天津市纪庄子污水处理厂恶臭气体排放研究

2011年,在天津市纪庄子污水处理厂内采集空气样品,并对其中恶臭气体的浓度、扩散模式、影响范围及污水厂内各主要构筑物间相关系数进行了分析研究。结果表明,污水处理厂格栅处恶臭气体浓度最高,为4.31 ng/mL,其中95.61%为H2S气体,其他构筑物恶臭气体浓度范围为0.09～0.32 ng/mL,恶臭气体浓度较前处理工艺相比有大幅度减少;各主要构筑物排放的恶臭气体符合高斯气体扩散模式,恶臭影响范围为厂界外100 m以内;格栅处恶臭气体的排放对于厂界处恶臭气体浓度的贡献度最大,为42.68%;格栅、初沉池、脱水机房、二沉池之间的相关度在90%以上。     

城市污水厂主要处理单元恶臭及挥发性有机物的逸散

在污水处理厂的主要处理工艺段设置采样点,采用在线监测仪,检测空气中恶臭及挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度,明确主要恶臭物质和排放源,研究恶臭及VOC在不同季节的逸散特征。结果表明,恶臭和VOC的排放主要集中在进水区,浓度与进水水质相关。粗格栅间是主要的恶臭源,其恶臭、TVOC、硫化物和胺类的浓度分别为3 458.54~5 028.03 OU、120~221 mg/m3、253~464 mg/m3和15~36 mg/m3,占各个监测点浓度总量的80.6%、93%、90%和89%。主要的恶臭物质为硫化氢和氨,其浓度对应的臭气强度超过4级。恶臭与VOC的排放呈现季节变化,夏季的浓度明显高于冬季。相关性分析显示,恶臭浓度与TVOC、硫化物、胺类浓度具有明显的相关性。     

全过程除臭工艺在北京某再生水厂的应用及其中气液两相污染物的削减过程

全过程除臭是一种以微生物法为核心的低碳除臭方式。为评估其应用效果,分析了北京市某再生水厂的产排污关键环节中的气液两相污染物削减情况。结果表明：初始污水中[NH₄⁺-N]高于H₂S的质量浓度,分别为55 mg·L⁻¹和6 mg·L⁻¹,二者随污水反应进程呈逐渐降低的趋势,分别在生化段和粗格栅处去除效果最好;气相污染物主要为NH₃和H₂S,其中NH₃在粗格栅处排放通量较高,质量浓度为0.4 mg·m⁻³,化学浓度贡献率为71%~91%,H₂S在污泥储池处质量浓度较高,为0.16 mg·m⁻³;对粗格栅处进行模拟换气实验,H₂S、NH₃和臭气的浓度分别为 0.027~0.036 mg·m⁻³、0.023~0.031 mg·m⁻³和10~15;厂界的NH₃和H₂S质量浓度在上风向的检测值均低于下风向,最高值为0.100和 0.007 mg·m⁻³,臭气 (无量纲) ,甲烷体积分数为1.7×10⁻⁶,粗格栅模拟换气和厂界排放浓度均达到北京市《大气污染物综合排放标准》 (DB11/501-2017) 和《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》 (GB18918-2002) 。该研究结果对北京某再生水厂进行气液两相污染物削减分析,证明了全过程除臭工艺应用的有效性,可为同类水厂的除臭问题提供参考。     

淄博市某城市污水处理厂运行效果分析

淄博市是我国重要的石油化工基地,工业废水与生活污水多混合排放到城市污水处理厂处理,污水成分复杂,处理难度大。根据淄博市某污水处理厂的长期运行数据,评价了悬浮性固体(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)等水质指标的去除效果。结果表明:该厂实际水量高于设计水量,处于超负荷运行状态,且进水SS浓度较高,BOD5/COD2O工艺,设计停留时间较长,并将二沉池污泥部分回流到初沉池,提高对污染物去除效果,使出水SS、COD、BOD5、NH3-N和TP等指标达到一级A排放标准。进水中偶尔含有冲击性高浓度挥发酚,使污水厂硝化菌功能受抑制,出水NH3-N浓度异常升高,此时该厂通过投加活性污泥进行硝化菌接种,帮助系统尽快恢复正常运行;同时,高盐度工业废水会加速污水厂设备腐蚀。     

酸性洗涤塔-生物滤塔-生物曝气池组合工艺处理恶臭气体NH3和H2S

采用酸性洗涤塔、生物滤塔和生物曝气池的组合工艺处理NH3、H2S恶臭混合气体,研究表明,该组合工艺对NH3和H2S有很好的去除效果,在进气流量为35 L/min,喷淋量45 L/h时,NH3进气浓度50.15~525.4 mg/m3,H2S进气浓度10.23~110.36 mg/m3时,NH3单一进气去除率稳定在99%以上,H2S单一进气去除率90%以上。混合进气后,NH3去除率几乎为100%,H2S的去除率提高至98%以上。在一定的浓度范围内,NH3和H2S之间的相互作用对两者的去除效果没有明显的影响,而且起到了相互促进降解的作用。同时,进气流量和填料层高度都会影响NH3、H2S的去除率。系统对进气容积负荷变化的缓冲能力强,在偶尔超负荷条件下运行并不能使系统崩溃,并且微生物对高负荷逐渐表现出适应性。大部分溶于水的氨由生物曝气池去除,去除率达到96.9%。     

太湖流域城镇污水处理厂能耗评价与分析

为分析太湖流域污水处理厂的能耗情况,以比能耗分析法为基础,结合多种统计学方法,探究了太湖流域污水处理厂能耗现状、水量比能耗、污染物削减量比能耗、能耗与日处理水量和耗氧污染物削减量之间的关系。结果表明：太湖流域污水处理厂2017年能耗均值为0.458 kWh·m⁻³,高于发达国家污水处理厂能耗平均值;太湖流域处理规模大于5×10⁴ m³·d⁻¹的污水处理厂水量比能耗基本稳定在0.33 kWh·m⁻³,而处理规模小于5×10⁴ m³·d⁻¹的污水处理厂水量比能耗波动较大;化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮(${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $-N)削减量与污染物削减量比能耗之间均存在幂函数关系,在每个污染物出水浓度区间内,均呈现削减污染物量越多,污染物削减量比能耗越低的趋势;污水处理厂能耗与日处理水量和耗氧污染物削减量之间存在线性关系。因此,对污水处理厂的节能降耗须重点关注污染物削减量比能耗的降低。     

蚯蚓生态滤池对农村生活污水的深度净化效果

本实验利用多级蚯蚓生态滤池对农村生活污水进行处理研究,分别考察了不同季节蚯蚓生态滤池对COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除效果,同时利用PCR-DGGE技术对不同季节的微生物群落进行初步分析。结果表明,夏季COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到86.05%、89.02%、98.48%和99.1%;出水浓度17.86、4.96、0.605和0.047 mg/L。冬季COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到83.29%、93.26%、96.96%和92.7%;出水浓度22.68、2.63、1.02和0.37 mg/L。不同季节出水水质均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A类标准。蚯蚓生态滤池内的微生物多样性冬季的要比夏季的丰富,且冬季滤池内微生物种类从上至下逐渐增加,符合污染物去除效率的变化。     

3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水

进行了厌氧折流板反应器-垂直潜流人工湿地(ABR-VSFCW)、复合厌氧反应器-水平潜流人工湿地(HAR-HSFCW)、膨胀颗粒污泥床-人工快速渗滤系统(EGSB-CRI)3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水的研究。结果表明,在温度为10~29℃,进水COD为325.3~386.5 mg/L的条件下,3种组合工艺对COD均有较高的处理效果,当厌氧段HRT大于16 h时,3种组合工艺出水COD浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准;EGSB-CRI、HAR-HSFCW对TP的去除效果较好,出水TP浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002) 一级B标准, 且显著优于ABR-VSFCW,ABR-VSFCW出水TP浓度达到了二级标准; ABR-VSFCW、HAR-HSFCW、EGSB-CRI出水NH4+-N浓度分别为25.24~42.20、29.59~41.60和9.80~15.35 mg/L,其出水NH4+-N浓度达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级标准;3种组合工艺对TN的去除效果无明显差异,去除率仅为23.9%~46.4%。因此,EGSB-CRI对农村生活污水的处理效果最好,HAR-HSFCW次之,ABR-VSFCW较差。     

化学生物絮凝与化学絮凝工艺处理城市污水--加药量对污染物去除效果的影响

化学生物絮凝工艺是利用将化学和生物协同絮凝作用处理污水的强化一级新工艺.试验通过在不同加药量情况下化学生物絮凝和化学絮凝工艺的中试试验对比研究,得出在相同加药量条件下,化学生物絮凝污染物去除效率均优于化学絮凝工艺10%～20%.在70 mg/L液体聚合氯化铝铁复配0.5 mg/L PAM的加药条件下,化学生物絮凝工艺经过30 min的水力停留时间,在进水CODCr为100～260 mg/L,TP为2～4 mg/L,SS为80～150 mg/L,NH3-N为10～25 mg/L条件下,出水CODCr、TP、SS、NH3-N满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放二级标准.     

美国某污水处理厂工艺设计及运行效果

介绍了美国某污水处理厂的处理工艺流程、主要构筑物构成及其设计参数,通过对该污水处理厂一年内运行效果的调研,分析评价了该污水厂的进出水水质指标;该水厂工艺流程对TSS、BOD5、COD、NH3-N、TP和浊度的年平均去除率分别可以达到97.7％、97.7％、93.5％、82.6％、95.2％和97.9％,各项出水水质均优于我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准,通过对该水厂工艺的介绍和分析,为我国污水厂的建设及改造升级提供了一定的参考依据.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)