system was installed after it. A recirculation pump returned a high proportion of the system effluent back to the supplemental treatment tank. Two supplemental treatment tank sizes, three flowrates, and three recirculation rates were tested. Actual wastewater was dosed as brief slugs to the system in accordance with a set schedule. Several ion-exchange resins housed in a contact column were tested on the effluent for their potential to remove phosphorus. Low effluent levels of five-day biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and total nitrogen were achieved and substantial phosphorous removal was also achieved using a 3780-L supplemental treatment tank, a recirculation ratio of 5:1, and a fine-grain activated aluminum-oxide-exchange media. Good results were also obtained with an 1890-L supplemental treatment tank and a recirculation ratio of 3:1. The most significant benefit of the supplemental treatment tank, in combination with the recirculation system, appears to be the low nitrogen concentration dosed to the Nayadic. By reducing the nitrogen concentration and spreading out its mass over time during no-flow periods, the Nayadic's inherent low-level denitrifying capacity was more closely matched and effective treatment was achieved.     

污泥回流分离工艺（RSSP）除磷脱氮试验研究

介绍了一种新型的脱氮除磷工艺——回流污泥分离工艺（return sludge separate process）,及其运行情况。该工艺在传统的厌氧缺氧好氧（A²/O）的模式下,针对硝酸盐对厌氧释磷的抑制问题进行改进,提出回流污泥的气浮浓缩分离方案,以提高系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在进水COD为250～400 mg/L,NH⁺₄-N为30～45 mg/L,PO^3-₄-P为8～10 mg/L左右时,该工艺对NH⁺₄-N和PO^3-₄-P的去除率分别可达79.3%和95%。该系统与A²/O的平行比较数据表明,该系统能够提高氮磷综合处理效率,解决A²/O处理工艺中存在无效释磷和硝酸根抑制问题。     

污泥中氧化硫硫杆菌的分离及其应用效果

以硫粉为能源物质,采用Waksman液体培养基培养,然后以Waksman固体培养基平板接种法直接从污泥中分离出1株高度嗜酸的氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxidan).该菌株适应环境速度快,易于驯化.序批式试验法研究表明,接种该菌株进行污泥生物淋滤可有效溶出污泥中的重金属.经过14 d的生物淋滤,Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的最高去除率分别达到97%、96%、43%、44%.     

曝气强度对城市污泥重金属生物沥滤过程的影响研究

以氧化亚铁作为底物,氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Thiobacillusferrooxidans）为主要沥滤微生物,在底物投配比为10 g/L,温度为25℃,污泥浓度为123g/L的条件下,采用5种不同曝气强度对桂林城市污泥中重金属进行生物沥滤试验。结果表明,生物沥滤的经济曝气强度宜控制在每升污泥0.4L/（min·L）,沥滤3 d后,污泥中超标元素Cu、Zn和Cd的去除率分别达到62.53%、67.80%和54.63%,沥滤处理后污泥中残余重金属含量符合污泥农用的国家标准。     

吹脱法去除深度脱水污泥水中的氨氮

针对污水处理厂剩余污泥深度脱水污泥水高氨氮、高pH、高碱度的特点,考察了气水比、水温和吹脱时间对其氨氮吹脱效果的影响,分析了吹脱过程中污泥水pH下降和结垢问题。深度脱水污泥水高pH和高碱度的环境有利于氨氮吹脱的顺利进行,而提高气水比和温度均能改善吹脱效率。氨氮吹脱会造成污泥水pH下降,这有助于其后续处理。污泥水吹脱过程中还出现了Ca2+浓度下降和固体物质析出的现象,能谱分析结果显示析出物主要成分为CaCO3。