猪粪与污泥不同配比对其厌氧共消化与微生物多样性的影响

研究采用猪粪与城市污水厂脱水污泥以5种不同VS比例（1：0,2：1,1：1,1：2和0：1）进行中温厌氧消化实验,以研究反应器在不同配比下的产甲烷特性,同时结合16S rRNA扩增子测序技术分析了消化过程中微生物组成的多样性变化。实验结果表明,添加猪粪能明显提升消化效率,当猪粪与污泥以2：1混合消化时甲烷累计产量最高可达684 L·kg-1VS,比污泥单独消化提升了120%。2：1组的VS去除率可达63.1%,且运行稳定,没有出现明显的酸抑制现象。随着猪粪的添加,优势菌种演替为Bacteroides、Clostridium、Methanosaeta和Methanosarcina。冗余分析结果表明共消化组中甲烷产生主要以氢营养型途径为主。添加猪粪参与共消化能明显提高微生物群落多样性,促进菌种间的协同作用,从而提升有机质转化效率。     

Kinetics of <Superscript>210</Superscript>Po accumulation in moss body profiles

Radionuclide concentration analysis of total moss bodies often gave relatively different results than a separate analysis of each different morphological part of the same sample. The dynamics of the transfer of metals by dust uplifted from the soil and another approach, based on the diffusion of the two radionuclides to the moss, have been analyzed. In the proposed model, short- and long-term approaches have been applied. Each part of a moss’s profile can show different radionuclides accumulation ability, including both ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po isotopes. A first-order kinetic model has been used for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb transport between three body components of mosses. This mathematical approach has been applied for ²¹⁰Po activity concentration in the air estimation. For relatively clean deep forest region, calculated concentrations were from 17.2 to 43.8 μBqm^?3, while for urban air concentrations were higher from 49.1 to 104.9 μBqm^?3.     

Response of anaerobic membrane bioreactor to the presence of nano-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>WO<Subscript>6</Subscript>: reactor performance,supernatant characteristics,and microbial community

Considering the increasing incorporation of manufactured nano-material into consumer products, there is a concern about its potential impacts in biological wastewater treatment. In this study, the response of anaerobic sludge to the presence of Bi₂WO₆ nano-particles (NPs) was investigated in the anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). As the concentration of Bi₂WO₆ in the reactor was controlled around 1 mg/L, there was no significant difference in effluent water quality or bacterial activities before and after NP exposure, partially due to the microbial-induced NP aggregation and stable complex formation. However, with the increasing dosage of Bi₂WO₆ from 5 to 40 mg/L, great influences on the AnMBR performance were observed, including the reduction of COD removal efficiency, inhibition of the mechanization step, increased production of soluble microbial products, and enhanced secretion of extracellular polymer substrates. Additional investigation with high-throughput sequencing was conducted, clearly demonstrating that Bi₂WO₆ NPs induced changes in the bacterial community.     

Hg<Superscript>2+</Superscript> detection using a disposable and miniaturized screen-printed electrode modified with nanocomposite carbon black and gold nanoparticles

A miniaturized screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with a carbon black-gold nanoparticle (CBNP-AuNP) nanocomposite has been developed as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of inorganic mercury ions (Hg²⁺). The working electrode surface has been modified with nanocomposite constituted of CBNPs and AuNPs by an easy drop casting procedure that makes this approach extendible to an automatable mass production of modified SPEs. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was adopted to perform Hg²⁺ detection, revealing satisfactory sensitivity and detection limit, equal to 14 μA ppb^?1 cm^?2 and 3 ppb, respectively. The applicability of the CBNP-AuNP-SPE for the determination of inorganic mercury has been assessed in river water by a simple filtration and acidification of the sample as well as in soil by means of a facile acidic extraction procedure assisted by ultrasound.     

Inhibition of residual <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-hexane in anaerobic digestion of lipid-extracted microalgal wastes and microbial community shift

Converting lipid-extracted microalgal wastes to methane (CH₄) via anaerobic digestion (AD) has the potential to make microalgae-based biodiesel platform more sustainable. However, it is apparent that remaining n-hexane (C₆H₁₄) from lipid extraction could inhibit metabolic pathway of methanogens. To test an inhibitory influence of residual n-hexane, this study conducted a series of batch AD by mixing lipid-extracted Chlorella vulgaris with a wide range of n-hexane concentration (～10 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L). Experimental results show that the inhibition of n-hexane on CH₄ yield was negligible up to 2 g COD/L and inhibition to methanogenesis became significant when it was higher than 4 g COD/L based on quantitative mass balance. Inhibition threshold was about 4 g COD/L of n-hexane. Analytical result of microbial community profile revealed that dominance of alkane-degrading sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and syntrophic bacteria increased, while that of methanogens sharply dropped as n-hexane concentration increased. These findings offer a useful guideline of threshold n-hexane concentration and microbial community shift for the AD of lipid-extracted microalgal wastes.     

pH对SBR处理效果及活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响

采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）对pH值为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0和10.0的原水进行处理,发现COD和TN去除率在pH=8.0时达到最大,NH4+-N去除率随pH升高而增大,在pH=10.0时可达91.0%,碱性条件下污水处理效果更佳;利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术分析不同pH值下的活性污泥总细菌群落结构,其结果显示,碱性条件下的优势菌为β-proteobacterium,承担脱氮功能的细菌中可培养的是Rhodanobacter sp.,pH=8.0时总细菌多样性指数最高。     

污泥基生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷及微生物群落结构的影响

为考察污泥基生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响,以餐厨垃圾为基质,设置4种不同接种比(inoculum to substrate ratio, ISR)的批次实验,以得到不同酸化程度的厌氧消化体系;检测空白组、餐厨垃圾对照组和生物炭实验组的产甲烷情况和微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明：当ISR=2时,生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果不明显;当ISR=0.5时,生物炭使其停滞期缩短28.9%左右;ISR越小,生物炭对酸化停滞时间缩短以及产甲烷速率提高的效果越明显。同时,生物炭可以促进Chloroflex,Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes的生长,从而提高厌氧消化中间产物的产生。当ISR较大时,厌氧消化系统的产甲烷途径以乙酸利用型为主,投加生物炭可以促进乙酸型产甲烷;随着ISR减小,产甲烷途径有逐渐向氢利用型转变的趋势,同时Methanosacrina逐渐替代Methanosaeta利用乙酸产甲烷。本研究结果可为污泥基生物炭在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的实际应用提供参考。     

SBR中SRT对总细菌群落结构的影响研究

为了揭示序批式反应器不同污泥停留时间(SRT)下总细菌群落结构的异同及SRT变化对总细菌群落结构的影响,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)进行研究。通过克隆测序发现,不同的SRT条件下生物多样性和种群结构会有所差异,既存在各SRT条件下相同的优势菌群(Escherichia coli和Aeromonas sp.),也存在某些SRT下特有的优势菌群(Uncultured Peptostreptococcaceae),SRT为40 d时检测到以降解硫酸盐获得能源的优势微生物。研究还表明,SRT为40 d时多样性指数取得最大值,各SRT条件下微生物的种群相似性差别较大。     

Effect of alginate on the aggregation kinetics of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs): bridging interaction and hetero-aggregation induced by Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

The stability of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) is expected to play a key role in the environmental risk assessment of nanotoxicity in aquatic systems. In this study, the effect of alginate (model polysaccharides) on the stability of CuO NPs in various environmentally relevant ionic strength conditions was investigated by using time-resolved dynamic light scattering. Significant aggregation of CuO NPs was observed in the presence of both monovalent and divalent cations. The critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) were 54.5 and 2.9 mM for NaNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂, respectively. The presence of alginate slowed nano-CuO aggregation rates over the entire NaNO₃ concentration range due to the combined electrostatic and steric effect. High concentrations of Ca²⁺ (>6 mM) resulted in stronger adsorption of alginate onto CuO NPs; however, enhanced aggregation of CuO NPs occurred simultaneously under the same conditions. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the bridging interaction of alginate with Ca²⁺ might be an important mechanism for the enhanced aggregation. Furthermore, significant coagulation of the alginate molecules was observed in solutions of high Ca²⁺ concentrations, indicating a hetero-aggregation mechanism between the alginate-covered CuO NPs and the unabsorbed alginate. These results suggested a different aggregation mechanism of NPs might co-exist in aqueous systems enriched with natural organic matter, which should be taken into consideration in future studies.

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Graphical abstract Hetero-aggregation mechanism of CuO nanoparticles and alginate under high concentration of Ca²⁺

     

Investigation of low-level <Superscript>242</Superscript>Pu contamination on nutrition disturbance and oxidative stress in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.

Plutonium associated with higher molecular weight molecules is presumed to be poorly mobile and hardly plant available. In our present study, we investigate the uptake and effects of Pu treatments on Solanum tuberosum plants in amended Hoagland medium at concentrations of [²⁴²Pu] = 100 and 500 nm, respectively. We found a direct proof of oxidative stress in the plants caused by these rather low concentrations. For the confirmation of oxidative stress, we explored the production of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by epifluorescence microscopy. Oxidative stress markers like lipid peroxidation and superoxide radicals (O₂ ^??) are monitored through histochemical analysis. The biochemical parameters i.e. chlorophyll and carotenoids are measured as an indicator of cellular damage in the tested plants including the enzymatic parameters such as catalase and glutathione reductase. From our work, we conclude that Pu in low concentration has no significant effects on the uptake of many trace and macroelements. In contrast, the content of O₂ ^?? , malondialdehyde (MDA), and H₂O₂ increases with increasing Pu concentration in the solution, while the opposite effects was found for NO, catalase, and glutathione reductase. These findings prove that even low concentration of Pu regulates ROS production and generate oxidative stress in S. tuberosum L.     

The effect of heavy metals on the activated sludge process and its microbial community analysis using 16S ribosomal DNA

The effect of heavy metal shock loading on biological treatment systems was studied by traditional methods and molecular biological techniques. Two kinds of SBR (sequence batch reactor) operation units, unacclimated and acclimated activated sludge systems, were studied. The addition of special nutrients and powdered activated carbon (PAC) to stimulate heavy metal uptake and recovery were studied. The kinetic constants could be used to describe the effect of the inhibition of substance utilisation. The results showed that heavy metal shock loading had a greater effect on the unacclimated activated sludge system than on the acclimated one. The special nutrients greatly enhanced the uptake of copper, and the PAC improved sludge settling and decreased the turbidity of the effluent. The variation of dominant species and the diversity of the bacterial community were analysed using 16S ribosomal DNA. Compared with the slight change of dominant species during acclimation by copper, there was a great change in the acclimated system shocked by a high concentration of copper. The results confirmed that the acclimation could improve the resistance of microorganisms to heavy metal toxicity.     

辛基酚的好氧生物降解及微生物群落特征

利用典型的活性污泥实验了辛基酚(octylphenol,OP)的生物降解性能。研究了水力停留时间、OP浓度和碳氮比对OP处理效率的影响,通过实时PCR和PCR-DGGE方法分别分析了微生物群落的总体密度和多样性变化。通过30d的启动,OP在序批式活性污泥典型好氧条件下出现有效生物降解。在OP浓度50～150μg/L整个实验过程中,OP去除率(84%～99%)基本保持稳定。在实验范围内,较长的水力停留时间(12 h)和碳氮比(2∶1)有利于OP生物降解。通过实时PCR方法测定得到系统微生物平均密度约为1.22 g/L,但富碳状态下生物密度增长上升。通过DGGE分离到17种优势基因型,包括了α-proteobacteria(6种)、β-proteobacteria(5种)、γ-proteobacteria(2种)、Actinobacteria(2种)和δ-proteobacteria(1种)群落。α-proteobacteria和δ-proteobacteria菌群密度呈现增长,β-proteobacteria和Actinobacteria菌群中的部分种类密度出现减少,OP在活性污泥中的好氧生物降解可能与α-proteobacteria中的特定类别相关。     

Effects of organic loading rate and temperature fluctuation on the microbial community and performance of anaerobic digestion of food waste

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Semi-continuous anaerobic fermentation of food waste was carried out using a solar-assisted heat reactor to explore effects of temperature fluctuation...     

剩余活性污泥好氧消化优势菌株筛选及污泥稳定化效果分析

为了促进污水处理厂剩余污泥好氧消化效率,缩短污泥稳定化时间,筛选得到R3、R16、R19等3株对污泥好氧消化促进效果较为明显的优势菌种,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,R3、R16、R19分别属于Bacillus sp.、Pseudomonas sp.和Bacillus sp.。研究结果表明：投加R3、R16、R19菌株,分别于第9天、第10天、第9天污泥达到消化稳定化状态,TOC降解率达到40%,比对照组分别提前了4、3、4 d,与对照组稳定化完成时的SVI相比,SVI值较对照组分别降低了14.1%、9.0%和11.1%。当消化反应进行到第13天时,投加R3、R16、R19菌株,MLSS降解率较对照组分别提高了7.1%、3.3%和8.2%。此外,投加优势菌株不同程度地加快了TOC、硝酸盐氮和氨氮在消化液中的积累,并且有利于磷的溶出。     

The effect of triclosan on microbial community structure in three soils

The application of sewage sludge to land can expose soils to a range of associated chemical toxicants. In this paper we explore the effects of the broad spectrum anti-microbial compound triclosan on the phenotypic composition of the microbial communities of three soils of contrasting texture (loamy sand, sandy loam and clay) using phospholipid fatty-acid (PLFA) analysis. Each soil type was dosed and subsequently re-dosed 6 weeks later with triclosan at five nominal concentrations in microcosms (10, 100, 500, 1000 mg kg⁻¹ and a zero-dose control). PLFA profiles were analysed using multivariate statistics focussing on changes in the soil phenotypic community structure. Additionally, ratios of fungal:bacterial PLFA indicators and cyclo:mono-unsaturated PLFAs (a common stress indicator) were calculated. It was hypothesised that triclosan addition would alter the community structure in each soil with a particular effect on the fungal:bacterial ratio, since bacteria are likely to be more susceptible to triclosan than fungi. It was also hypothesised that the PLFA response to re-dosing would be suppressed due to acclimation. Although the microbial community structure changed over the course of the experiment, the response was complex. Soil type and time emerged as the most important explanatory factors. Principal component analysis was used to detect phenotypic responses to different doses of triclosan in each soil. As expected, there was a significant increase in the fungal:bacterial ratio with triclosan dose especially in treatments with the highest nominal concentrations. Furthermore, the PLFA response to re-dosing was negligible in all soils confirming the acclimation hypothesis.     

热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性及厌氧消化性能的影响

分别对脱水污泥在100、130和170℃条件下进行热处理,研究热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性的影响。此外,在半连续式完全混合反应器中进行厌氧消化实验研究不同热处理污泥的厌氧消化性能。实验结果表明,在100、130和170℃条件下,污泥COD溶解率由处理前的5.23%分别提高至20.08%、22.50%和27.20%,脱水污泥热处理规律和效果与高含水率污泥(总固体含量<5%)基本一致。经130℃2 h和170℃30 min高温热处理后污泥甲烷产率显著提高,较原泥分别提高24.64%和38.61%,沼气中甲烷含量稍有降低。     

Cu2+和Cr6+对活性污泥处理系统的冲击影响研究

以完全混合活性污泥反应器为试验系统,在作为处理对象的实际餐饮废水中添加Cu2+和Cr6+,分批试验发现添加单一Cu2+的I#系统中,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,污泥浓度及生物相无明显的变化,Cu2+的去除率比较稳定,在90%左右波动;在同时添加Cu2+和Cr6+的Ⅱ#系统中,污泥量明显减少,生物相发生变化,Cr6+浓度达到4.8mg/L,污泥对Cr6+和Cu2+的去除率分别降至27.50%和37.89%.可见,Cr6+对活性污泥系统的毒性远大于Cu2+.     

Effects of alkali,autoclaving, and Fe+ autoclaving pretreatment on anaerobic digestion performance of coking sludge from the perspective of sludge extracts and methane production

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pretreatment of activated sludge is an important step in increasing the reaction speed during anaerobic digestion by accelerating the hydrolysis...     

光生物反应器中活性污泥和藻类的共培养及微生物群落分析

利用污水处理厂好氧池活性污泥和来自二沉池壁的藻类构成菌藻生物反应器用以处理实际生活废水,探讨了不同泥藻接种比对废水处理效果的影响,并分析了稳定运行后的微生物群落组成。结果表明：泥/藻质量比为1∶0.75的混合系统对污染物质(COD、TN和TP)的去除效率最高;当HRT为2 d时,按泥/藻质量比为1∶0.75接种的光生物反应器(初始TSS为1.12 g·L−1)在搅拌和太阳光照射的条件下,对${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N的去除率可达99.7%,对${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$的去除率约为70%。利用高通量测序技术对运行42 d后反应器内(SRT为15 d)的细菌群落进行分析发现,优势细菌为厚壁菌门的微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium),蓝菌门的光合产氧蓝细菌属(Cyanobium)和变形菌门α-变形菌纲的不产氧光合好氧异养固氮红杆菌属(Rhodobacter),其相对丰度分别为23.32%、15.23%和5.77%。同时,反应器内还存在氧化亚硝酸盐的硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospira),以及除磷的不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)和能进行好氧反硝化的副球菌(Paracoccus),其相对丰度分别为1.19%、0.58%和0.35%。