粮食中玉米赤霉烯酮的电子捕获气相色谱分析

本文建立了粮食中玉米赤霉烯酮的电子捕获气相色谱方法。粮食样品经氯仿-醋酸乙酯(1:1)提取后浓缩,浓缩液用NaOH提取,NaOH提取液经HCI调至pH为3.5左右,过Sep-pak C_(18)柱。用乙腈洗脱柱上玉米赤霉烯酮,洗脱液浓缩至干,残渣用七氟丁酸酐衍生化后进行气相色谱分析。结果表明,玉米赤霉烯酮在电子捕获气相色谱上的最低检出限为4×10~(-11)g,相关系数为0.9996。在玉米、小麦、大麦、大米中的回收率在50ng/g—100ng/g的范围内均在80％以上。各粮食中的最低检出限均低于20ng/g。     

水体与底泥中有机氯和除草剂农药残留的气相色谱串联质谱同步测定方法

本研究建立了水体和底泥中8种有机氯农药和5种除草剂的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)同步测定分析方法.水样以甲醇作为基体改进剂,利用官能化聚苯乙烯/二乙烯苯(PEP)固相萃取柱富集和净化;底泥样品加乙腈用超声波辅助提取,二氯甲烷反萃取,使用氟罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化.采用DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)色谱柱对待测物进行分离,多反应监测模式(MRM)测定.方法的线性相关性均大于0.999.空白水样在低、中、高等3个加标水平下的平均回收率为71%—115%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.0%—12.6%,检出限(LOD)0.12—2.0 ng·L~(-1).底泥样品在低、中、高等3个加标水平下,平均回收率为73%—120%,RSD为4.1%—11.0%,检出限(LOD)0.011—0.20μg·kg~(-1).该方法选择性好、灵敏度高且准确可靠,适合于水体和底泥中常见有机氯农药和除草剂类农药的检测.应用该方法测定了东北地区养殖池塘及松花江的水体和底泥样品.结果表明,莠去津检出率最高(100%),水体中残留量在11.2—1671 ng·L~(-1)之间,底泥中残留量在0.35—21.8μg·kg~(-1)之间.有机氯β-六六六检出率80%,水体中残留量在ND—6.76 ng·L~(-1)之间,底泥中残留量在ND—4.74μg·kg~(-1)之间.底泥样品中滴滴涕农药的残留量未超过我国淡水养殖产地环境限量标准.     

鱼体中单甲脒农药的测定

本文介绍了单甲脒农药在鱼体中残留量的测定方法.鱼样经石油醚提取,液-液分配后用高效液相色谱法测定.方法对单甲脒的最低检出浓度为0.05mg·kg~(-1),最低检出限为3×10~(-7)g,平均添加回收率为96.38±3.56%.     

单甲脒和2,4—二甲基苯胺在大鼠肝脏中的残留分析

本文研究了大鼠肝脏中单甲脒及其代谢产物２，４－二甲基苯胺残留量的气相色谱分析方法。肝脏匀浆用１ｍｏｌ．１＾－１ｈＨＣ１加热回流提取，等分为Ａ，Ｂ两份，Ａ份溶液调ｐＨ至１３后用石油醚萃取定容；Ｂ份加两倍体积的１０ｍｏｌ．１＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶解后用石油醚萃取定容。分别经七氟丁酸酐衍生化，用带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定２，４－二甲基苯胺的含量，最后计算单甲脒的残留量。该方法对２，４－二甲基苯胺的最低检     

稻田样品中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的残留分析方法

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱法同时测定稻田环境样品中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的残留分析方法,即:稻田水样品以二氯甲烷萃取,水稻土样品以丙酮提取后再经乙酸乙酯萃取,稻株样品以乙腈提取后用CarbonNH2固相萃取小柱净化,然后均用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)检测。结果表明,稻田水中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的最低检测质量浓度均为0.01 mg·L-1,土壤和水稻植株中目标物最低检测质量含量为0.015 mg·kg-1。在该方法条件下,当添加水平为0.05～1.0 mg·L-1(或mg·kg-1)时,稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的平均回收率为75.1%～109.2%,变异系数为1.0%～7.9%。     

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)离子

本文介绍了低压离于色谱法测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中氟、氯、硝酸根、硫酸根离子的方法.欲测阴离子在阴离子交换柱上被分离,同时用1.2mol·l~(-1)N_2CO_3溶液作流动相,流速为 1.6ml·min~(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为50μl时F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)的最低检出限(2倍噪音比)分别为10,20,250,500ng·ml~(-1).     

高效液相色谱-荧光法测定水中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐

建立了水样中甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)残留量的柱前衍生高效液相色谱测定方法.水样经乙酸乙酯提取后,运用N-甲基咪唑-乙腈(NMIM-CAN)(1+1)、三氟乙酸酸酐-乙腈(TFAA-CAN)(1+1)在避光条件下进行柱前衍生化反应,反应20min后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器进行测定结果表明,水中甲维盐添加浓度在0.0001-0.O1mg ·l-1范围,方法的回收率为78.4% -115.2%,变异系数为3.0%-11.3%,方法最低定量限为0.0036mg·l-1方法的灵敏度、精密度和准确度完全满足农药残留分析的要求.甲维盐在巢湖水中的残留量低于该方法的检出限,稻田水中的残留量为0.54mg·l(-1).     

采用Agilent 5977B单四极杆气质联用系统测定土壤中的多氯联苯含量

本文采用Agilent 7890B气相色谱/5977B单四极杆气质联用系统测定土壤样品中的多氯联苯(PCB)含量.文中所述样品前处理及仪器分析方法完全参照国家环境保护标准《土壤和沉积物多氯联苯的测定气相色谱-质谱法》(HJ 743—2015).利用微波消解和加压快速溶剂萃取两种不同的提取方法,结合磺化净化法和弗罗里硅土净化法,对土壤样品进行提取与净化.该方法应用于土壤中18种PCB化合物的分析测定,样品加标回收率和方法检测限分别为67%—97%和0.25—0.58μg·kg~(-1),满足HJ 743—2015规定的60%—130%和0.4—0.6μg·kg~(-1)的要求.     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.采用超声提取,以正己烷提取样品中的PAEs,提取液经0.45μm滤膜过滤后进仪器测定.实验表明,8种PAEs的平均回收率为78.1%—104.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.2%—4.8%,方法检出限为10—40μg·kg~(-1).该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,可用于有机肥中增塑剂的测定.     

气相色谱法测定土壤中BHCs和DDTs的残留

建立了土壤中六六六 (BHC )和滴滴涕 (DDT )异构体含量的气相色谱分析方法 ,样品以正己烷 丙酮利用超声波提取 ,提取液以层析柱净化 采用HP 1(Methylsiloxane )毛细管色谱柱分离样品 ,GC ECD检测BHC和DDT的残留量 ,方法的最小检测量为 1 5× 10 -13 — 1 6× 10 -12 g ;平均加标回收率为 92 6 %—99 2 % ;RSD为 2 2 %— 6 0 %     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture