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1.
Shuxiao Wang Wei Wei Du Li Kristin Aunan Jiming Hao 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(36):4575-4581
Several types of fuels, including coal, fuel wood, and biogas, are commonly used for cooking and heating in Chinese rural households, resulting in indoor air pollution and causing severe health impacts. In this paper, we report a study monitoring multiple pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, CO, CO2, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fuel combustion at households in Guizhou province of China. The results showed that most pollutants exhibited large variability for different type of fuels except for CO2. Among these fuels, wood combustion caused the most serious indoor air pollution, with the highest concentrations of particulate matters (218~417 μg m?3 for PM10 and 201~304 μg m?3 for PM2.5), and higher concentrations of CO (10.8 ± 0.8 mg m?3) and TVOC (about 466.7 ± 337.9 μg m?3). Coal combustion also resulted in higher concentrations of particulate matters (220~250 μg m?3 for PM10 and 170~200 μg m?3 for PM2.5), but different levels for CO (respectively 14.5 ± 3.7 mg m?3 for combustion in brick stove and 5.5 ± 0.7 mg m?3 for combustion in metal stove) and TVOC (170 mg m?3 for combustion in brick stove and 700 mg m?3 for combustion in metal stove). Biogas was the cleanest fuel, which brought about the similar levels of various pollutants with the indoor case of non-combustion, and worth being promoted in more areas. Analysis of the chemical profiles of PM2.5 indicated that OC and EC were dominant components for all fuels, with the proportions of 30~48%. A high fraction of SO42? (31~34%) was detected for coal combustion. The cumulative percentages of these chemical species were within the range of 0.7~1.3, which was acceptable for the assessment of mass balance. 相似文献
2.
《国际环境与污染杂志》2011,22(4):507-530
This study focused on establishing trends in the period 1988–2001 in PM2.5, PM10 and ozone concentrations in Santiago, Chile, and linking those to population exposure. There is strong seasonality in the concentration levels, driven by prevailing meteorological conditions, with the concentration of particulates peaking at the beginning of winter, whereas the ozone concentration is highest during the summer. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10 have substantially decreased since the late 1980s and so has the population exposure. Nevertheless, the majority of the population is still exposed to annual average levels that are above standard values. The situation with ozone exposure is different; no substantial decrease can be observed in the data. If anything, certain parts of Santiago, notably the south-east, have shown increased levels of ozone. Overall population exposure indicates that the average person was more at risk of ozone in the year 2000 than they were in 1993. 相似文献
3.
Perfluoroalkyl compounds in municipal WWTPs in Tianjin, China—concentrations, distribution and mass flow 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sun H Zhang X Wang L Zhang T Li F He N Alder AC 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(5):1405-1415
BACKGROUNDS: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have drawn much attention due to their environmental persistence, ubiquitous existence, and bioaccumulation potential. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are fundamental utilities in cities, playing an important role in preventing water pollution by lowering pollution load in waste waters. However, some of the emerging organic pollutants, like PFCs cannot be efficiently removed by traditional biological technologies in WWTPs, and some even increase in effluents compared to influents due to the incomplete degradation of precursors. Hence, WWTPs are considered to be a main point source in cities for PFCs that enter the aquatic environment. However, the mass flow of PFCs from WWTPs has seldom been analyzed for a whole city. Hence, in the present study, 11 PFCs including series of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C4-C12) and two perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs, C6 and C8) were measured in WWTP influents and effluents and sludge samples from six municipal WWTPs in Tianjin, China. Generation and dissipation of the target PFCs during wastewater treatment process and their mass flow in effluents were discussed. RESULTS: All the target PFCs were detected in the six WWTPs, and the total PFC concentration in different WWTPs was highly influenced by the population density and commercial activities of the corresponding catchments. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant PFC in water phase, with concentrations ranging from 20 to 170 ng/L in influents and from 30 to 145 ng/L in effluents. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates decreased substantially in the effluent compared to the influent, which could be attributed to the sorption onto sludge, whereas concentrations of PFOA and some other PFCAs increased in the effluent in some WWTPs due to their weaker sorption onto solids and the incomplete degradation of precursors. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the predominant PFC in sludge samples followed by PFOA, and their concentrations ranged from 42 to 169 g/kg and from 12 to 68 g/kg, respectively. Sludge-wastewater distribution coefficients (log K(d)) ranged from 0.62 to 3.87 L/kg, increasing with carbon chain length of the homologues. The mass flow of some PFCs in the effluent was calculated, and the total mass flow from all the six municipal WWTPs in Tianjin was 26, 47, and 3.5 kg/year for perfluorohexanoic acid, PFOA, and PFOS, respectively. 相似文献
4.
Ascorbic acid, β-carotene, sugars, phenols, and heavy metals in sweet potatoes grown in soil fertilized with municipal sewage sludge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Antonious GF Dennis SO Unrine JM Snyder JC 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2011,46(2):112-121
Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) used for land farming typically contains heavy metals that might impact crop quality and human health. A completely randomized experimental design with three treatments (six replicates each) was used to monitor the impact of mixing native soil with MSS or yard waste (YW) mixed with MSS (YW +MSS) on: i) sweet potato yield and quality; ii) concentration of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mo, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni) in sweet potato plant parts (edible roots, leaves, stem, and feeder roots); and iii) concentrations of ascorbic acid, total phenols, free sugars, and β-carotene in sweet potato edible roots at harvest. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for total and extractable metals using two extraction procedures, concentrated nitric acid (to extract total metals from soil) as well as CaCl? solution (to extract soluble metals in soil that are available to plants), respectively. Elemental analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Overall, plant available metals were greater in soils amended with MSS compared to control plots. Concentration of Pb was greater in YW than MSS amendments. Total concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cr were greater in plants grown in MSS+YW treatments compared to control plants. MSS+YW treatments increased sweet potato yield, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and phenols in edible roots by 53, 28, 27, and 48%, respectively compared to plants grown in native soil. B-carotene concentration (157.5 μg g?1 fresh weight) was greater in the roots of plants grown in MSS compared to roots of plants grown in MSS+YW treatments (99.9 μg g?1 fresh weight). Concentration of heavy metals in MSS-amended soil and in sweet potato roots were below their respective permissible limits. 相似文献
5.
6.
Jenny A. Fisher Daniel J. Jacob Qiaoqiao Wang Roya Bahreini Claire C. Carouge Michael J. Cubison Jack E. Dibb Thomas Diehl Jose L. Jimenez Eric M. Leibensperger Zifeng Lu Marcel B.J. Meinders Havala O.T. Pye Patricia K. Quinn Sangeeta Sharma David G. Streets Aaron van Donkelaar Robert M. Yantosca 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2011,45(39):7301-7318
We use GEOS-Chem chemical transport model simulations of sulfate–ammonium aerosol data from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC aircraft campaigns in the North American Arctic in April 2008, together with longer-term data from surface sites, to better understand aerosol sources in the Arctic in winter–spring and the implications for aerosol acidity. Arctic pollution is dominated by transport from mid-latitudes, and we test the relevant ammonia and sulfur dioxide emission inventories in the model by comparison with wet deposition flux data over the source continents. We find that a complicated mix of natural and anthropogenic sources with different vertical signatures is responsible for sulfate concentrations in the Arctic. East Asian pollution influence is weak in winter but becomes important in spring through transport in the free troposphere. European influence is important at all altitudes but never dominant. West Asia (non-Arctic Russia and Kazakhstan) is the largest contributor to Arctic sulfate in surface air in winter, reflecting a southward extension of the Arctic front over that region. Ammonium in Arctic spring mostly originates from anthropogenic sources in East Asia and Europe, with added contribution from boreal fires, resulting in a more neutralized aerosol in the free troposphere than at the surface. The ARCTAS and ARCPAC data indicate a median aerosol neutralization fraction [NH4+]/(2[SO42?] + [NO3?]) of 0.5 mol mol?1 below 2 km and 0.7 mol mol?1 above. We find that East Asian and European aerosol transported to the Arctic is mostly neutralized, whereas West Asian and North American aerosol is highly acidic. Growth of sulfur emissions in West Asia may be responsible for the observed increase in aerosol acidity at Barrow over the past decade. As global sulfur emissions decline over the next decades, increasing aerosol neutralization in the Arctic is expected, potentially accelerating Arctic warming through indirect radiative forcing and feedbacks. 相似文献
7.
Palma Orlović-Leko Marta Plavšić Elvira Bura-Nakić Zlatica Kozarac Božena Ćosović 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):805-811
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), surface active substances (SAS) and copper complexing capacity (CuCC) were studied in bulk precipitations collected periodically from 2003 to 2007 in the continental city of Croatia (Zagreb: n = 27) and in the city at the Adriatic coast (?ibenik: n = 38). DOC concentrations (Zagreb: 0.67–4.03 mgC/L with average concentration of 1.93 ± 0.76 mgC/L; ?ibenik: 0.44–4.13 mgC/L with average concentration of 1.83 ± 0.83 mgC/L) are similar to those measured in other samples of continental rainwater in the northern hemisphere. The concentrations of SAS in samples from Zagreb ranged from 0.055 to 0.45 eq. Triton-X-100 mg/L with average concentration of (0.14 ± 0.06) eq. Triton-X-100 mg/L. SAS fractions were of a similar range in ?ibenik (0.02–0.60 eq. Triton-X-100 mg/L) with an average concentration of 0.11 ± 0.06 eq. Triton-X-100 mg/L. However, the lowest values of SAS (between 0.02 and 0.04 eq. Triton-X-100 mg/L) were observed only in ?ibenik (27%). We have estimated that the higher pH values were responsible for lower surface activity of organic matter in bulk samples from ?ibenik. DOC may form complexes that control the transport and solubility of heavy metals in natural water. CuCC measured in ?ibenik in the range 0.066–1.4 μM Cu2+ was in general higher, compared to the one in Zagreb (0.010–0.586 μM Cu2+) which is the result of biogenically driven organic contribution to the precipitation, especially in the warmer period of the year. 相似文献
8.
The finding of dieldrin (88 ng/g), DDE (52 ng/g), and heptachlor epoxide (19 ng/g) in earthworms from experimental plots after a single moderate application (9 kg/ha) 45 years earlier attests to the remarkable persistence of these compounds in soil and their continued uptake by soil organisms. Half-lives (with 95 % confidence intervals) in earthworms, estimated from exponential decay equations, were as follows: dieldrin 4.9 (4.3–5.7) years, DDE 5.3 (4.7–6.1) years, and heptachlor epoxide 4.3 (3.8–4.9) years. These half-lives were not significantly different from those estimated after 20 years. Concentration factors (dry weight earthworm tissue/dry weight soil) were initially high and decreased mainly during the first 11 years after application. By the end of the study, average concentration factors were 1.5 (dieldrin), 4.0 (DDE), and 1.8 (heptachlor epoxide), respectively. 相似文献
9.
Polkowska Z 《Chemosphere》2004,57(10):1265-1274
Chlorinated and brominated derivatives of methane and ethene were determined in samples of atmospheric precipitation collected between November 2000 and May 2001 at four sites in two cities, Gdańsk and Sopot, located on the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea, Poland). The analytes were determined by direct aqueous injection of the samples to the capillary column using ECD detection (DAI-GC-ECD). Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride were detected the most often at all sites. The highest concentrations of the analytes were recorded at the intersection of two major streets (no. 3), next to a major route leading to two subdivisions (no. 2) and at Narutowicza Street (no. 1). In general, analyte concentration levels were lower during the spring months. During precipitation, concentrations of the analytes were higher in samples collected at the beginning of the event due to scavenging of the volatile compounds from the atmosphere. After a period of 75 min from the beginning of the precipitation event, analyte concentrations were lower by 10-80%, depending on the initial concentration and nature of the analyte. 相似文献
10.
Elke Bruns-Weller 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(3):125-130
Zusammenfassung Es wurden 25 Lebensmittel-, 5 Frauenmilch-, 4 Staub- und 16 Textilproben auf Phthals?ureester untersucht. In allen Proben
waren Phthalate nachweisbar, wobei Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP) und Di-n-butylphthalat (DBP) am h?ufigsten gefunden wurden.
In Rohmilchproben lagen die Gesamtphthalat-Konzentrationen im Mittel bei 0,1 mg/kg. Konsummilch wies keine h?here Belastung
als Rohmilch auf, auch die Lagerung von Milchproben bis zum Ablauf des Mindesthaltbarkeitsdatums führte nicht zu h?heren Gehalten.
Fettarme Milch war weniger belaster als Vollmilch. Die in Sahneproben gefundenen h?heren DEHP-sowie Gesamptphthalatgehalte
lassen sich durch den h?heren Fettgehalt erkl?ren.
Mit Konzentrationen von bis zu 1,54 mg/kg zeigten gemahlene Haselnüsse, Mandeln und Muskatnüsse, die in Kunststofffolie verpackt
waren, eine vergleichsweise hohe Belastung. In S?uglingsnahrung waren nur Spuren von DEHP und DBP zu finden, weitete Phthals?ureester
konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Auch die Frauenmilchproben wiesen nur geringe Gehalte von ca. 0,1 mg/kg auf, eine Akkumulation
der Phthalester im menschlichen K?rper scheint also nicht stattzufinden.
Au?ergew?hnlich hohe Konzentrationen wurden in Staubproben gefunden; die Werte lagen zwischen 300 und 5370 mg/kg Staub, wobei
DEHP die Hauptkomponente darstellte. Die Belastung des Staubes l?sst auf eine erhebliche Bedeutung des Luftpfades beim Transfer
der Phthals?ureester schlie?en. Da Staub erhebliche Anteile an Textilfasern enth?lt, wurden auch Textilien untersucht. Die
Phthals?ureester-Gehalte in den Textilproben reichten von 3,42 bis 34,44 mg/kg. Die hohen Phthalester-Kontaminationen des
Staubes k?nnen daher nicht durch Textilfasern erkl?rt werden.
Online-Publikation: 07. Februar 2000 相似文献
11.
C.L. Blanchard G.M. Hidy S. Tanenbaum 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(38):4840-4849
Non-methane organic carbon (NMOC) measurements made in Atlanta, Georgia from 1999–2007 are used with nitrogen oxide (NOx or NOy) and ozone (O3) data to investigate relationships between O3 precursors and peak 8-hour O3 concentrations in the city. Data from a WNW-to-ENE transect of sites illustrate that the mean urban peak 8-hour O3 excess constitutes about 20% of the peak 8-hour O3 measured at the area-wide maximum O3 site when air-mass movement is from the northwest quadrant; local influence is potentially greater on days with more stagnation or recirculation. The peak 8-hour O3 concentrations in Atlanta increase as (1) surface temperature (T), ambient NMOC and NOy concentrations, and previous-day peak O3 concentrations increase, and as (2) relative humidity, surface wind speeds, and ratios of NMOC-to-NOy decrease. An observation-based statistical model is introduced to relate area-wide peak 8-hour O3 concentrations to ambient NMOC and NOy concentrations, while accounting for the non-linear dependences of peak 8-hour O3 concentrations on meteorological factors. On the majority of days when the area-wide peak 8-hour O3 exceeds 75 ppbv, meteorologically-adjusted peak 8-hour O3 concentrations increase as ambient NMOC concentrations increase (NMOC sensitive) and ambient NOy concentrations decrease. This result contrasts with regional conditions in which O3 formation appears to be NOx-sensitive in character. The results offer observationally-based information of relevance to O3 management strategies in the Atlanta area, potentially contributing to “weight-of-evidence” assessments. 相似文献
12.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1985,19(12):2025-2031
Atmospheric aerosols in subarctic central Alaska were studied for two winter seasons. Both optical absorptivity and excess (non-marine) sulfate undergo seasonal variation similar to that reported in Arctic locations (maximum in late spring and minimum in summer), but the magnitudes are a factor of two smaller than in the Arctic. The meridional variation in aerosol blackness and sulfur content (cleaner air to the south) is contrary to the trend in the Scandinavian Arctic and is interpreted to indicate the existence of pollution sources generally north and west, outside of Alaska's borders.Aerosol size varies with air temperature. Submicrometer aerosol mass and geometric mean diameter (GMD) increase as temperature decreases. Aerosols in all air masses studied were rich in volatile particles. The volatility suggests the presence of aqueous solutions of H2SO4. On the basis of (a) the relativity high aerosol volatility, and (b) the opposite trends between mean diameters and air temperature, it is conjectured that condensation of H2SO4 vapor may be an important mechanism for aerosol evolution in the winter (dark) polar troposphere. 相似文献
13.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1988,22(2):395-401
Atmospheric C2–C5 hydrocarbons were determined at Deonar, an industrial suburb north of Bombay, India, during 1985. Samples were pre-concentrated on silica gel at −78°C and subsequently desorbed on to a gaschromatographic column for separation and flame ionization detection. The seasonal pattern of the monthly geometric mean hydrocarbon concentrations are used to show that refinery emissions in addition to auto exhaust are a major source of hydrocarbons at Deonar. 相似文献
14.
W. Geoffrey Cobourn Yiqiu Lin 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1383-1393
Abstract Meteorologically adjusted ozone (O3) concentrations during five recent O3 seasons (1998-2002) were computed for six Kentucky metro areas using a nonlinear regression model originally developed for forecasting ground-level O3 concentrations. The meteorological adjustment procedure was based on modifying actual measured O3 concentrations according to model-predicted responses to climate departures with respect to a reference year. For all six Kentucky metro areas, meteorologically adjusted O3 concentrations declined over the five-year period. The linear best-fit rate of decline in mean adjusted O3 concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 2.6 ppb/yr for these metro areas; the average rate of decline was 1.6 ppb/yr. The rates of decline in meteorologically adjusted extreme value (e.g., 95th percentile) concentrations were approximately the same, but there is greater statistical uncertainty concerning the extreme value trends. 相似文献
15.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1982,16(10):2471-2478
Many formaldehyde concentration measurements were performed in houses, schools and offices where chipboard material was used during the period 1977–1980 following complaints made by inhabitants. In one building the reason for the complaints was formaldehyde emission from urea-formaldehyde insulation foam instead of chipboard.The threshold limit value, established in the Netherlands at 120 μg formaldehyde m−3 (0.1 ppm) for living accommodation was exceeded in most cases. The limit was exceeded in 80% of the investigated houses, in 90% of the investigated schools and in 60% of the investigated offices.The efficiency of measures taken to decrease the formaldehyde concentration were investigated in several rooms by repeated measurements afterwards. In some cases the formaldehyde concentration could be reduced to a level lower than the limit value. This was shown to be difficult when the formaldehyde concentration is higher than 300–500 μg m−3, due to emission from chipboard. In one building where formaldehyde was emitted from insulation foam in the cavity wall, the formaldehyde concentration could be decreased from 2300 μ μ−3 to 80 μg m−3.The influence of the temperature and the ventilation rate could be verified in some cases in practice. 相似文献
16.
S.Y. Szeto R.S. Vernon M.J. Brown 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):299-312
Abstract Disulfoton and methamidophos (both at 1.12 kg a.i./ha), oxydemeton‐methyl and demeton, (both at 0.56 kg a.i./ha) were applied as post‐harvest foliar sprays to control the European asparagus aphid, Brachycolus asparagi. Oxidation of disulfoton, oxydemeton‐methyl and demeton to their corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones occurred in asparagus foliage 2 to 5 days after application. The total residues of these three compounds, including their toxic oxidative metabolites declined to less than 0.5 ppm about 47 days after the spray application whereas methamidophos persisted longer; 0.84 ppm of its residue was found even after 85 days. No residue was found above the limit of detection of 0.002 ppm in any asparagus spears which were produced in the following spring; the four compounds were sprayed on the asparagus plants during the previous season at realistic rates for aphid control. 相似文献
17.
Del Toro L Heckel G Camacho-Ibar VF Schramm Y 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,142(1):83-92
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) were determined in blubber samples of 18 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus californianus) that stranded dead along Todos Santos Bay, Ensenada, Baja California, México, January 2000-November 2001. Summation operatorDDTs were the dominant group (geometric mean 3.8 microg/g lipid weight), followed by polychlorinated biphenyls ( summation operatorPCBs, 2.96 microg/g), chlordanes (0.12 microg/g) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (0.06 microg/g). The summation operatorDDTs/ summation operatorPCBs ratio was 1.3. We found CH levels more than one order of magnitude lower than those reported for California sea lion samples collected along the California coast, USA, during the same period as our study. This sharp north-south gradient suggests that Z. californianus stranded in Ensenada (most of them males) would probably have foraged during the summer near rookeries 500-1000 km south of Ensenada and the rest of the year migrate northwards, foraging along the Baja California peninsula, including Ensenada, and probably farther north. 相似文献
18.
C.L. Blanchard G.M. Hidy S. Tanenbaum R. Rasmussen R. Watkins E. Edgerton 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(38):4827-4839
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) sources into the atmosphere. Characterizing their ambient mixing ratios or concentrations is a challenge because VOCs comprise hundreds of species, and accurate measurements are difficult. Long-term hourly and daily-resolution data have been collected in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia, a major city dominated by motor vehicle emissions. A series of observations of daily, speciated C2–C10 non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) and oxygenated hydrocarbons (OVOC) in mid-town Atlanta (Jefferson Street, JST) are compared with data from three urban-suburban sites and a nearby non-urban site. Annual-average mixing ratios of NMOC and OVOC at JST declined from 1999 through 2007. Downward trends in NMOC, CO, and NOy corroborate expected emission changes as reflected in emission inventories for Atlanta’s Fulton County. Comparison of the JST NMOC composition with data from roadside and tunnel sampling reveals similarities to motor vehicle dominated samples. The JST annual average VOC-OH reactivities from 1999 to 2007 were relatively constant compared with the decline in annual-average NMOC mixing ratios. Mean reactivity at JST, in terms of concentration*kOH, was approximately 40% alkenes, 22% aromatics, 16% isoprene and 6% other biogenics, 13% C7–C10 alkanes and 3% C2-C6 alkanes, indicating that biogenic NMOCs are important but not dominant contributors to the urban reactive NMOC mix. In contrast, isoprene constituted ~50% of the VOC-OH reactivities at two non-urban sites. Ratios of 24-hour average CO/benzene, CO/isopentane, and CO/acetylene concentrations indicate that such species are relatively conserved, consistent with their low reactivity. Ratios of more-reactive to less-reactive species show diurnal variability largely consistent with expected emission patterns, transport and mixing of air, and chemical processing. 相似文献
19.
Elena Bernardi Fabrizio Passarini Luciano Morselli 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(23):13287-13288
This report briefly presents the aims and the fields of interest of the Environmental and Cultural Heritage Division (Italian Chemical Society) and the issues addressed during its national congress, held in Rimini in June 2013. The broad range of topics raised by different speakers, the variety of affiliations and institutions participating at the conference, the scientific organisations and private companies co-sponsoring the different sessions give a clear picture of the interdisciplinarity which is a hallmark of this division. 相似文献
20.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1987,21(3):723