黔中喀斯特石漠化区不同小生境常见木本植物水分来源特征

选择黔中清镇市王家寨小流域内不同石漠化植物群落,通过分析测定喀斯特小生境内5种常见木本植物,鼠李、火棘、烟管荚蒾、圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥与其潜在水源稳定性氢氧同位素组成,研究植物水分来源特征,并通过线性混合模型确定水源贡献比,探讨喀斯特小生境植物水分利用对石漠化过程的适应与响应。结果表明:多数情况下,研究区不同小生境内各植物种在雨季同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,对土壤水的利用比例大于表层岩溶带水。各植物种对表层岩溶带水的利用比例随着石漠化的进行而减小。常绿灌木火棘、鼠李和烟管荚蒾在轻度、无石漠化样地同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,但在中、强度石漠化则多利用土壤水,落叶小乔木圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥在无石漠化同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,而在轻度石漠化样地仅利用土壤水,这跟不同样地植被类型、干扰方式、土壤情况及裂隙发育等不同有关。     

Effect of three georges reservoir (Yangzi River) on the plant species richness in drawdown zone downstream the tributary river (Pengxihe River)

In order to understand the spatial pattern of plant community and the maintenance mechanism of biodiversity in littoral zone of Three Gorges Reservoir, 110 km stretches of Pengxihe River (from estuary to the backwater of Three Gorges) were chose to study. We investigated species composition and environmental variables along 50 m long stretches of riverbank between the high-water level and the lowest summer water level, at a 5 km interval. The results showed that: (1) along longitudinal gradients, longitudinal species richness, longitudinal shrub species richness and longitudinal herb species richness were significantly related to distance to estuary; (2) along lateral gradient, there were visible different changes in all kinds of types (lateral species richness, lateral tree species richness, lateral shrub species richness, lateral herb species richness). Along lateral gradient, species richness and herb species richness first increased with the elevation then reduced with it, trees and shrubs species richness increased with the elevation. (3) Correlation analyses showed that substrate types were correlated with the longitudinal species richness, without considering the distance to estuary. Soil moisture and substrate heterogeneity were correlated with lateral, species richness. These results indicated that, along longitudinal gradient of the river, distance to estuary plays an important role in species richness, and along lateral gradient spatial heterogeneity due to inundation and flooding plays an important role in forming a new pattern of plant community in the littoral zone of Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Because of special hydrological dynamics, plant in the littoral zone of Three Gorges, are gradually form a unique spatial pattern to some extent, though it had the same change law with riparian plant of a natural river.     

三峡库区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的监测研究

生物多样性的长期动态监测是生物多样性研究的热点之一。陆生植物监测实验站作为长江三峡工程生物与环境监测系统的重点站,完成了大量的野外监测样地建立工作,为今后的长期研究打下了良好的基础。以米心水青冈及曼青冈组成的常绿落叶阔叶林的相关研究为例,介绍了陆生植物观测实验站现阶段关于监测方面的部分研究工作。在多个尺度下对米心水青冈及曼青冈两种优势种进行格局分析,结果表明两者均为聚集分布,米心水青冈的聚集强度高于曼青冈。按1 ～4 cm, 4 ～ 8 cm及8 cm以上3个径级对曼青冈分布格局进行比较,各径级间聚集强度相似,这与群落年龄、特殊的地形环境及种群的生态习性有关。群落的地形异质性研究表明0.96 hm2范围内坡度及坡向存在明显的差异,研究范围内样方的平均坡度在18.2°～ 74.6°之间。坡向可以分为南坡、西南坡及东南坡3部分。地形的异质性影响着群落的内部结构,植物与地形因素的相关分析表明不同的种对地形的适应性不同,群落中的24种主要植物可以分为4个生态种组。     

Ecological-demographic characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potentilla bifurca</Emphasis> L. cenopopulations

A discrete approach to the study of ontogeny has made it possible to reveal a high degree of age heterogeneity in P. bifurca cenopopulations. The basal ontogenetic spectrum of cenopopulations has been determined. The index of regeneration is higher in cenopopulations of the young type and decreases in cenopopulations of the old type, whereas the situation with the index of senescence is inverse. The density of cenopopulations depends mainly on parameters of the substrate (density, composition, and moisture), its slope, and the intensity of plant vegetative reproduction and spread.     

Aboveground phytomass and rate of plant debris decomposition in herbaceous communities exposed to soil pollution with heavy metals

Consideration is given to production and decomposition processes in herbaceous communities exposed to chemical pollution with heavy metals in the Middle Urals. High variation in the aboveground phytomass of agrobotanical groups (legumes, forbs, grasses) is due to spatial heterogeneity of soil pollution levels and consequent changes in the species composition of plant communities in the areas studied. Therefore, nonparametric statistical methods have been used (Kruskal–Wallis test with subsequent pairwise comparisons by Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons). The phytomass of legumes remains unchanged in the increasing pollution gradient, while the contribution of forbs to the total phytomass decreases and that of grasses increases. Soils rich in nutrient elements can maintain a high rate of plant debris decomposition, counterbalancing the adverse effect of increased heavy metal concentrations on relevant processes. The balance between production and mineralization processes provides for the sustainable, long-term existence of herbaceous communities under conditions of intense pollution of the natural environment.     

Intrapopulation Variation and Interpopulation Phenetic Differentiation of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum) in Populations of the Northern Sea of Okhotsk Region

The results of phenetic studies on chum salmon populations from the rivers flowing into Taui and Yama bays, Sea of Okhotsk, are discussed. The heterogeneity of samples with respect to the frequency of a certain phene in females is not necessarily revealed when this frequency is analyzed in males. Statistically significant heterogeneity with respect to phene frequencies is observed in all chum salmon populations, whether the corresponding data are analyzed by years or throughout the observation period. This population heterogeneity is accounted for by specific phenetic features of each chum salmon population, although in different years it manifests itself in the frequencies of different phenes. The phenes distinguished on the head of fish contribute most significantly to interpopulation differences.     

Tree Ontogeny and Its Reflection in the Structure and Dynamics of Plant and Soil Covers

Based on the results of our own long-term experiments and the analysis of published data, the process of individual development (ontogeny) of trees and the parameters of ontogenetic stages are described. Changes in the environment-forming (edificatory) role of a tree in the course of ontogeny and upon its completion are characterized. The performance of this role leads to the formation of the following components of biogeocenosis heterogeneity: phytogenic fields of trees, gaps in the tree canopy, and windfall–soil complexes. The data concerning the interrelation of structural transformations of the plant and soil covers in the course of forest vegetation and soil formation on the primary substrate are reviewed.     

Responses of plant functional groups to natural nitrogen fertility on an alpine grassland in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau

Species distribution is often closely associated with soil nutrients in terrestrial ecosystem. In contrast to most manipulated N (nitrogen) experimental studies, there are few observation experiments examining the distribution of species or functional groups along a natural soil N gradient. Alpine meadows with higher soil spatial heterogeneity at fine scale, which have a large gradient in soil N gradient, provides an ideal system to examine the distribution of species or functional groups. Here we used redundancy analysis (RDA) to examine the relationships between soil and plant properties in northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over two years. The results showed the relative biomass of forbs increased, while those of legumes and grasses decreased with the soil N availability. This suggests that legumes and grasses had stronger tolerance to infertile soils than forbs, which may due to the N₂-fixed for legumes and high nutrient use efficiency for grasses. Furthermore, the positive significant relationships between the percentage of legumes biomass and N: P (phosphorus) ratio were found in the whole community and non-legumes, confirming the presence of legumes improved the vegetation N status even for non-legumes.     

嘉陵江流域植被景观的空间格局特征

在遥感影像基础上利用景观指数从斑块特征、景观异质性、多样性与均匀性以及空间相互关系4个方面比较和分析了嘉陵江流域植被景观的空间格局特征。结果表明：“一年一熟作物田及耐寒经济作物田、落叶果树园” 在流域中的分布面积最大,是整个流域的基质,其它景观要素镶嵌其中。“亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林”分布面积最小,分化程度最弱,异质性最低。 “裸地/城镇”的斑块间距最大,相似性程度低,聚合性弱,异质性最高。 “温带落叶阔叶林”的斑块间隔小,分布紧密,相似性程度高,聚合性强,但自然连接性较低。整个植被景观体现出要素众多、间隔紧密、自然连接性好、景观破碎化程度较高的分布特征,同时也反映出类型丰富、比例协调、均匀性和多样性程度较高的总体特点。     

Effects of Topographical Heterogeneity and Dispersal Limitation on Species Turnover in a Temperate Mountane Ecosystem: a Case Study in the Henan Province,China

Species turnover patterns can be inconsistent due to differences in the dispersal ability of different growth forms. Here, species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and bryophytes in the Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve in China were analyzed to determine patterns of species turnover along an elevation and spatial gradient. Variance partitioning was used to assess the relative contribution of topographic heterogeneity and dispersal limitation to species turnover. Our results suggest that the effect of dispersal limitation is more important than topographic heterogeneity on species turnover in temperate mountane ecosystems in the study area. Dispersal limitation has a greater effect on trees species turnover than on shrubs, herbs or bryophytes species turnover.     

市域尺度下中国农业低碳发展水平空间异质性及影响因素——来自种植业的检验

识别农业低碳发展空间异质性,对提高农业生产效率和保护农业生态环境具有重要意义.以狭义农业——种植业为研究对象,借助低碳农业发展理论,构建农业低碳发展水平评价指标体系,并应用熵值法和地理加权回归模型,探讨了 357个市域尺度下的中国农业低碳发展水平的空间异质性及影响因素.研究发现:(1)中国农业低碳发展水平存在空间异质性和相关性.空间异质性表现为,市域尺度下中国农业低碳发展综合水平由西南-东北一线向东南、西北两侧递减,而碳生产水平指标对综合水平的影响最大;空间相关性表现为,西南地区、大兴安岭区农业低碳发展水平呈"高-高"聚集,辽宁、新疆和华中地区基本呈"低-低"聚集,其他地区则呈高低聚集的状态;此外,地形引起的社会经济等间接效应,大于其直接效应.(2)在空间上,劳动生产率和农业规模化对农业低碳发展水平的影响力呈"U"型与倒"U"型特征,劳动生产率对农业低碳化水平的影响由西到东呈"正向-负向-正向"的"U"型变化趋势;农业规模化呈南北低、中部高的倒"U"特征.城镇化水平对农业低碳发展水平的影响则由西向东逐步递减.     

Putting trapped populations into place: climate change and inter-district migration flows in Zambia

Regional Environmental Change - Research shows that the association between adverse climate conditions and human migration is heterogeneous. One reason for this heterogeneity is the differential...     

行政中心驻地对县域土地利用景观格局的影响研究

使用GIS（地理信息系统,Geographic Information System）的缓冲区法、空间叠置分析法以及景观格局分析法,分析不同等级的行政中心驻地对土地利用景观格局的影响。研究结果表明：（1）耕地是丰县的景观基质,聚落（城乡建设用地）景观是丰县主要的景观类型。与行政中心的距离越近,人为景观的面积比重就越高,大于各景观类型的现状比重,表现出较强烈的空间吸引特性;相反,自然景观所占比重远远低于现状比重,反映出较明显的空间排斥效应。（2）与镇政府的距离变大,土地利用景观的破碎程度、聚集程度、斑块形状的规则程度均先减弱后增强;与县政府驻地的距离变大,景观的破碎程度呈现“减弱-增强-稳定”模式,景观形状的复杂程度变大,聚集程度先减弱后稳定,景观的多样性与异质性受两等级行政中心驻地距离的影响程度均较小。（3）镇级、县级行政中心分别在1 500 m、3 000 m范围内对土地利用景观格局的影响程度大     

长江上游玉龙雪山植物物种多样性形成的探讨

玉龙雪山位于云南省西北部的丽江市,是界于澜沧江和金沙江之间云岭山脉的主峰。南临丽江坝,东、西、北三面均为金沙江环绕,处于中国三大植物多样性中心之一的横断山区的核心地带,具有很高的植物物种多样性。该区有藻类植物31科72属196种,地衣植物17科20余种,在苔藓植物中有苔类45种、藓类130种,蕨类植物约有220 多种,种子植物有171科804属2 646种(不含栽培种及种下等级),其中中国特有种1 631种,占本区种子植物总数的61.46%。对玉龙雪山植物物种多样性的形成进行了探讨,认为玉龙雪山丰富的植物物种多样性主要来源于3个第三纪古植物区系成分即古北大陆、古地中海以及古南大陆成分,其中以古北大陆成分为主。之后的新构造运动及第四纪冰期冰川的反复作用,形成了玉龙雪山复杂多样的生态环境。来源于以上3个古植物区系成分的植物物种在以后的进化过程中经过不断分化、发展以及与临近区域的交流,形成了现在丰富的植物物种多样性格局。     

黑龙江省土地综合承载力空间差异研究

区域土地综合承载力研究为差别化土地利用政策的制定提供依据。本文根据土地综合承载力的内涵来构建评价指标体系,运用熵权法、多目标综合评价法及聚类分析法对黑龙江省土地综合承载力的空间差异进行研究。结果表明,黑龙江省土地综合承载力呈现出南高北低、西高东低的空间分异特征。通过障碍因素分析,表明:生态承载是高承载能力区和较高承载能力区(哈尔滨、大庆、齐齐哈尔、绥化)的主要障碍因素;经济承载是中等承载区(鸡西、伊春、佳木斯、牡丹江、黑河、大兴安岭)的主要障碍因素;水土资源承载是低承载能力区(鹤岗市、双鸭山和七台河)的主要障碍因素。在此基础上,针对不同土地综合承载区障碍因素特征提出了差别化土地利用政策。     

Industrial layout reconstruction,the role of local government and variation of pollution distribution in China

ABSTRACT

In recent years, high-polluting industries have been gradually shifted from the eastern developed regions to the central and western underdeveloped regions in China. Certain environmental regulations have been in place accordingly in various regions, but the pollution in the central and western regions has risen sharply. Based on the data of interprovincial panel in China from 2006 to 2015, this paper calculates high-pollution industry dynamic agglomeration index, environmental pollution agglomeration index and relative environmental regulation intensity index, and uses Generalized Method of Moments to carry out the regression analyses of the whole samples, regional heterogeneity and temporal heterogeneity. The results show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between relative environmental regulation and environmental pollution concentration in China. The concentration degrees of industrial wastewater pollution and industrial waste gas pollution are deepened, which are mainly caused by the transfer of highly polluting industries. However, the concentration of industrial solid waste pollution caused by the transfer is not obvious. Furthermore, the deepening of industrialization intensifies the concentration of regional environmental pollution. Environmental Kuznets Curve does exist in China, but it is not significant. The increase of labor cost and quality will reduce the concentration of environmental pollution.     

基于地块尺度的耕地非农化驱动力空间异质性研究——以武汉市为例

土地用途管制和基本农田保护制度下,耕地非农化概率值和其驱动力的空间作用强度分布在土地资源配置和耕地保护方面有积极的指示性。基于武汉市2000~2011年耕地非农化地块的微观数据,通过比较分析Logistic回归模型和地理加权Logistic回归模型参数估计结果,验证了耕地非农化驱动力的空间异质性,并对异质性的空间分布规律和政策涵义做出总结分析。研究表明:1耕地间的空间依赖效应和建设用地对耕地的空间溢出效应在耕地非农化过程中具有显著影响力,且耕地非农化驱动力存在显著的空间异质性;2地理加权Logistic回归模型由于考虑到数据的空间非平稳状态所以比Logistic回归模型有更好的拟合效果;3耕地非农化驱动力的异质性在空间上呈现出一定规律,这些受到产业布局、经济和城市发展特点等的影响,根据不同驱动力空间异质性产生的原因进行差异化土地管理可以解决耕地保护和建设用地供给间的矛盾。研究结果能从地块尺度上反映出耕地非农化驱动因素的空间异质性,实现了驱动因素作用强度空间分布的可视化,并能为国土资源差异化管理提供理论和实践参考。     

滇池人工湿地的植物群落学特征研究

用植物群落生态学方法,研究了滇池小河口的天然湿地以及表流和潜流两种人工湿地的植被群落学特征。研究区内调查发现有12种植物群落,包含有植物17种。结果表明：表流人工湿地的群落多样性大于潜流人工湿地,甚至也大于天然湿地;在两种人工湿地中,植物群落中的层次数比较接近;从植被群落结构来看,在物种多样性和shannon wiener指数方面表现为潜流人工湿地大于表流人工湿地,天然湿地居中。从天然湿地到表流湿地,再到潜流湿地,随着湿地环境水文条件的变化,植物群落组成与分布状况也在变化,表现出从湿地植物向陆生植物演替的趋势。研究表明两种人工湿地中的芦苇（Phragmites australis）群落长势不同。在人工湿地中适宜构建芦苇群落,在表面流人工湿地植物选择中可以考虑水芹菜（Oenanthe stolonifera）和慈菇（Sagittaria sagittifolia）。人工湿地的水文条件与湿地植物之间的相互关系是人工湿地进一步研究的重要方面。     

开发区建设对区域经济发展的影响与机制分析——以湖南省为例

评估开发区对区域经济发展的影响,探究这种影响的空间异质性与机制,能为开发区协调发展与优化升级提供理论指导。以中部省区湖南省为例,采用固定效应模型估计法对2001～2016年110个县级行政区的面板数据进行分析,检验了开发区设立对湖南省县级水平区域经济发展的效应,揭示了这种效应的空间异质性与机制。总体上看,湖南省开发区建设提升了县级区域GDP和人均GDP水平,主要源于乘数效应机制与集聚机制。更为重要地,湖南省开发区建设对县经济发展的推动作用呈现出"边际效应递增"特征,即更高经济发展水平区域设立开发区对区域经济发展的推动作用越强,因而开发区效应的发挥依赖于区域经济发展基础。     

空间溢出、门槛特征与能源效率的经济增长效应

能源效率的改进能缓解经济增长过程中日益紧张的能源供需矛盾,然而空间异质性使得传统整体分析难以解释能源效率与经济增长之间的复杂关系。为了考察我国能源效率与经济增长的非线性空间联系,本文以我国1995-2009年省份面板数据,首先通过随机前沿生产函数模型测算我国各地区的能源效率及时空特征。接着,综合采用空间面板回归和门槛面板回归模型对能源效率与经济增长进行空间异质性检验,研究表明:能源效率对经济增长存在明显的空间外溢效应,空间溢出效应合理解释了能源效率与经济增长的空间非均衡分布。同时能源效率对经济增长存在门槛效应,能源效率对经济增长的弹性随着经济发展水平的提高而提高,但随着能源效率的提高而降低。本文政策含义明显:在制定能源的空间布局政策时应当加大对邻省较多、经济发展水平较高且能源效率较低省份的能源支出并努力提升这些省份的能源效率;而对经济发展水平较低且能源效率较高的省份,不宜从改进能源效率的思路来追求过快的经济增长。