硫酸盐和氯离子对厌氧生理过程抑制作用的研究

采用混合式厌氧反应器，以酒槽废水为基质，在厌氧体系中投加不同的浓度的ＳＯ＾２－３，和Ｃｌ＾－，研究盐离子日加入量和累积量与厌氧体系抑制程度的关系，得出维持厌氧体系正常运行把允许的日加入量（ＳＯ＾２－４，低于１４４ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｃｌ＾－低于３１９５ｍｇ／Ｌ）和累积浓度（ＳＯ＾２－４，低于３００ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｃｌ＾－低于２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ），研究了污泥对ＳＯ＾２－４，和Ｃｌ＾－的负荷，在ＳＯ＾２－４／ＶＳ浓度     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)的pH与主要酸碱离子的关系

对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛两个降消要样点１９９７、１９９８丙年所收集的１１３个降 Ｈ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｆ＾－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－共１０种离子成分的含量，分别用ＮＡ＾＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋＋ＮＨ４＾＋）／（ＮＯ３＋ｎｓａＳＯ４＾２－、ｃｍｓｓＳＯ４＾２－（ｎｓｓＳＯ４＾２－）的相关分析。结果表明：（１）以Ｍｇ＾２＋作为参考元素计算得到     

Cu—T（4—MOP）PS4光度法间接测定水中可溶性硫化物

利用Ｃｕ＾２＋与水中的Ｓ＾２－形成难溶的ＣｕＳ，剩余Ｃｕ＾２＋的含量用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４光度法测定，间接求得Ｓ＾２－的含量。研究了沉淀和显色的最佳条件。在ｐＨ８．５左右，形成难溶的ＣｕＳ，过量的铜在ｐＨ４．０用（Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４显色，然后用稀ＨＣｌ酸化至ｐＨ２．３左右测定，以提高方法的选择性，并探讨了共存离子的干扰情况。     

快速测定废水中CODcr的方法

以ＣｕＳＯ４－ＫＡｌ（ＳＯ４）２－ＮａＭｏＯ４作催化剂，在Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４体系中快速测定废水ＣＯＤｃｒ新方法，回流时间由标准法的２ｈ缩短至０．５ｈ，以ＡｇＮＯ３－ＣｒＫ（ＳＯ４）代替Ｈｇ２ＳＯ４消除ＣＩ＾－干扰，避免汞的污染。     

水中微量铝的间接原子吸收法测定

在ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ缓冲溶液（ｐＨ４．５）体系中，利用（１－（２－萘酚（ＰＡＮ），Ａｌ＾３＾＋与Ｃｕ＾２＾＋－ＥＤＴＡ发生定量交换反应，用氯仿萃取出Ｃｕ＾２＾＋－ＰＡＮ，用原子吸收法测定水中的Ｃｕ＾２＾＋，以间接测定ＡＬ＾３＾＋。方法的最佳线性范围为０．１－１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，最低检出浓度为０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ；测定河水，饮用水，地下水中的Ａｌ＾３＾＋，其回收率在８５．０％－１０９％之间，变异系数为１．５％－     

铝盐沉淀法去除酸性矿井水中SO4^2—的试验研究

在投加铝盐条件下，钙、铝和硫酸根结合成复合物沉淀，使煤矿酸性矿井水中ＳＯ４＾２－得以去除。实验结果表明，本方法处理后出水ＳＯ４＾２－含量低于３００ｍｇ／ｌ；影响ＳＯ４＾２－去除率因素有：ｐＨ值、外加铝盐浓度及原水ＳＯ４＾２－的含量；最佳操作参数为：ｐＨ＝１０．５￣１２．０，ＳＯ４＾２－／Ａｌ＾３＋摩尔比为１．７。     

脉冲电晕放电降解CFC-113和CCl4

催化降解ＣＦＣ－１３３和ＣＣｌ４难度较大。采用脉冲电晕与吸附相结合,在电晕反应器中加入吸附剂（如γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３）,显著提高了降解效果。实验结果揭示吸附剂的比表面与孔径大小显著影响ＣＦＣ－１１３和ＣＣｌ４的降解反应活性以及副产物臭氧浓度。本研究开发出一种Ａｌ２Ｏ３－Ⅱ吸附剂,它的比表面为９４．４ｍ＾２／ｇ,孔径〈０．５μｍ,当它与高压脉冲电晕放电相结合时,一方面提高了降解率,另一方面抑制了臭氧生成,     

载体对镍基氨还原SO-2到元素硫催化剂性能的影响

用不同的载体（ＭｇＯ，α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３，γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４）制备了４种镍基催化剂并对它们进行了氨还原ＳＯ２到元素硫反应活性评价。活性评价结果表明，由不同的载体制备的催化剂对该反应ＳＯ２的转化率和生成元素硫产率大小的影响次序均为：ＮｉＯ／ＭｇＯ〉ＮｉＯ／ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４〉ＮｉＯ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３〉ＮｉＯ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３；而对生成硫选择性大小的影响次序则为：ＮｉＯ／ＭｇＯ〉ＮｉＯ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３     

青岛地区大气沉降物中化学成分研究

用原子吸收和分光光度法测定了青岛大气干、湿沉降物中Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的含量及雨水中的阴离子ＳＯ４＾２－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＯ２＾－、ＰＯ４＾３－、ＳｉＯ３＾２－等含量和ＰＨ。分析表明，雨水中溶解态的金属元素和阴离子的浓度与降雨量反相关，其中金属元素浓度高于偏远沿海地区雨水中金属元素的浓度，而低于内陆雨水。近岸地区雨水中Ｋ／Ｃｌ、Ｎａ／Ｃｌ、Ｃａ／Ｃｌ、Ｍｇ／Ｃｌ比相近，均高于大洋水的相应比     

分子扩散法捕集环境中SO2的研究

吸收膜容量研究表明，用１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）三乙醇胺十丙酮或１０％（Ｗ／Ｖ）ＮＯ２ＣＯ３作吸收剂，在１５℃，绝对干燥空气条件下测得两种采样器的感受（α），１＾采样器α１（ＴＥＡ）０．３０４３ＰＰｍ．ｈ．μｇ＾－１（ＳＯ＾２－４），α２（Ｎａ２ＣＯ３）０．２９６３ｐｐｍ．ｈ．μｇ＾－１（ＳＯ＾２－４），２＃采样器α２（ＴＥＡ）０．７８９３ＰＰｍ．ｈ．μｇ＾－１（ＳＯ＾２－４）α２（Ｎａ２ＣＯ３）０．８６６     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.