仰卧位关节腔注射治疗膝骨性关节炎疗效观察及护理

目的:观察仰卧位关节腔注射治疗膝骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis,以下简称膝OA)的临床疗效并探讨护理方案.方法:选取116例符合诊断标准的膝OA患者,所有患者采用仰卧位髌骨外缘入路关节腔注射玻璃酸钠注射液,1次/周,连续5周为一个疗程,并于注射前后给予护理及康复指导.治疗前及治疗后应用视觉模拟评分(visual ana-log scale,VAS)、WOMAC骨关节炎指数、肿胀、压痛积分进行评分,以评价疗效.结果:治疗前后VAS疼痛评分、WOMAC骨性关节炎指数、肿胀、压痛指数均有显著性意义(P<0.05).经治疗后,临床控制2例(1.72%),显效26例(22.41%),有效76例(65.52%),无效12例(10.35%).结论:仰卧位关节腔注射治疗并配合护理康复能明显改善膝OA临床症状,且临床操作安全、方便.     

萱草活性成分黄酮干对糖尿病大鼠抗动脉粥样硬化活性的研究

研究萱草活性成份黄酮干对糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂、血浆脂蛋白脂质过氧化的影响.方法取20只雄性大鼠(Ⅱ型糖尿病模型),随机分为2组:对照组喂普通饲料,实验组喂添加10 g/kg黄酮干的饲料20周,观察血液生化指标的变化.血液生化指标采用试剂盒测定,血浆脂蛋白采用序列超速离心分离法分离.结果喂饲萱草活性成份黄酮干的糖尿病大鼠血糖为(10.3±0.7)mmol/L,动脉粥样硬化指数为0.38±0.12,血浆过氧化脂质水平为(13.7±0.2)mmol/L;丙二醛(MDA)水平为(7.45±1.26)(nmol/mgHb),超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性为(153.47±37.91)(活力单位/m l);未喂饲黄酮干的对照组糖尿病大鼠上述指标分别为(13.5±1.6)mmol/L、0.54±0.24和(20.1±2.8)mmol/L,(13.01±0.74)(nmol/mgHb),和(210.98±40.11)(活力单位/m l),差异有显著性.结论萱草活性成份黄酮干具有明显的降低血糖、改善动脉粥样硬化指数、抑制脂质过氧化的作用.表4,参5.     

质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-ToF-MS)高时间分辨在线测定广州环境空气还原性硫化合物

采用高分辨质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-ToF-MS)对环境空气中还原性含硫化合物(RSCs)进行高时间分辨率在线测量.时间分辨率为2 s时,硫化氢(H_2S)、甲硫醇(MeSH)、二甲硫(DMS)和二甲二硫(DMDS)的检测限分别为25、26、22、80 ng·m~(-3);时间分辨率为10 min时,4种RSCs的检测限全面优于离线测量方法.标准样品10次重复测量表明,RSCs相对标准偏差3%,与真实浓度相对偏差在±5%以内.通过理论计算得到的绝对定量结果与外标法测得结果的比较,对绝对定量时理论计算的RSCs与H_3O~+反应常数k值进行了校正.利用校正后k值对广州环境空气RSCs进行绝对定量,结果与外标法测量结果相对偏差4%; 2017年2月对广州环境空气RSCs进行了为期一周的初步在线观测,测得H2S、DMDS、DMS和MeSH的浓度水平分别为501±155、1026±388、215±35、120±25 ng·m~(-3).RSCs日变化呈现差异,H2S、MeSH和DMS浓度日变化规律不明显,而其DMDS则呈现出较为明显的日变化特征.     

利用甘油脱水酶基因构建产3-羟基丙醛工程菌及其表达比较

3-羟基丙醛(3-HPA)是一种重要的化工产品,可由甘油经甘油脱水酶作用后生成.为获得产3-HPA基因工程菌,在已构建含甘油脱水酶基因及其激活因子大亚基质粒pEtac-dhaB-gdrA的基础上,构建了包含小亚基gdrB激活因子的重组质粒pEtac-dhaB-gdrA-gdrB.利用大肠杆菌通用tac启动子将该质粒在不同Escherichia coli BL21、DH5a及JM109中进行表达.阳性转化子经IPTG诱导后,提取总RNA,以cDNA为模板进行RT-PCR发现,目标基因在不同宿主都能较好转录.SDS-PAGE、酶活测定和3-HPA浓度测定结果表明,目标蛋白表达存在差异;酶活分别为4.7(±0.44)、3.5(±0.95)、8.1(±0.66)U/mg;发酵液中3-HPA的含量分别为0.012(±0.0044)、0.014(±0.003)、0.375(±0.018)g L-1,重组E.coli JM109/pEtac-dhaB-gdrA-gdrB具有较好的甘油脱水酶基因表达和产3-HPA性能.该基因工程菌与克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)相比,发酵副产物明显较少,有利于后期提取,为生产3-HPA提供了一条新思路.     

水库贫营养异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Sxf14的脱氮特性

为利用生物强化法降低微污染源水中的氮素,从水库沉积物中筛选到一株好氧反硝化细菌Sx f14.通过扫描电镜和16S r RNA序列分析,鉴定其为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.),命名为Acinetobacter sp.Sxf14.同时,对该菌株脱氮特性进行研究,并将其接种到C/N(总有机碳与总氮的比值)为1.2的微污染水库源水中,以探究其对实际源水总氮的去除效果.结果显示:Sxf14能以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行好氧反硝化.反应48 h后,NO3--N和NO2--N的去除率分别达74.84(±0.86)%和40.52(±1.49)%,TN去除率最高达到65.07(±1.56)%和41.33(±0.98)%;在以NH4Cl为氮源的异养硝化系统内,该菌在48 h内使NH4+-N浓度由3.73(±0.08)mg/L降到1.28(±0.20)mg/L,氨氮去除率达到65.63(±1.39)%.72 h内,微污染水库源水的TN浓度由2.46(±0.02)mg/L降到1.68(±0.01)mg/L,去除率达到31.7(±0.14)%.因此,菌株Acinetobacter sp.Sxf14具有反硝化能力,能承受较低的碳氮比,降低微污染源水中的氮素,本研究可为微污染水体的菌剂修复技术提供科学依据.     

舒芬太尼联合小剂量硫酸镁胃肠术后静脉镇痛

目的比较小剂量硫酸镁联合舒芬太尼与单纯舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛的临床效应.方法选择行胃肠道手术后患者60例,随机均分为二组,每组30例,以一次性静脉镇痛泵(2ml/h)分别行静脉术后镇痛,S组:单纯舒芬太尼镇痛,2μg/kg舒芬太尼+3mg格拉司琼,MS组:硫酸镁联合舒芬太尼镇痛,2μg/kg舒芬太尼+50mg/kg硫酸镁+3mg格拉司琼,各组镇痛泵中药物均用生理盐水稀释至100ml,观察各组患者镇痛48 h内的静息镇痛评分(VAS方法),恶心呕吐,皮肤瘙痒和尿潴留的发生情况,术后血清镁离子和钙离子的浓度变化情况.结果二组患者的静息镇痛评分在MS组明显低于S组(P0.05),恶心呕吐发生率MS组显著低于S组(P0.01).两组患者血清中钙离子浓度差异无统计学意义(P0.05).两组患者血清镁离子浓度减少有统计学意义(P0.05).结论小剂量硫酸镁用于术后静脉镇痛可明显减少舒芬太尼的剂量,使恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率降低,镇痛效果明显优于单纯舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛,且可改善术后镁离子浓度下降的程度.表3,参9.     

濒危红树植物红榄李开花生物学特征及繁育系统

为了解红树植物红榄李[Lumnitzera littorea(Jack.)Voigt]濒危的生殖生物学原因,结合野外观测,综合运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比、花粉活力和柱头可授性观测、人工授粉以及套袋实验等方法,对红榄李的开花生物学和繁育系统进行研究.结果表明:红榄李群体花期从1月底到8月底.单花开放过程可分为萌动、初展、盛开、凋落4个阶段.单花花期约为(12.60±0.80)d,单花序花期约持续(29.70±1.00)d,单株花期约为(115.20±6.00)d.单株平均开花数量为(9.60±0.03)万朵,单株平均开花振幅为(83.47±1.50)朵/d);红榄李的杂交指数为4,花粉胚珠比为21 649.08.实验发现红榄李繁育系统为兼性异交,传粉过程需要传粉者;红榄李的花粉生活力低于10%,花粉活力可维持至散粉后的第4天.但散粉2 d后,柱头可授性显著下降,花粉的高活力期与柱头可授期有1-2 d的重叠;在自然状况下,红榄李结果率较高但同时空胚率也高.人工辅助异株异花授粉对提高结果率和降低空胚率有明显作用.综上,红榄李"花期分散"的开花模式,花粉生活力低,自然状态下传粉效率低、胚败育严重和花果期虫害严重是导致其濒危的主要原因.     

姜黄素对宫颈癌淋巴转移动物模型干预效应研究

目的 研究姜黄素对IGF-1调控的宫颈癌淋巴转移动物模型的研究.方法 建立宫颈癌淋巴转移鸡胚尿囊膜（CAM）模型,并观察姜黄素对IGF-1调控的淋巴管生成的作用.结果 ①在健康受精的SPF鸡胚的CAM上接种不同浓度的Hela细胞悬液1×103/L～1×108/L存活率差异没有统计学意义.1×107/L为最适接种浓度.②移植瘤组织切片HE染色课件癌细胞聚集成癌巢,与人宫颈癌形态相似.免疫组化染色,可见移植瘤内有微淋巴管形成③对照组、IGF-1组、Cur组和IGF-1＋ Cur组的LMVD依次为21.28±10.13、28.58±12.26、16.23±8.76和18.23±9.36条/4HP,LVA依次为2.91±1.16、3.42±1.25、2.00±1.51和2.72±1.21％,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 在鸡胚人宫颈癌移植瘤模型中可观察到姜黄素对IGF-1调控的宫颈癌淋巴管生成的抑制作用.图3,表3,参9.     

综合护理干预对消化性溃疡患者的效果评价

目的评价综合护理干预对消化性溃疡患者临床治疗效果.方法选取南华大学附属南华医院收治的168例消化性溃疡患者作为研究对象,将患者随机分为干预组和对照组,每组84例,干预组在对照组基础上,结合心理干预、认知干预、饮食干预、用药干预、健康教育等综合护理干预措施,对照组患者仅仅给予常规治疗与护理,比较两组临床疗效的差异.结果干预组总有效率90.5%,对照组总有效率76.2%,干预组明显优于对照组,经统计学处理差异有显著性(P0.05).结论对消化性溃疡患者实施积极地心理干预等综合护理干预措施,能够提高患者对疾病的认知水平,有效提高治疗效果.     

胰十二指肠切除术患者的心理干预等个性化护理效果分析

目的:对胰十二指肠切除术抑郁症患者住院期间实施包括心理干预在内的个性化护理并评价其效果.方法:将我院2009年3月至2012年3月收治胰十二指肠切除术患者56例后随机分成对照组和干预组各28例,对照组接受常规护理,干预组住院期间接受心理干预在内的个性化护理.在入院当天、术前天和出院前1天对两组患者进行抑郁自评量表(SDS)并比较两组患者的SDS和分值,统计两组患者住院时间和并发症.结果:干预组患者SDS分值的降低幅度较对照组明显;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)前者住院时间、并发症要少于后者,且满意率高.结论:心理干预等个性化护理能有效改善患者围手术期的抑郁情绪,减少并发症,有助于早期康复.表2,参10.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.