江苏省海安县氟化物对蚕桑生态系统影响的试验

本文介绍了氟化物在蚕桑生态系统循环过程中的监测方法,总结了几年来的研究结果:大气氟浓度与桑叶氟含量的相关关系;桑叶氟含量与产茧量的相关关系:氟污染对家蚕生长发育的影响;氟污染对茧丝质量的影响;氟化物在生态系统中的循环途径。本文还提出了氟污染防治的有效措施。     

杭嘉湖蚕桑区砖瓦厂氟污染控制的效益问题

1982年以来,杭嘉湖蚕桑区砖瓦厂的氟污染对蚕桑生产带来明显影响。本文通过这几年在该地区监测和调查的资料,建立大气氟浓度—桑叶氟浓度—蚕茧产量之间的数量模型,并以此对浙江省近几年蚕桑区砖瓦厂氟污染控制的经济效益进行讨论。     

有机物料对土壤中水溶性氟环境效应的影响

土壤是固、液、气三相共存体,氟在土-水-植物、动物界面的转化可通过土壤水溶性氟含量表征。试验选用典型贵州黄壤和石灰土,运用有机质进行土壤污染修复的机理,通过向模拟高氟污染土壤中添加有机物料泥炭和风化煤,采用两因素最优设计,研究两种有机物料对土壤中水溶性氟含量的影响。结果表明,泥炭和风化煤都能降低土壤中水溶性氟含量,且泥炭的处理效果更好,最佳添加量是1.258g·kg-1。同时表明,黄壤和石灰土环境下氟形态转化的化学机理不同,运用有机质修复氟污染黄壤添加适量就可达到理想效果,而氟污染石灰土还存在其它更直接有效的方法改变氟在石灰土环境下的形态及其活性。     

利用生物监测典型污染源的影响程度和范围

以悬铃木、牛筋草和小型哺乳动物(鼠类)作为生物监测材料,对冶炼厂的重金属污染和瓷釉厂的氟污染进行了监测.结果表明:动、植物体内重金属含量和氟含量随着离污染源距离的增加而降低,降低幅度因方向而异,生物体受影响的程度和范围在方向上也存在着差异性,一般西北方向受到的污染较东北方向为重.     

臭氧对南方3种木本植物的急性伤害症状及其生理指标变化

近地层O3污染越来越严重,而O3污染对中国木本植物的影响的报道较少。作者对南方3种木本植物尾叶桉(Eucalyptusurophylla)、米兰(Aglaiaodorata)和马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)进行连续3d,每天6h的O3熏气处理。臭氧体积分数分别为200×10-9和400×10-9。实验过程中对植物的外部受害症状进行观察记录,测定叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、丙二醛含量(MDA)、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量等生理指标。结果表明:3种植物对O3污染表现出不同的受害症状。受O3污染危害最重的为米兰,其次为尾叶桉,而马尾松抗性最强。O3污染导致植物叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势,而POD活性升高,少数种类则出现微弱的下降趋势。CAT基本表现为低浓度O3污染时活性上升,在高浓度时,由于酶的结构受破坏,而出现下降的趋势,但也有的种类是外部臭氧浓度越高,则CAT含量越高。丙二醛含量则是多数情况比对照升高,而某个种类变化不明显或稍有下降。可溶性蛋白含量是在低浓度O3污染时有所上升,而高浓度时则出现下降的情况。研究结果表明,在评价不同植物种类对污染物的抗性时,不能仅考虑某个生理指标的变化,还要综合考虑各个指标的状况。     

唐菖蒲对大气氟污染的生理生化反应(Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Gladiolus to Atmospheric Fluoride Pollution)

通过唐菖蒲在石家庄不同大气环境中叶片的形态、叶绿素总量、细胞膜透性以及过氧化物酶活性的变化,研究了唐菖蒲对氟污染胁迫的生理生化反应及适应调节机理.结果表明:石家庄市各监测点的大气中均存在氟污染,其污染物浓度由高到低依次为:市热电厂>元南小区>棉七生活区>阳光公园;从严重污染区到清洁区,随着污染程度的减小,唐菖蒲的叶绿素含量显著增加,细胞膜相对电导率及过氧化物酶活性明显降低.初步分析显示,唐菖蒲可作为大气氟污染的指示植物.     

土壤重金属镉、铅及其复合污染对羊蹄(Rumex japonicus Houtt)生长及其抗性生理指标的影响

为探究重金属Cd、Pb及其复合污染对植物的生长及生理的影响,选用乐安河湿地优势乡土植物羊蹄(Rumex japonicus Houtt),采用室内土培盆栽实验,分别设置不同的Cd、Pb单因素及其双因素复合污染水平,研究羊蹄的生物量、株高等生长指标及植物组织中丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖等抗性生理指标的变化特性。结果表明:随着Cd、Pb污染胁迫浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长,羊蹄的生物量及株高均受到显著(P0.05)抑制,且Cd+Pb双因素复合污染胁迫的抑制作用大于单因素Pb或Cd的污染胁迫;羊蹄植物组织中的MDA含量及可溶性糖含量随Cd、Pb污染胁迫强度的增加及胁迫时间的延长显著增加(P0.05);在盆栽土壤中单因素Cd或Pb的高浓度胁迫下,羊蹄的自我调控能力显著增强(P0.05),MDA含量下降。不同污染水平的单因素Cd、Pb及Cd+Pb双因素复合污染胁迫对羊蹄可溶性糖含量的影响均存在显著性(P0.05)差异。     

广州市区植物叶片重金属元素含量及其大气污染评价

文章通过对广州市区植物叶片中重金属元素含量的分析,研究了植物大气环境污染指数,探讨了植物叶片重金属元素含量与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明,植物叶片中Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr元素污染都较严重,在重污染区这些元素的含量明显高于清洁对照区;用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境质量状况;利用植物叶片内的重金属含量变化,为大气污染生物监测和环境质量评价提供了科学依据。     

燃煤电厂氟污染与治理对策

本文以一个包含干湿两种除尘系统的高氟煤源的电厂为例,研究了电厂的氟迁移转化规律和氟污染源对周围环境的影响。并提出了综合治理电厂氟污染的对策。研究表明：湿法除尘系统的氟污染物主要是渣氟、水氟,而干法除尘系统主要是渣氟和气氟;小麦氟含量与大气中氟显著相关;灰场附近的地表水受到灰水的氟污染,部分潜水井受到了灰场渗水的污染,部分灰场土壤受到大气氟污染。     

电镀污染区植物对复合重金属的富集、转移和对污染土壤的修复潜力

采用野外采样室内分析方法,对重庆市3个电镀厂污染区自然定居的23种优势植物和相应土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni 4种重金属含量进行测定,揭示了优势植物对复合污染重金属的富集和转移特征。结果表明,电镀污染区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni平均含量分别为560.0、722.6、1 364.3和735.7 mg·kg-1,分别为GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》中三级标准限值的1.40、1.45、3.90和3.68倍。植物对重金属的吸收、富集和转移特性因植物种类、植株部位、污染地及重金属种类的不同而不同,污染地植物吸收的重金属富集滞留在根部较多,扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)和野薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx)表现出超富集Cr的潜力,其地上部分Cr平均含量分别为1 559.2和1 914.6 mg.kg-1,生物转运系数分别为1.29和1.58,生物富集系数分别为1.58和1.79,其他植物地上部分Cr含量超过正常植物百倍以上的有14种,平均富集量为376.4 mg·kg-1,变化范围为121.2～694.3 mg·kg-1,地上部分Ni含量超过正常植物百倍以上的有8种,平均富集量为344.1 mg·kg-1,变化范围为220.3～532.1 mg·kg-1。它们是修复电镀重金属Cr和Ni复合污染土壤的理想植物。     

源于大气的氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响

用开顶式熏气罩熏气的方法,研究了气源氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响。结果表明:气源氟主要分布于水稻叶片中,根含氟量不受气源氟的影响;籽粒含氟量取决于籽粒器官形成后空气氟浓度,与籽粒器官形成前的空气氟浓度无关;糙米氟含量与水稻抽穗齐穗后所暴露的氟剂量间呈极显著线性相关关系。     

Molecular and ecological characterisation of plant populations from limed and metal-contaminated sites in Northern Ontario (Canada): ISSR analysis of white birch (Betula papyrifera) populations

The Greater Sudbury region in Northern Ontario is known as one of Canada's most ecologically disturbed regions because of the effects of heavy metal pollution. The main objectives of the present study were to assess the effects of soil liming of sites contaminated with metals on species richness and abundance, forest health in general, and to determine the level of genetic variability in white birch populations from Northern Ontario. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and tree species richness values were higher in populations from limed and control sites compared to the unlimed areas. A significant improvement in forest population health (measured using a scale of 1 to 10) in limed sites over the unlimed areas was observed. Key results revealed no significant difference for metal content in white birch (Betula papyrifera) leaves from limed compared to unlimed sites. But higher levels of Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, and Zn in leaves compared to the bioavailable amount in soil were observed. The levels of genetic variability in white birch populations were moderate to high, ranging from 30% to 79% of polymorphic loci. A high level of genetic variability such as observed in the present study is usually associated with long term sustainability in plant populations. No association was found between metal accumulation in soil or plants and the levels of genetic variation.     

镉对桑蚕生长发育和蚕茧质量影响的研究

研究了土壤镉对桑叶含镉量［w（Cd）］、含水量［w（H2O）］的影响以及镉对蚕生长发育和蚕茧质量的影响结果表明：（1）桑叶w（Cd）与土壤w（Cd）呈极显著正相关（2）土壤w（Cd）＞22．3×10-6,则桑叶w（H20）＜75％,叶质开始变粗硬,（3）用w（Cd）＜3．66×10-6的添加Cd桑叶养蚕时,蚕能正常生长发育,蚕茧质量不受影响（4）当镉由土壤进入桑叶,用w（Cd）＜0．49×10-6的桑叶养蚕时,蚕的生长发育和蚕茧质量不受明显影响（5）当桑叶w（Cd）超过上述数值后,蚕的生长发育受阻,蚕茧质量明显下降。     

石灰对重金属铅影响玉米生长的抑制效应研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了在施用石灰改良的条件下,土壤重金属铅污染对玉米生长的影响。结果表明:土壤重金属铅污染质量分数越高,玉米吸收重金属铅越多,对玉米的生长影响越大。石灰对重金属铅影响玉米生长的抑制效应表现在株高、叶面积、根容积等,改良处理与单一铅污染的处理差异显著。玉米的不同部位对重金属铅吸收由多到少的顺序为根→茎、叶→籽实。     

玻璃厂氟污染对周围生态环境的影响

不同树种对氟化物的吸收能力有差异.吸收能力和抵抗能力之间并无明显的相关注,因此在氟污染源附近进行环境绿化时,必须选择吸氟和抗氟能力都较强的园林树种.氟污染具有方向性, 可以通过测定不同部位的叶片含氟量来确定污染源的方位.水洗后的叶片含氟量明显下降,说明玻璃厂排放的含氟烟气中,含氟粉尘占有重要地位.对防治玻璃厂的氟污染危害提出了合理的建议.     

Fluoride content of Ethiopian khat (Catha edulis Forsk) chewing leaves

The levels of water soluble and total fluoride concentration in 11 different varieties of Ethiopian khat (Catha edulis Forsk, an evergreen stimulant plant) commonly consumed in the country and exported to the neighboring countries were determined by fluoride ion-selective electrode. Known amounts of fresh khat samples were suspended in deionized water, stirred, and the supernatants exposed to a chelator that decomplexes fluoride were assayed. The total fluoride concentration in the leaves was also analyzed after the leaves were dried, charred, and ashed. Water soluble and total fluoride concentration in khat varieties varied, ranging from 0.19 to 0.43 µg g^?1 fresh weight and 3.4 to 7.1 µg g^?1 dry weight, respectively. The fluoride concentration in matured leaves (12 µg g^?1) was higher than that in young leaves (6.5 µg g^?1) dry weight. Assuming that daily khat leaves chewing for an adult is 100 g, fluoride intake from chewing leaves of the analyzed khat varieties is far below the daily fluoride tolerable upper limit. The safe intake of fluoride is recommended to be 1.5–4.0 mg day^?1 for adults and less for children. However, chewing khat leaves may contribute a significant amount of fluoride for the total daily intake of an individual and should not be overlooked while estimating the total dietary intake of fluoride for individuals chewing khat leaves regularly.     

亚致死剂量阿维菌素对家蚕血细胞的影响(Effects of Sublethal Concentration of Abamectin on the Hemocytes of Silkworm, Bombyx mori)

阿维菌素作为一种生物农药被广泛使用,是我国取代高毒有机磷农药的主要品种之一.为探讨阿维菌素对家蚕的生理影响,采用阿维菌素亚致死剂量LC0.(10.001mg·L-1)和LC(50.0045mg·L-1)处理的桑叶饲喂5龄家蚕,通过取血、染片和显微镜观察以及琼脂糖凝胶电泳,对血细胞数量、形态和DNA损伤进行了研究.结果表明,低剂量LC0.1处理的家蚕血球细胞数量明显高于对照,而LC5处理的家蚕其血细胞数量整体低于对照.试验所用的亚致死剂量阿维菌素未对家蚕血细胞DNA产生损伤,但血细胞出现了空泡、肿胀等病态变化,且随着用药浓度增高细胞异型数量和程度有加大趋势.     

Influences of charcoal and bamboo charcoal amendment on soil-fluoride fractions and bioaccumulation of fluoride in tea plants

High levels of fluoride in tea plants pose a potential health risk to humans who drink tea. It has been demonstrated that tea plant fluoride is closely related to the available fluoride in soil. But approaches that could be used to regulate the availability of fluoride in soil have been rarely seen. This study aims to investigate how the addition of charcoal and bamboo charcoal affected soil fluoride availability and bioaccumulation of fluoride in tea plants. In a microcosm experiment, tea plants were grown in the tea garden soil mixed with different amounts of charcoal and bamboo charcoal [that is, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0?% (w/w)]. Soil-fluoride fractions and fluoride accumulated in tea plants were determined using the sequential extraction and ion selective electrode method. Obtained results showed that both charcoal and bamboo charcoal additions significantly enhanced the concentrations of Fe/Mn oxide-bound fluoride, but significantly reduced the concentrations of water-soluble and exchangeable fluoride (p?相似文献   

The uptake of hydrogen fluoride by a forest

A mathematical model of hydrogen fluoride (HF) deposition and accumulation of fluoride in a Eucalyptus rostrata forest has been developed. The model is based on tree physiology and meteorological principles. The data base for the model was derived from a literature survey of the physiological characteristics of E. rostrata and similar eucalyptus species and from current knowledge of meteorological processes in plant canopies.Comparison of the mathematical simulations with measurements in the vicinity of a source of HF (an aluminium reduction plant) shows that (1) the pattern of seasonal fluoride accumulation in leaves agrees with that seen in the field, and (2) the vertical pattern of accumulation inside tree leaves agrees with field observations. The simulations indicate that 50% of the released HF was deposited within 81 km of the source and that the concentration of HF in the air 81 km from the source was reduced to 2% of the concentration 1 km from the source. However, a very large forest area (20 600 km²) was required to achieve these reductions.