氮磷钾对寒害腰果植株恢复生长结果的影响

通过观测不同施肥处理区寒害腰果植株重新开花坐果状况,分析施肥对寒害腰果植株恢复生长的影响,并分析腰果叶片养分含量与结果量之间的关系。结果表明：氮对寒害腰果植株重新开花的花枝数影响最大,钾次之,磷影响最小,随着氮施用量的增加,植株的花枝数逐渐增大;氮是影响寒害腰果植株结果量的主要因素,植株结果量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,磷、钾各处理间的结果量均未达到统计上显著差异;在施氮肥的基础上,配施磷钾肥,可以提高寒害腰果植株结果量,9个施肥处理中以N3P3K2处理的结果量最多。     

氮磷钾对寒害腰果植株恢复生长结果的影响

通过观测不同施肥处理区寒害腰果植株重新开花坐果状况,分析施肥对寒害腰果植株恢复生长的影响,并分析腰果叶片养分含量与结果量之间的关系。结果表明:氮对寒害腰果植株重新开花的花枝数影响最大,钾次之,磷影响最小,随着氮施用量的增加,植株的花枝数逐渐增大;氮是影响寒害腰果植株结果量的主要因素,植株结果量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,磷、钾各处理间的结果量均未达到统计上显著差异;在施氮肥的基础上,配施磷钾肥,可以提高寒害腰果植株结果量,9个施肥处理中以N3P3K2处理的结果量最多。     

垃圾堆填区渗出液对干旱季节树苗生长的影响

本试验于１９９４年７月至１月在香港望后石垃圾堆填区进行,研究了垃圾堆填区渗出液浇灌对几种亚热带树种生长及其生理学过程的影响．结果表明,在高温低湿、植物遭受水分亏缺的条件下,应用适当浓度的垃圾堆填区渗出液浇灌同水灌和肥水灌溉类似,可显著地提高树苗的移栽成活率,促进树苗的生长,尤其对耐干旱能力低的树种,其效果更为显著．与对照相比,用适当浓度的渗出液或水浇灌显著地改善植株的水分关系,降低叶片的脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量,促进气孔的开放．另外,处理植株叶片的光合特性也得到了不同程度的改善．根据以上结果,作者认为,在干旱季节植物遭受严重水分亏缺的条件下,应用适当浓度的垃圾堆填区渗出液浇灌可显著地缓解干旱对树苗生长的影响,为综合治理垃圾堆填区渗出液提供了一条经济、实用和可行的途径．     

计划烧除攀枝花苏铁林区地面覆盖物对苏铁生长和土壤理化性质的影响

选择攀枝花苏铁林下计划烧除试验后苏铁及其根系周围土壤(0~15 cm)为对象,研究火烧对攀枝花苏铁植株生长、叶片生理和苏铁根系周围土壤理化性质的影响,以期为区域攀枝花苏铁种群恢复和生态环境保护提供理论依据.结果表明:计划烧除区域苏铁成年树的株数及株高没有显著变化,新生叶片数目和幼苗株数相对未烧除区域显著增加,增幅分别达201.66%和317.7%;烧除区域苏铁植株新生叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b,可溶性糖、蛋白质含量,硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量,C/N、N/P比与对照区域新生叶片相比无显著性差异,只有类胡萝卜素含量显著降低.计划烧除改变了苏铁根围土壤(0~15 cm)的理化性质,表现在烧除后的土壤含水量、pH值及总N、P、K含量显著降低;但是,火烧显著提高了土壤有机碳(TOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量,微生物量C、N含量也略有升高;这说明火烧有利于增加苏铁林下土壤养分(N)的有效性,为烧除后苏铁快速恢复生长提供有利条件.     

紫云英根瘤分离菌株质粒多样性的研究

从广东、广西、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江、江苏７省紫云英（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓＬ．）主要分布区４６个采集点的紫云英根瘤中分离到１０１个菌株．检测发现有１６种不同质粒类型,所含质粒１～４个不等,含两个质粒的菌株占绝大部分,质粒Ｍｒ为３６×１０６～３６４×１０６．用克隆Ｍ．ｈｕａｋｕｉ７６５３Ｒ的ｎｏｄＤＢＣ４．２ｋｂ片段为探针（α３２ｐｄＣＴＰ）进行的分子杂交结果表明,所有这些菌株均含有共生质粒,通常为第一大质粒,但Ｃ、Ｌ、Ｍ、Ｎ和Ｏ型为第二大质粒,共生质粒Ｍｒ在１３１×１０６～３６４×１０６之间．比较质粒类型与１６Ｓ２３ＳｒＤＮＡＩＧＳ（ｐＨｒ,ｐ２３ＳＲ０１）ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ分析结果表明,ＩＧＳ类型不同,即使在同一植株分离所得的根瘤其质粒类型常不同,但在同一植株上分离菌株的质粒类型相同,则其ＩＧＳ常表现相同．表明质粒的类型是细菌染色体背景和细菌外环境（如共生条件等）共同作用的结果     

NaCl胁迫下盐芥和拟南芥化合物含量与蛋白质结构变化比较——傅立叶红外光谱法

以盐生植物盐芥为材料,中生植物拟南芥为对照,研究了NaCl胁迫下盐芥和拟南芥叶片Na 含量、化合物含量和蛋白质结构变化的差异.应用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)的分析方法,揭示了拟南芥和盐芥叶片中酯类、蛋白质、碳水化合物含量、蛋白质二级结构在盐胁迫下的不同响应.结果表明,随着200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫0～48 h,盐芥叶片中蛋白质和酯类含量持续增加,碳水化合物含量逐渐降低,仍比拟南芥的含量高出30%;而拟南芥在50 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下的蛋白质、碳水化合物和酯类合成量逐渐降低.应用曲线拟合酰胺I区波峰,分析发现叶片中蛋白质二级结构有1 668 cm-1和1 638 cm-1两个组成部分.通过比较发现,盐芥与拟南芥叶片中酰胺I区1 668 cm-1波峰面积随时间延长而逐渐增加的变化趋势相似,而盐芥叶片中1 638 cm-1波峰面积比拟南芥的显著增加,因此使盐芥的1668/1638 cm-1比值逐渐降低,拟南芥1668/1638 cm-1比值逐渐升高.由此揭示,盐芥植株通过增强的蛋白质、酯类合成代谢调控能力抵御盐胁迫的损伤,而且盐芥叶片总蛋白质二级结构比拟南芥的更趋稳定,与叶片中Na 含量的变化趋势显著相关.因此盐芥为了适应高浓度盐胁迫,具有叶片蛋白质、酯类快速合成以及蛋白质构象更趋于稳定的积极响应.图6表1参29     

Preferences of six leaf beetle species among qualitatively different leaf age classes of three Salicaceous host species

Summary. As Salicaceous plants produce new leaves for a prolonged period of time, they expose a wide range of differentially aged leaves to herbivores during the growing season. In this work, I show that young leaves of three Salicaceous species, Populus tremula L., Salix phylicifolia L. and S. pentandra L., contain more nitrogen than conspecific old leaves. In P. tremula and S. pentandra young leaves also contained more low-molecular weight secondary compounds, phenolic glucosides. Leaves of S. phylicifolia did not contain phenolic glucosides in detectable amounts. Furthermore, in P. tremula and S. pentandra young leaves contained less polymeric digestability-reducing phenolics, condensed tannins, than old leaves. In S. phylicifolia, higher concentrations of condensed tannins were found in young leaves. In laboratory feeding trials with six leaf beetle species, young leaves of the studied plants were invariably preferred in all tested herbivore × host species combinations. In particular, it is remarkable that three leaf beetle species with known different overall relationships to phenolic glucosides equally preferred more glucoside-containing young S. pentandra leaves over conspecific old ones. Four beetle species were found to prefer young leaves of S. phylicifolia despite the higher content of condensed tannins in young leaves. These results indicate that the general preference of leaf beetles for young leaves of Salicaceous plants probably does not primarily result from variable distribution of secondary compounds. Apparently, the preference for young leaves is fundamentally due to variation in leaf nutritive traits, such as nitrogen content. Received 9 February 2001.     

Seed availability and insect herbivory limit recruitment and adult density of native tall thistle

Understanding spatial and temporal variation in factors influencing plant regeneration is critical to predicting plant population growth. We experimentally evaluated seed limitation, insect herbivory, and their interaction in the regeneration and density of tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) across a topographic ecosystem productivity gradient in tallgrass prairie over two years. On ridges and in valleys, we used a factorial experiment manipulating seed availability and insect herbivory to quantify effects of: seed input on seedling density, insect herbivory on juvenile density, and cumulative impacts of both seed input and herbivory on reproductive adult density. Seed addition increased seedling densities at three of five sites in 2006 and all five sites in 2007. Insect herbivory reduced seedling survival across all sites in both years, as well as rosette survival from the previous year's seedlings. In both years, insecticide treatment of seed addition plots led to greater adult tall thistle densities in the following year, reflecting the increase in juvenile thistle densities in the experimental year. Seedling survival was not density dependent. Our analytical projection model predicts a significant long-term increase in adult densities from seed input, with a greater increase under experimentally reduced insect herbivory. While plant community biomass and water stress varied significantly between ridges and valleys, the effects of seed addition and insect herbivory did not vary with gradient position. These results support conceptual models that predict seedling and adult densities of short-lived monocarpic perennial plants should be seed limited. Further, the experiment demonstrates that even at high juvenile plant densities, at which density dependence potentially could have overridden herbivore effects on plant survival, insect herbivory strongly affected juvenile thistle performance and adult densities of this native prairie species.     

盐雾胁迫对榄仁幼苗生长及体内矿质元素分布的影响

在温室培养条件下,用叶片喷雾的方式对盐生植物榄仁（Terminalia catappa）的幼苗进行NaCl胁迫处理,研究了盐雾胁迫对其生长、5种矿质元素（Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、K＋、Cl-）和灰分在幼苗不同叶龄叶片和叶片各部分分布的影响,以探讨盐雾胁迫下的盐害机理,以此指导实际工作中盐害诊断与预防措施,为筛选耐盐树种建设沿海防护林提供依据。结果表明：盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的叶、茎、根生长比对照组缓慢,K＋在各叶片分区的分布差别较小,Ca2＋、Mg2＋、灰分在叶片中心区分布较多,Na＋和Cl-均向叶缘集中,且Na＋和Cl-质量分数显著增加（P〈0-05）,可见盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片盐分较易集中在叶尖、叶缘,这与叶片病斑多分布于叶尖、叶缘的症状相符。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片的灰分质量分数在叶片中心区分布最多,并呈现老叶〉成叶〉新叶,而且随胁迫时间增加呈升高趋势,叶片不同部位和不同叶龄的灰分质量分数都显著高于对照组（P〈0-05）,故盐雾胁迫促进植物体灰分积累。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的 K＋、Na＋、Cl-在新叶分布最多,Ca2＋在老叶分布最多,Mg2-在成熟叶分布最多,可见新叶对盐雾胁迫最敏感。不论是在叶片不同部分、不同叶龄的分布,还是在盐雾胁迫下5种矿质元素质量分数的变化上,榄仁幼苗体内的Na＋-Cl-存在极显著强正相关（P〈0.01）。     

能源甘蔗不同叶位叶片形态、光合气体交换及其与产量关系

利用CI-203叶面积分析仪和CI-301CO2气体分析仪分析4个能源甘蔗品种分蘖期和伸长初期不同叶位层叶片的形态特征和光合气体交换特征参数.结果表明,不同基因型不同叶位层间叶片形态、光合气体交换特征参数存在显著差异.分蘖期和伸长初期蔗叶的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、长宽比等叶片形态参数和净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用率等光合气体交换特征参数均表现为随着叶位的下降,自上而下逐渐变小.逐步回归分析结果表明,分蘖期第3叶的叶宽和水分利用率及第5叶的叶宽对产量形成影响较大;而伸长初期第1叶和第3叶的叶面积对产量形成影响较大.图8表4参15     

茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗光合作用特性的影响

茉莉酸(JA)及茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)是广泛存在于植物体内的与抗性关系密切的生长物质,能显著增强植物在机械伤害、低温、盐害、干旱等非生物环境胁迫和病虫害等生物胁迫中的抗性.以水稻品种中二欧6为实验材料,通过设置对照、干旱、干旱+MeJA、干旱+MeJA+水杨苷异羟肟酸(SHAM)四种处理,研究了干旱胁迫下施用MeJA及其代谢抑制剂SHAM对水稻幼苗的叶绿素荧光和光合作用特性的影响.研究结果表明,干旱胁迫下外源MeJA(0.25 μmol·L~(-1))处理可显著提高水稻幼苗的叶片水势、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/F_0和Fv/Fm值、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度,降低ABA含量,从而提高水稻幼苗的抗旱性.然而,加入茉莉酸信号途径的抑制剂水杨苷异羟肟酸(SHAM)后MeJA诱导的水稻抗旱效应受到逆转,表现在水稻幼苗叶片水势、叶绿素荧光和光合作用参数等显著下降,ABA含量显著上升.     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Senecio</Emphasis>: ontogeny and developmental constraints

Summary. The ontogeny of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) synthesis and constraints on defence level during the seedling stage were examined in the annual Senecio vulgaris and the monocarpic perennial Senecio jacobaea. In both species, PAs were actively synthesized from the onset of seedling growth so that juvenile stages did not go through an undefended stage. Roots are known to be the exclusive sites where PAs are produced. Root biomass was the single most important biomass parameter explaining variation in total PAs per seedling. All correlation coefficients between—relative growth rate and PA concentration were negative, but none was significant. However, a significant negative—correlation was found between shoot to root ratio and PA concentration in S. jacobaeaseedlings, suggesting a dilution effect of the PAs. Earlier studies have shown that the shoot to root ratio is positively correlated with relative growth—rate of established S. jacobaea plants. It is therefore suggested that young S. jacobaea plants with a high shoot to root ratio and hence a high growth capacity necessarily have lower PA defence levels than plants with a low shoot to root ratio. Received 10 July 2002; accepted 16 November 2002.     

Is flower scent influencing host plant selection of leaf-galling sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) on willows?

Though it is known that flower scent not only attracts pollinators but also herbivores, little is known about the importance of flower scent on the distribution of leaf herbivores among individuals within a plant species. In this study we determined the distribution of galls induced by the sawfly Pontania proxima (Serville 1823) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae) on flowering and non-flowering representatives of several clones belonging to Salix fragilis and S. × rubens (Salicaceae). Further, amounts and composition of scent of flowering and non-flowering twigs were compared (dynamic headspace-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, DHS-GC–MS), and a scent sample collected from flowering twigs of S. fragilis was tested by coupled gas chromatography and electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) on the antennae of P. proxima females. The results show that the presence of flower catkins on plants led to a higher degree of allocation with galls, but the number of galls differed not between flowering and non-flowering plants. The DHS-GC–MS analyses revealed that the total amount of flower scent emitted per flowering twig is about 90 times higher than the scent emitted by a non-flowering twig. Further, several compounds were emitted only by flowering but not by non-flowering twigs. In the GC-EAD analyses, antennae consistently responded not only to green leaf volatiles, but also to compounds emitted only by the flowers (e.g. 1,4-dimethoxybenzene). These flower scent compounds are suggested to affect the host plant choice by attracting more sawflies from the distance to flowering plants compared to non-flowering plants. The EAD-active compounds emitted from vegetative plant parts are assumed to act as long-distance signals especially when flowers are absent on host plants, e.g. during the oviposition period of the second generation of P. proxima.     

Scaling mass and morphology in leaves: an extension of the WBE model

Recent advances in metabolic scaling theory have highlighted the importance of exchange surfaces and vascular network geometry in understanding the integration and scaling of whole-plant form and function. Additional work on leaf form and function has also highlighted general scaling relationships for many leaf traits. However, it is unclear if a common theoretical framework can reveal the general rules underlying much of the variation observed in scaling relationships at the whole-plant and leaf level. Here we present an extension of the general model introduced by G. B. West, J. H. Brown, and B. J. Enquist that has previously been applied to scaling phenomena for whole plants to predict scaling relationships in leaves. Specifically, the model shows how the exponents that describe the scaling of leaf surface area, length, and petiole diameter should change with increasing leaf mass (or with one another) and with variation in leaf dimensionality. The predictions of the model are tested and found to be in general agreement with a large data set of leaves collected from both temperate and arid sites. Our results demonstrate that a general model based on the scaling properties of biological distribution networks can also be successfully applied to understand the diversity of leaf form and function.     

沙打旺与柳枝稷单、混播种苗期水分利用和根冠生长的比较

在室内生长箱内盆栽沙打旺和柳枝稷的苗期生长阶段进行高土壤水分 (黄绵土土壤田间持水量FC的 80 % )和低土壤水分 (5 0 ?)处理 ,比较二者单、混播种植下水分利用与根冠生长差异 ,以探讨黄土高原半干旱丘陵区牧草植物的合理种植方式 .结果表明 :在水分利用方面 ,低水处理下混播使沙打旺和柳枝稷叶片瞬时水分利用效率均较单播提高 ,低水处理后混播群体水分利用效率也显著比单播柳枝稷增大 .在根冠生长方面 ,混播促进了柳枝稷地上部分植株高度生长 ,并使地下部分分配比重增大 ,根系绝对长度缩短 ;混播后沙打旺的植株高度降低 ,根系绝对长度增加 ,但干物质分配比重减小 .低水处理后 ,沙打旺和柳枝稷混播下的根冠生长趋向于资源的充分合理利用 ,表现在混播群体的根系生长有利于充分利用土壤深层水和表层来水 ,混播后地上部分高度的生长特征变化利于对光的利用 .因此 ,在水分和养分条件相对较差坡地占较大比例的半干旱黄土丘陵地区 ,采用沙打旺和柳枝稷混播种植相比各自单播利于促进苗期生长与提高土壤水分利用率 .图 2表 2参 10     

Jasmonic acid treatment and mammalian herbivory differentially affect chemical defenses and growth of wild mustard (Brassica kaber)

Summary. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a wound-related hormone found in most plants that, when applied exogenously, can induce increases in levels of chemical defenses in patterns similar to those induced by mechanical damage or insect feeding. Relative to responses to insect and pathogen attack, chemical responses of herbaceous plants to mammalian herbivore attack have been little studied. In a field experiment, we compared the effects of JA treatment and naturally occurring mammalian herbivory on the expression of trypsin inhibitors, glucosinolates, peroxidase activity and growth of wild mustard (Brassica kaber). Exogenous JA significantly increased trypsin inhibitor activity and glucosinolate concentration, and moderately increased peroxidase activity in the eighth true leaves of five-week-old plants, relative to untreated controls. In contrast, levels of these chemical defenses in the eighth true leaves or in regrowth foliage of plants that had ∼80% of their leaf area removed by groundhogs (Marmota monax) did not differ from that in undamaged and untreated controls. Although exogenous JA significantly elevated levels of chemical defenses, it did not affect height of plants through the season and only slightly reduced time to first flower. Groundhog herbivory significantly reduced height and delayed or abolished flowering, but these effects were not substantial unless coupled with apical meristem removal. We hypothesize that the lack of effect of groundhog herbivory on chemical defenses may be due in part to the speed and pattern of leaf area removal by groundhogs, or physiological constraints caused by leaf area loss. Despite having no effect on chemical defense production, leaf area loss by groundhogs was more costly to growth and fitness than the effects of JA application in this study, but only substantially so if coupled with apical meristem removal. We suggest that in general, costs of defense production in plants are likely to be minimal when compared to the risk of losing large amounts of leaf area or primary meristematic tissue. Thus, if they are effective at deterring herbivory, the benefits of inducible defense production likely outweigh the costs in most cases. Received 20 December 2000; accepted 3 May 2001