鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究

从1997年开始在金门进行鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究，内容包括人工培育稚鲎、成鲎引入野外产卵复育试验、人工栖息地复育试验。同时，关于鲎的地理亲缘关系的研究，对探讨西太平洋地区生物多样性成因及三棘鲎的保护遗传问题都具有相当的价值。     

台湾海峡海区污染物监测计划课题开始实施

由福建与台湾双方联合进行同步监测的台湾海峡海区污染物监测计划课题日前开始实施。第一期采样已完成,正在测定之中。该课题自1995年起,历时2年。 该课题是开展台湾海峡马尾(闽江口)与马祖、厦门与金门海区环境质量的同步监测,共布设20个沉积物采样站位,重点     

亲近自然,解读自然——走进美国自然桥组织

Nature Bridge——美国自然桥组织,是一家非盈利性组织,与美国的国家公园合作,组织从幼儿园到十二年级的学生一起,举办活动,创造机会让孩子们在大自然中学习自然科学,了解自然中的环境科学知识.自然桥组织是使用国家公园作为其课堂,在加利福尼亚州的优胜美地国家公园、旧金山州的金门公园、华盛顿州的奥林匹克国家公园及威廉王子森林公园、圣莫尼卡山、海峡群岛等地提供野外科学项目.     

厦门经济开发对滩涂环境的影响

厦门海岸带资源十分丰富,过去由于缺乏认识,在经济开发中往往很少考虑对环境的影响,以致产生了一些不良后果。例如同安县西溪被拦截和多处海湾被围垦,使栖息刘五店附近珍贵的文昌鱼被迫移栖到靠近金门海域,造成每年经济损失约60万元。员当港原是优良避风港,1791年被围垦后每日流入3万多吨工业和生活污水不能人海净化,     

厦门海上安全监督局

厦门港位于中国东南沿海,与金门、台湾隔海相望,是我国对外贸易的重要港口之一,是侨胞、台胞,港澳同胞及外国友人出入的重要门户。厦门港区自然岸线64.5公里,水域面积8400万平方米。目前与澳大利亚,日本、新加坡、美国、苏联、加拿大、香港等30多个国家和地区的五十多个港口通航,与130多个国家和地区有贸易往来,每年有近20个国籍的一百多艘次外轮(如1988年度有21个国籍的136艘次)来港装卸作业。1988年全港吞吐货物468.6万吨。客运量达33万人次。     

借厦门之“矢” 射北海之“的”

自从1997年国家环保局任命厦门、深圳、大连、张家港、珠海等五个城市为首批国家环境保护模范城市以来,人们从环保模范城市日益明显的环保效益中读出了环保模范城的份量.为使北海市早日实现环保模范城的目标,我们对厦门市进行了实地考察.厦门市所处的地理位置及自然条件与北海市有着很多相似之处,厦门岛三面环海,与台湾省的金门岛隔海相望.厦门具有得天独厚的自然条件,城外依海,城内藏湖,环境优美,被誉为“中国的海上花园”.厦门市通过创建“环保模范城”,城市环境得到明显改善,环保效益也日益突出,为城市发展提供了一笔无形的财富,房地产升值,旅游人数增多,城市基础设施完善,人们生活居住质量提高.对污染企业进行整治、搬迁、关闭等经济上的“忍痛割爱”,换来的是蓝天、绿地、碧水,换来的是持续的繁荣和绿色对厦门人无尽的回报.厦门今天展现在人们面前如此成功的城市环境保护与环境建设并非一朝一夕造就,与北海一样,厦门也曾失去过发展的良机.她地处战争的前沿,城市基础薄弱,老污染源多,限期治理任务重,城市噪声污染突出,环保基础设备缺乏,特别是七十年代初期,在征服自然、改造自然的狂热中,围海造田使近海的重点区域西海域、马銮湾及与近海接壤的员当湖受到严重破坏,水质受到严重污染,人民反映强     

控制措施对高产小麦群体质量与产量影响的研究

研究表明，在总茎数与预期穗数相等的有效分蘖期，进行深中耕与镇压相结合的控制措施可使无效分蘖形成“缺位”。拉大了有效生育与无效生育的距离，减少了无效分蘖，提高了有效分蘖的整齐度，并促进了根系发育，协调了群体与个体的矛盾及地上部分与地下部分生长的矛盾，明显改善群体质量。提高了分蘖成穗率，增强了植株的抗倒能力，降低了群体对个体的制约，源库关系更趋合理，产量和经济系数显著提高，是小麦高产、超高产综合技术的重要措施之一。     

基于人工神经网络的工作面煤与瓦斯突出预测方法

在全面分析了煤与瓦斯突出影响因素的基础上，提出了煤与瓦斯突出预测的人工神经网络模型，介绍了突出特征指标的选取及表示方法与推理过程，实例分析表明，模型精度很高，可用于工作面煤与瓦斯突出预测。     

农村环境污染及防治对策初探

中国有70%的人口在农村，庞大的人口数量与欠发达的农村生产力之间形成了一定的供需矛盾，为了发展农村经济，改善生活条件，人们盲目地与水争地，与林争地，与草争地，使用各种化肥农药，造成了严重的环境问题，本文讲述了农村的环境污染问题，并提出了相应的防治对策。     

煤炭工业可持续发展与环境保护

阐述了可持续发菜战略的基本概念，煤炭工业可持续发展的特点及其与资源与环境问题的关系，即旧的能源与新的发展，总体量巨大与具体量有限，产煤区与用煤区错位，生态资源支持能力，煤炭质量与环境质量，旧格局与新目标这些带共性及带特殊性的问题，提出了煤炭工业可持续发展中的环境保护对策。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.