打好水价改革“攻坚战”

近日,国家发展改革委、住房城乡建设部印发《关于加快建立完善城镇居民用水阶梯价格制度的指导意见》,部署全面实行城镇居民阶梯水价制度。2015年底前,设市城市原则上要全面实行居民阶梯水价制度,第一、二、三级阶梯水价按不低于1：1．5：3的比例安排,缺水地区应进一步加大价差。     

保障农村饮水安全的水价模式研究

合理的水价模式是实现农村饮水安全工程高效率和可持续运营的关键.当前我国正在进行水价改革,传统的水价制定方法只是基于单纯的成本分摊,忽视了用水者的需求行为,使水价不能真正起到优化配置水资源的作用.通过综合运用经济学、管理科学、水利科学、概率统计等基本理论,提出了农村饮水安全工程的非线性水价模式.     

基于博弈模型的水价策略与节水策略分析

在当前水资源浪费、用水效率较低的背景下,仍然有许多地区继续实行低水价政策,本文认为这是供水企业与用水企业以及政府水务部门相互博弈的结果。通过构建一个供水企业与用水企业的博弈模型,并采用演化博弈分析方法分析动态演化的结果,本文发现当前采用低水价的主要原因在于：供水企业制定水价时要同时考虑私人收益与公共节水收益,而高水价对经济产生的冲击成本不足以弥补高水价产生的公共节水收益与私人收益,从而导致有些地区供水企业不敢提高水价,一直采用低水价策略。进一步地,本文采用不完全信息动态博弈方法分析供水企业与政府关于水价的议定过程,发现提高水价对经济的冲击越大,且节水技术投入成本越大而节水的公共收益越小时,政府水务部门同意低水价的概率越大;反之,则同意高水价的概率越大。从博弈论的角度系统地分析了低水价产生的决策过程,可对提高水价、促进节约用水具有一定的指导意义。     

新型自来水复合絮凝剂的研制与应用

研究用壳聚糖、聚铝和助剂A复合制备出一种成本低、絮凝效果好、出水Al3 含量少的新型自来水处理絮凝剂,并确定其最佳配比(体积比)为:0.1%壳聚糖:2%聚合氯化铝:0.1%助剂A=1:6:5.与传统聚铝类絮凝剂相比,其出水浊度和Al3 含量分别下降了2.97%和10.7%,并且药剂成本下降6.25%,有明显的经济和环境效益.     

美国排污许可证管理的经验

排污许可证管理是国际通行的一项基本环境管理制度。文章阐述了美国大气排污许可证和水排污许可证的管理模式,包括排污许可证管理类型、法律依据、技术要求、许可内容、监管方式、实施情况等。总结出美国排污许可证管理在管理对象、管理时段、管理内容方面的特点;从法律依据、技术标准、分类管理、制度完善、注重地区性、严惩措施、公众参与监督等方面总结出美国排污许可证实施的特点。为我国排污许可证实现\"一证式\"排污许可管理提供了借鉴。     

建立和完善国家环境保护污染防治技术政策体系是实现环境保护科学化管理的基础

本文介绍了环境保护污染防治技术政策的主要内容及它在三个方面体现了对环境保护科学化管理的基础作用和不断发挥着在环保工作中的基础作用;论述了制订技术政策应遵循的原则和需加强的几个方面。     

日本的医疗垃圾处理系统

本文介绍了日本的医疗卫生单位垃圾的分类、处理过程、对策及法律制度。     

虚拟水在我国水资源管理领域的应用和探讨

虚拟水以其形象的表达和丰富的内涵,成为2000年以后全球水科学研究领域的热点,被广泛认为是深入研究水资源管理的重要概念,也是衡量人类对水资源系统真实占有量的有效工具。文章系统介绍了虚拟水的基本概念,并对其目前在我国水资源管理领域的应用做了系统性的阐述和探讨。     

充分借鉴企业管理定律加强环境监察人才培养

企业管理是企业工作的永匣主题,是建立现代企业制度的基本内容之一。在市场经济下的企业经营管理,其作为社会管理中最活跃的因素,通过运用管理定律取得了较好的经济效益。充分借鉴企业管理定律,加强环境监察人才培养,具有十分重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。     

浅议环境监测档案的建立和运用

通过分析目前环境监测站监测档案建立和运用中存在的问题,探讨了档案的建立方法及在环境监测和环境管理中的运用。     

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITIES1

The entire water resources field is not contemplated, although reference thereto will be registered. Water supply for potable and hygienic purposes will be presented as symbolic of the global issues confronting 4.8 billion people. Some two billion of these live in the so-called developing or less favored countries. They are either underserved or not served at all by utility systems of whatever grade. Targets for meeting their needs were exemplified by the international agencies in the International Water and Sanitation Decade of 1980-1990. Some successes are apparent, but, in general, hopes are not fulfilled. The pace of accomplishment is very slow. Constraints will be reviewed in some detail. Challenges for reducing these and increasing pace of installations are presented. The potential for a global public works program unprecedented in history is reviewed. Several issues will not be discussed in this paper. Their omission rests primarily upon the fact that their resolution is improbable for decades ahead, if ever. Economists have categorized water as any other economic commodity - and should always be subject to benefit-cost scrutiny. I do not share that view. People could well live without the telephone or the automobile, a destroyer. Without water, their survival is a matter of days. Cost-benefit seems unreal and singularly inappropriate under such circumstances. Secondly, the search for quantifying the health impact of safe water goes on forever. My view is that the results speak for themselves - while sturdy souls continue to seek out the exact correlation figure. Thirdly, the population explosion, although softened a bit, proceeds apace while I write. Lastly, the exposition herein is restricted to potable water and its associated sanitation aspects. Other major uses of water, obviously highly important, are not addressed.     

运用价格杠杆，促进环境保护产业的发展

环境保护产业作为“朝阳产业”,正在成为新的经济增长点。应运用价格杠杆,在建设骨干企业集团、健全环境保护产品市场体系、排污收费制度、价格信息服务等方面,推动环保产业的发展     

长庆油田作业废水的处理与回用

介绍了长庆油田石油开发过程中的井场措施作业废水处理与回用技术应用现状和管理制度,并对下一步节水和资源化利用的研究方向进行了展望,通过技术引领和管理创新,促进石油开发与水资源利用的可持续发展。     

Quantification of potable water savings by residential water conservation and reuse - A case study

To demonstrate the benefits of water conservation at the household level in regional Victoria in Australia, a family house “Sharland Oasis” was designed and built according to an ecologically sustainable design for improved water and energy efficiency. This study has demonstrated that the combined use of alternative water supplies together with water efficient appliances can save up to 77% of total potable water use compared to the average 1990s household water use in the same region considering the location and differing in water use approach. The use of rainwater inside the home alone saved up to 40% of potable water use. In addition to the water savings, there is a significant wastewater discharge saving achieved through the use of water conservation strategies and greywater reuse. A community survey undertaken in regional Victoria revealed that community receptivity for reusing greywater is highest for uses, such as watering gardens and flushing toilets; but it progressively decreased with increasing personal contact with greywater. Positive perception of greywater reuse needs to be encouraged through programs targeted at developing resources, skills and motivation for new water reuse practices and technologies, across a diverse range of social groups.     

Potential for electricity savings by reducing potable water consumption in a city scale

Nowadays, it is very important that water and energy resources are used appropriately as this is a challenge to promote sustainable development. In some sectors, such as water and sewerage utilities, energy consumption depends on water consumption. The main objective of this work is to estimate the potential for electricity savings in a water and sewerage utility by reducing potable water consumption in the residential, commercial and public sectors in the city of Florianópolis, southern Brazil. These three sectors account for 98.9% of the total water consumption in the city. By using data related to energy consumption and costs that apply to the local water utility for water and sewage treatment, and also the potential for potable water savings over the three sectors, it is possible to estimate the potential for energy savings by reducing potable water consumption and sewage treatment. Potable water savings were estimated by using data available in the literature about water end-uses for different types of buildings located in Florianópolis. Three options were considered: installing dual-flush toilets, reusing greywater and using rainwater. The average potential for potable water savings were 30.0%, 53.4% and 60.3%, respectively, for the residential, commercial and public sectors. Thus, the average potable water savings amount to about 10,153,835 m³/year, and the electricity savings amount to 4.4 GW h/year, which would be enough to supply 1217 houses or flats in Florianópolis, with an average energy consumption of 300 kW h/month.     

CONTINUOUS SIMULATION FOR WATER QUALITY PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a methodology for the evaluation of water quality plans analogous to procedures used in flood control planning, where flood damage frequency curves provide the basis for determining flood control benefits. The proposed method uses continuous water quality simulation to develop long term information from which water quality frequency curves can be obtained. This frequency information allows the evaluation of the impact of proposed water quality control plans taking into consideration the variable nature of the water resource. Using treatment costs and other economic indicators of water quality, the frequency information can be used to estimate the cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency of alternative plans. The method is demonstrated in a semi-hypothetical environment; real hydrologic and climatic characteristics are assigned to a hypothetical watershed configuration. Alternative management plans are simulated and analyzed for both physical and economic impacts. The advantages of continuous simulation and its use in water quality planning are explored.     

SIMULATION – A TOOL FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Proper economic evaluation of alternative plans will maximize the utility achieved from the resources available for water resource management. A knowledge of the frequency of occurrence of the events under study is necessary to fully utilize the advantages of economic evaluation in planning. Frequency information is widely used in flood control and water supply, but relatively unknown in water quality planning. A continuous, dynamic hydrologic and water quality model is presented to develop frequency curves for various water quality criteria. Results from the Denver Regional Water Quality Management Study are discussed as an example of the use of frequency analysis for economic evaluation of water quality management.     

EFFECT OF PRICE STRUCTURE ON RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND1

ABSTRACT: Little is known about how different types of municipal water rate structures influence residential water use. Conventional wisdom suggests that increasing block rate structures promote conservation, but analysis of data from 85 Massachusetts communities does not support this view.