雷电灾害风险评估模型在社区空间尺度上对雷击危险次数及脆弱性的模拟和分析

本文在5 m×5 m细微网格上实施了社区雷电灾害风险评估模型的开发及应用,对雷击危险次数及脆弱性进行了数值化评估模拟。社区雷电灾害风险评估实例应用表明:模型模拟出的评估结果能反映雷击风险在社区空间尺度上的差异,以及地形因素、防雷状况及附近建筑物"避雷针"效应等所产生的风险差异,结果较为合理。适用于雷电灾害风险规避及风险控制。     

赤潮灾害风险评估方法

赤潮灾害是三大海洋灾害之一,它恶化海洋生态环境,危及人类健康,造成的海洋经济损失逐年增加.赤潮灾害风险评估是赤潮灾害减灾防灾的重要内容之一.赤潮灾害在本质上仍属自然灾害,依据赤潮灾害的危害特点和自然灾害风险的内涵,阐述了赤潮灾害风险评估的定义,就赤潮灾害危险度评估和海洋社会经济易损度评估两方面内容,论述了赤潮灾害风险评估指标体系,建立了赤潮灾害风险评估模型,提出了赤潮灾害风险评估的技术流程.     

自然灾害风险评估国际计划述评Ⅱ——评估方法

自然灾害风险评估是综合灾害风险管理的关键途径,而评估方法又是灾害风险评估的关键.总结了近年来3个重要的自然灾害风险评估国际计划:灾害风险指标计划(DRI)、多发展指标计划(Hotspots)和美洲计划的(American Programme)分析单元、灾种选择和数据源.评述了3个国际计划采用的数据处理方法、模型和评估方法:计算DRI的指标需计算3个数值--物质暴露、相对脆弱性和社会-经济脆弱性指标;Hotspots首次利用栅格单元和地区/财富等级来计算死亡风险和经济损失风险;美洲计划分别建立了4个独立指标的计算模型,并应用到城市级别.通过比较3个国际计划的风险评估方法的优点与不足,提出了今后灾害风险评估的重点和关键应是风险的时空分布、动态风险评估和案例研究.     

基于层次分析模型的北京雷电灾害风险评估

城市气象灾害风险评估应用研究选用北京地区近10年的雷电监测资料,以区县行政区域为评估单元,利用层次分析模型评估各区县的雷电灾害风险.模型充分考虑了灾害冲击频次和城市社会经济组成结构等因素,拟定以"灾害历史发生频次、人口密度和人均GDP"等作为评估的主要指标,以此建立风险评估方程,划分风险等级.计算得出的风险估算值变化与该地区近10年中实际的雷电灾害发生频次的区县间的变化趋势大体一致.评估结果表明,北京雷电灾害除与自然闪电的空间分布有一定的关联外,还与下垫面易损特征及"承灾体"分布密切相关.评估结果的正确性也说明了评估方法的合理性.     

基于心理承压的灾害可承受风险评估

评估灾区人群的灾害可承受风险时,可以先从灾区患病人群挖掘、心理风险源因素识别两方面进行分析,通过基于信息熵的灾后患有心理疾病人群挖掘算法,挖掘灾区患有心理疾病人群,减少评估范围;面向挖掘出的心理疾病患者采用改进ISR压力模型,判断心理风险源因素,提高评估结果准确性;最后通过建立的灾害可承受风险评价指标体系,构建基于心理承压的灾害可承受风险评估模型,评估灾区中患有心理疾病人群的灾害风险承受能力。为验证基于心理承压的灾害可承受风险评估模型有效性和性能优势,进行实验验证。结果表明,该模型可有效评估灾区人群基于心理承压的灾害可承受风险,评估复杂度低于5%。     

区域洪水灾害风险评估体系(Ⅱ)——模型与应用

准确了解区域洪水灾害风险分布状况及规律,对于洪水灾害预警与管理具有重要意义。首先分析了模糊综合评估法的原理,以GIS空间技术为手段,建立了基于GIS的洪水灾害风险评估模型。然后以马来西亚洪水灾害风险评估应用为例,剖析了洪水灾害风险模糊评估的方法及过程,利用该模型计算出洪水灾害风险并制作了洪水灾害风险等级图和风险指数图。结果表明,该模型对于评价洪水灾害风险是行之有效的。     

国家级海洋公园灾害风险评估研究进展

通过梳理近10年国内外相关文献,阐述了国家级海洋公园面临的灾害风险因素,并在灾害风险要素、风险评估指标、风险评估方法以及评估体系运用等几个方面对当前国家级海洋公园灾害风险评估研究现状进行了述评。对今后国家级海洋公园灾害风险评估方法的发展提出思考,提出通过增强国家海洋公园灾害风险的各类影响因子之间的定量分析,构建国家海洋公园灾害风险评估与可持续发展的有效协调,完善国家海洋公园灾害风险相关类的数据库等研究展望,希望能为国家级海洋公园的生态环境研究与灾害风险评估研究提供参考。     

自然灾害风险评估与灾害易损性研究进展

自然灾害风险评估是区域减灾防灾重要的基础工作之一。从风险概念和风险度的表达入手,探讨了自然灾害风险评估的对象及其构建的指标体系,对主要自然灾害风险评估方法进行了综合比较,并对灾害易损性评估研究进行了总结,认为对灾害风险下的生态系统易损性关注不多。因此以区域为研究尺度,构建了生态系统灾害风险评估框架,选择危害风险性指数反映灾害危险程度,选择防灾能力指数、承灾能力指数、恢复力指数等构建了生态系统灾害易损性评估指标体系。在对自然灾害风险评估研究认真梳理的基础上,认为复杂性灾害系统的研究、灾害易损性基础理论及定量方法的探索、自然灾害风险研究体系的时空尺度的扩展、自然灾害风险评估精度和可信度的提高是未来灾害风险评估值得重视的趋势。     

城市自然灾害风险评估研究综述

基于大量国内外文献,梳理风险评估理论与灾害系统论的观点与风险评价方法,并分别评述当前城市单灾种自然灾害和多灾种自然灾害风险评估的研究内容及方法模型。已有的城市自然灾害风险评估研究成果丰富,多学科交叉研究与多灾种风险研究已成为趋势,但在尺度上和方法上,灾害学领域的研究成果与当前城市尺度的综合防灾规划及公共安全管理存在一定脱节。未来研究需进一步:①探索多学科方法在灾害风险评估领域的应用;②强化灾害风险中生命价值损失的研究;③创新多灾种综合风险评估的思路与方法;④推动适用于城市规划管理尺度的灾害风险评估理论与方法的研究。     

区域洪水灾害风险评估体系(Ⅰ)——原理与方法

区域洪水灾害风险评估是一个新的研究领域。从洪水灾害系统的概念出发,首先阐述了洪水灾害风险管理系统、洪水风险评估及风险类型划分;然后从指标选取原则、指标层次结构、指标量化、风险等级、风险指数等方面构建了洪水灾害风险评估指标体系;接着分析了矢量面状及栅格点状的洪水灾害风险评估单元;最后,介绍了适合区域洪水灾害风险评估的层次分析法、模糊综合评价法及空间分析方法。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.