粤西某市小容量河流水污染综合控制研究

对粤西某石化城河段几种主要污染物进行了容量计算 ,发现即使工业污染源全部达标 ,其水质状况与目标的差距仍较大 ,据此提出小容量河流的观点。为保护水环境 ,结合流域实际情况 ,本文提出改变以往单纯依靠工业污染源达标控制手段 ,而采用多手段相结合的综合管理模式来改善水环境的观点 ,并以中长期水环境规划年内目标值为依据 ,分析了本方法的有效性、经济性和可操作性 ,由此对其他具相似条件小容量河流的城市水环境管理起到借鉴性作用。     

Analysis of river pollution data from low-flow period by means of multivariate techniques

The oil-shale industry has created serious pollution problems in northeastern Estonia. Untreated, phenol-rich leachate from semi-coke mounds formed as a by-product of oil-shale processing is discharged into the Baltic Sea via channels and rivers. An exploratory analysis of water chemical and microbiological data sets from the low-flow period was carried out using different multivariate analysis techniques. Principal component analysis allowed us to distinguish different locations in the river system. The riverine microbial community response to water chemical parameters was assessed by co-inertia analysis. Water pH, COD and total nitrogen were negatively related to the number of biodegradative bacteria, while oxygen concentration promoted the abundance of these bacteria. The results demonstrate the utility of multivariate statistical techniques as tools for estimating the magnitude and extent of pollution based on river water chemical and microbiological parameters. An evaluation of river chemical and microbiological data suggests that the ambient natural attenuation mechanisms only partly eliminate pollutants from river water, and that a sufficient reduction of more recalcitrant compounds could be achieved through the reduction of wastewater discharge from the oil-shale chemical industry into the rivers.     

The New Clean Air Act Operating Permit Program: EPA’s Proposed Regulations

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments added a new Title V to the Act which establishes an operating permit program for numerous sources of air pollution. Certain sources are currently required to obtain a construction or “new source review” permit; the 1990 Amendments will require many more sources to apply for a permit which will give them permission to operate. CAA Title V was modeled on the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit provisions of the Clean Water Act, but there are important differences between the two statutes.

Although many states already have their own operating permit programs, by late 1993 every state must establish a program that meets the requirements of Title V and EPA’s implementing regulations. EPA recently proposed these regulations, and by the statutory deadline of November 15, 1991 hopes to issue final regulations establishing the minimum elements of state operating permit programs. These regulations will significantly affect implementation of air pollution measures for years to come because a Title V operating permit will have to assure compliance with all applicable CAA requirements. In addition, permitted sources will be required to pay fees to cover the costs of the permit program.     

义乌市城镇污水提标处理的环境与经济效益分析

自2014年以来,浙江省义乌市全面推进城镇污水治理工作,在城镇污水提标处理方面开展了诸多实践。以义乌市2015年和2017年施行的污水排放标准为情境要素,结合该市9座污水处理厂实际运行数据及能耗、化学药剂和污染物排放的生命周期环境影响清单数据,模拟分析了义乌市城镇污水提标处理的环境和经济效益。结果表明,义乌市污水提标处理虽然有益于水体污染物减排,但由于既有污水处理厂普遍进水碳源不足,污水二级处理工艺需仰赖增加化学药剂投放来进行强化,使得投入了大量资金的污水提标处理并未能真正有效地解决水体污染问题,而且还会在气候变暖、土壤酸化、土壤生态毒性等方面产生负面影响。进一步地,围绕污水提标处理的强效思路、污水过度处理负面效应的缓解对策、及污水处理经济效益的增收策略进行了展望,以期为义乌市乃至我国构建经济高效、绿色低碳的污水治理模式提供参考。     

太湖西岸宜兴城市水系污染物时空分布特征

选用2011-2014年宜兴市12个监测断面21个水质指标的连续监测数据,解析太湖西岸宜兴城市水系污染物的时空分异特征及影响因素。结果表明,宜兴市城区及入太湖河流污染严重,86.05%以上时段内处于劣Ⅴ类水平,特征污染物为TN、NH3-N、BOD5、TP、COD和Hg。污染物空间分异程度大小依次为：AR-OH >NH3-N >Hg >TP >COD >BOD5 >F- >oil=CODMn >LAS >TN >DO。不同区域河流污染物浓度随时间变化基本一致,有机物夏季波动较大主要受温度和降雨的双重影响,TN和NH3-N浓度标线出明显的季节变化：春季 >冬季 >夏季 >秋季,Hg、LAS、AR-OH表现出瞬时排放特性,且主要发生在年初。由分析可得,土地利用强度和方式是影响宜兴市城区及入湖河流污染物分布特征的最主要因素,其次是污染来源、河道类型等的影响,表现为城市核心区、三氿入湖区和西北入湖区污染程度依次增大,但差异水平不明显,西南入湖区则相对较轻。     

危险废物事故排放的河流水环境健康风险评价

分析了基于水体中污染物迁移转化方程的水质预测模型,并借鉴美国环保局推荐使用的健康风险评价模型,建立了一种危险废物事故排放时水环境对人体健康风险的评价方法。以电镀污泥为例验证了该方法的有效性。结果显示:该方法需要参数少且计算简单;电镀污泥中目标污染物(Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)所引起的河流水环境非致癌风险(1.67)超过了美国标准中的可接受风险水平1.00,不可接受;致癌风险(0.88E-11)则小于美国标准中的可接受风险水平1.00E-06,风险不明显。     

A three-dimensional pollutant transport model in orthogonal curvilinear and sigma coordinate system for Pearl river estuary

In this paper, the development of a three-dimensional numerical pollutant transport model, which is coupled with a previously developed hydrodynamic model, is delineated in details. Special features of the model include orthogonal curvilinear coordinate in the horizontal direction and sigma coordinate in the vertical direction. Besides, a simple but efficient open boundary condition of pollutant transport is adopted. It is then applied to simulate the transport of a representative water quality parameter chemical oxygen demand in Manganese (COD_Mn) in the Pearl river estuary, which is the largest estuary in South China. It can be shown, from the simulated results, that there exists a transboundary action between Guangdong province and Hong Kong special administrative region for the pollutants in the wastewater discharged from Pearl river delta region.     

The Impact of Particulate Emissions Control On the Control of Other MWC Air Emissions

On December 20, 1989, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed revised new source performance standards for new municipal waste combustion (MWC) units and guidelines for existing sources. The proposed national regulations require tighter particulate matter control and address pre-combustion, combustion, and post-combustion controls, the latter two depending on capacity and age of the facility.

The air pollutants of concern when municipal solid waste (MSW) is burned will be discussed. Generally, particulate control is an inherent part of the systems used to limit the emissions of these air pollutants. The relationships between MWC air emissions (acid gases, trace organics, and trace heavy metals) control and particulate control will be discussed. Test results to quantify air pollutant emissions from MWC units and their control will be presented and compared with the proposed regulations.     

Technogenic load in small river watersheds in the Hibiny Mountains

Pollution loads and morphological changes in the Hibiny mountains ecosystems, one of the most industrially developed regions of the Russian North, were studied using landscape geochemical methods. Principal pollutants come from the local apatite-nepheline ore mining and processing industry which is responsible for mechanical disturbances as well. Some pollutants (Cu, Ni, Co, sulphur etc.) reach the territory because of long-range air transport from the Monchegorsk smelters. Different environmental media were sampled. Seven hydrochemical regions were distinguished, based on chemical composition of local small rivers. Hydrochemical composition of the most polluted of them is controlled by industrial polluted water discharges. The most polluted rivers are: B.Belaya, the lower parts of Loparskaya, Juksporiok etc. Lakes Umb and Imandra receive high amounts of different polluters with river waters. Pollutant loads at small river watersheds depend on height and aspect of mountain slopes. The internal mountain watersheds are the cleanest as a rule. Heightened air pollutant accumulation is typical for the height of 600-800 and 500 m due to atmospheric circulation patterns. Using GIS technologies, a synthetic map of technogenic loads in the Hibiny mountain region was compiled.     

Regulation of Indirect Sources

The Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, has conducted an ambient air quality monitoring project focusing on carbon monoxide levels in and around several indirect sources. An analysis of the data indicates that highway-type pollutant emissions have the greatest impact on receptors in the vicinity of indirect sources. This implies that the principal, localized constraint on the siting of indirect sources will be the carbon monoxide generated on public roadways servicing those indirect sources. Clearly, adequate procedures must be developed to link such highway-type emissions to pollutant concentrations. An area-source model and a line-source model were tested using the data generated during the monitoring project. Favorable results were achieved using the line-source model. The proper siting of indirect sources involves the allocation of roadway capacity by the governmental units responsible for transportation network design, working in conjunction with regional planning bodies. A regulatory structure is suggested which emphasizes a regional approach, and an example of an air quality allocation scheme is given. The methodology is applicable to all automotive air pollutants although, in general, localized sensitivity is lost for N0₂ and photochemical oxi-dants.     

Federal Regulations for New Source Performance Standards

Section 111 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to impose emission standards (NSPS) on those stationary sources that are determined to be significant contributors to air pollution and that consequently endanger the public health or welfare. In five years EPA promulgated 19 final and 1 proposed NSPS for stationary sources. Section 112 of the Act authorizes EPA to promulgate national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPS). EPA promulgated three final and 1 proposed regulation under Section 112. In addition, EPA promulgated NSPS for three "designated" pollutants from specific sources under Section Hid. EPA’s use of Section 111 and 112 authority provides for a quick response emission control program compared to the relatively slow process of establishing additional ambient air quality standards and having the states adopt implementation plans (Section 109). Three court cases, argued in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, established basic guidelines for future promulgation of NSPS although certain legal actions are still pending. Proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act would further broaden and strengthen EPA’s direct regulatory authority.     

A river is reborn--Use Attainability Analysis for the Lower Des Plaines River, Illinois.

The goal of the Use Attainability Analysis (UAA) of the Lower Des Plaines River was to upgrade the designated "Secondary Contact Recreation and Indigenous Aquatic Life Use" to a higher use that would be commensurate with the goals of the Clean Water Act (CWA). In Illinois, the water body use in compliance with the goals of the CWA is named "General Use". The river has been extensively modified and receives most point-source and urban runoff discharges from the Chicago metropolitan area (9.5 million inhabitants). The study included an extensive assessment of the physical, chemical, biological, and bacteriological integrity status of the water body and sediments. The UAA found that the water quality situation of the river has improved significantly since the 1970s, when the Illinois Pollution Control Board defined and assigned the Secondary Contact Recreation and Indigenous Aquatic Life Use designation to the Lower Des Plaines River. The study defined and suggested a "Modified Impounded Use" for one highly modified reach, with adjusted standards for dissolved oxygen and recreation. The study also recommended adoption of the General Use standards, some of them in a modified form, for other water quality parameters. Standards for limited recreation were also developed. The UAA also outlines a suggested action plan that will bring UAA segments of the Lower Des Plaines River in compliance with UAA goals.     

Source-specific sewage pollution detection in urban river waters using pharmaceuticals and personal care products as molecular indicators

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Source-specific elucidation of domestic sewage pollution caused by various effluent sources in an urban river water, as conducted for this study,...     

改善深圳河水质的补水方案及生态影响初步分析

深圳河旱季天然径流量小而污染负荷高,为了改善河流水质,在削减入河污染物的同时有必要采取补水措施。利用水质模型,计算了不同污水处理率下,分别以污水资源化再生水、珠江口海水和大鹏湾海水为补水水源时,深圳河达到基本不黑臭所需的补水量。讨论了补水方案对河流水质、盐度、水动力条件的改变及其对生态系统的影响。研究表明,引海水对河流生态系统的冲击不容忽视。而污水资源化是较优的补水方案。     

Whole effluent assessment of industrial wastewater for determination of BAT compliance. Part 2: metal surface treatment industry

Background, aim and scope  

Toxicity testing has become a suitable tool for wastewater evaluation included in several reference documents on best available techniques of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive. The IPPC Directive requires that for direct dischargers as well as for indirect dischargers, the same best available techniques should be applied. Within the study, the whole effluent assessment approach of OSPAR has been applied for determining persistent toxicity of indirectly discharged wastewater from the metal surface treatment industry.     

Sediment dioxin levels as the basis for risk assessment and human health criteria

Methods for assessing human health risks and establishing water quality criteria under the Clean Water Act are based on the assumption that fish accumulation of dioxin is correlated with the dissolved phase of the dioxin in the water column by a water-to-fish predictive factor called a bioconcentration factor. However, dioxin does not remain dissolved in the water column to any significant degree, but sorbs to organic matter in the water column and sediment. Under Toxic Substances Control Act regulations, dioxin's hydrophobicity is recognised, and fish dioxin levels are predicted with a solids-to-fish factor. These two different predictive methods can result in extremely variable predictions of fish contaminant levels. A methodology for establishing criteria under the Clean Water Act, which considers fish uptake of sorbed hydrophobic compounds by way of ingestion of contaminated sediment, is offered as an alternative to the methods used today.     

A Regulatory Analysis

The information presented in this paper is directed to those individuals interested in future air quality control programs aimed at areas that are attaining one or more air quality ambient standards. Section 116 of the Clean Air Act, as amended, requires the Environmental Protection Agency to promulgate regulations for the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality in order to protect the nation's clean air resources from hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and lead (Set II pollutants). This program will affect industry siting in many areas of the country, particularly in the rural, undeveloped areas. Among the many alternatives currently being considered by EPA to meet the PSD Set II goals are emission management systems, marketable emission permits, air quality increments, emission fees, and control of transportation related sources. The final regulation may be a combination of several options or may present several alternatives from which a State would choose its specific program.     

河岸混合植物带改善河水水质的现场研究

在1年的时间里在现场利用混合植物河岸带、无植物空白带对受污染河水进行处理.对COD、NH 4、TP、浊度和水温进行了监测,并比较了不同季节里混合植物带改善河水水质的效果.混合植物带在夏、秋季改善河水水质的效果好于冬、春季.混合植物带在夏季对COD、NH4 -N、TP和浊度的去除率分别为37.01%、69.21%、62.45%和99.17%,在冬季对河水水质也有一定程度的改善.混合植物带可以降低河水温度及河水早晚温差,起到改善局部水环境的作用.混合植物带与空白带的对比表明植物对去除水中污染物、改善局部水环境起着重要作用.     

Bioremediation of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide and resource utilization of natural rubber wastewater by WR-2 Bacillus-dominated microbial community

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD), an emerging pollutant with ecotoxicity and accumulation in rubber wastewater, is directly discharged by...     

Coal fly ash as adsorptive material for treatment of a real textile effluent: operating parameters and treatment efficiency

The experimental results performed after the application of one single-stage treatment by sorption onto coal fly ash are evaluated in order to decolorize a real textile effluent of a private company specializing in manufacturing of cotton fabrics (i.e., sorption performance applied for a real textile effluent collected after the fabric dyeing, rinsing, and final finishing steps). The experiments are focused on studying the effect of initial textile effluent pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and adsorption time, considered as operating parameters of sorption process for high pollutant removals (e.g., organic pollutants as dyes, phenols, polymeric, and degradation compounds), and decoloration. The results indicate high values of decoloration degree (55.42–83.00 %) and COD removal (44.44–61.11 %) when it is worked at pH ≤2 with coal ash dose of 12–40 g/L, temperature higher than 20–25 °C, and continuous static operating regime (with an initial agitation step of 3–5 min). The treated textile effluent fulfills the quality demand, and is recyclable, inside reused or discharged after a stage of neutralization (standard pH of 6.5–8.5 for all textile effluent discharges). Also, the final effluent is able to follow the common path to the central biological treatment plant (i.e., a centralized treatment plant for all companies acting in the industrial site area with mechanical–biological steps for wastewater treatment) or may be directly discharged in the nearly watercourse.