公众应对气象灾害风险的行为特征及其影响因素研究——基于深圳市3109份调查问卷的实证

为了更好提高公众的危机应对能力,降低灾害给社会造成的损失,有必要获知公众应对灾害风险的行为特征,分析其影响因素,进而提出相应的对策建议。基于深圳市3 109名公众的气象安全认知度调查数据,构建了Binary Logistic回归模型,对公众应对气象灾害风险的行为及其影响因素进行实证分析。研究表明,气象灾害给公众及家庭带来经济损失的经历对公众应对气象灾害风险行为的影响最为显著,而对气象灾害安全信息关注程度、对气象灾害安全防御知识了解程度、获得气象灾害预警信号及时性以及获得气象灾害信息的方便程度等变量不同程度地影响着公众应对气象灾害风险的行为,最后提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

气候灾害风险综合研究的理论与发展

随着全球气候变化的日益加剧,气候灾害不仅受到了自然科学界的关注,也逐渐引起了社会科学界的重视。近年来自然科学与社会科学逐步结合,开展了针对气候灾害的综合研究,在理论和实践中取得了初步的成绩。近年来,气候灾害风险综合研究已经应用到对诸如非洲和印尼干旱、太平洋地区的厄尔尼洛现象等气候灾害的研究中。因此,在气候变化背景下,气候灾害风险综合研究已经成为了一个前沿和新兴的科研领域。气候灾害风险综合研究重点包括风险的解释和行动、风险预防与灾害治理、气候灾害与人类社会的关系等,其核心是更好地理解和应对由于自然或者人为因素引发的气候灾害风险带来的挑战。未来气候灾害风险综合研究可以从跨学科的综合研究和结合实际的运用实践两个方面发展。     

基于逻辑回归模型的异常值应急预警模式研究——以个体风险管理为例

针对定性的安全评价与分析逐渐不能满足个人对安全要求的现状,为了更好地量化描述生活中的风险程度,找到异常值与个体风险之间的量化关系,利用逻辑回归方法分析各个自变量和因变量之间的具体依赖关系;以河南某水泥厂为调查对象,建立基于逻辑回归方法的应急预警模式,利用SAS软件对自变量与事故后果之间的线性关系进行计算分析,并与聚类分析方法进行了比较。结果表明：逻辑回归模型相较于聚类分析对于异常值的监测有较好的精度,为个人风险预警及事故预防提供了很好的分析基础。     

我国自然灾害风险分级方法的标准化

2012年3月,我国民政部门首次正式批准发布《自然灾害风险分级方法》行业推荐性标准,标志着我国自然灾害风险分级方法进入标准化时代。为了使更多的科研工作者和自然灾害风险管理者了解该标准,促进该标准更好地实施和应用,在回顾该标准编制背景的基础上,对标准进行了全面解读。在介绍《自然灾害风险分级方法》行业标准主要内容的基础上,对标准选用的分级指标的适用性进行了说明,为科研工作者和自然灾害风险管理人员使用该标准提供了参考。     

基于模糊数学的重庆地区雷电灾害风险评估方法研究

科学合理的雷电灾害风险评估能有效指导防雷减灾工作,不过目前雷电风险评估体系尚不完善,在某些时候不能真实地评价项目的雷电灾害风险,比如在评估大型住宅小区、大面积的厂房等时,现有的评估结果不能准确地反映客观风险。在深入研究雷电成灾机制和重庆雷电活动规律的基础上,利用模糊数学理论,通过致灾因子、暴露性和承灾体易损性三个方面进行分析,提出重庆地区的雷电风险评估方法。通过具体的评估验证,该方法有较好的适用性,能更好地为防雷减灾服务,也能完善现有的雷电灾害风险评估体系。     

基于GIS的宁夏晚霜冻害风险评估与区划

霜冻是宁夏一种主要农业气象灾害,对其风险评估及区划,可为区域防灾减灾提供有效依据。以宁夏23个气象站1981-2010年日气象观测数据、社会经济数据及地理信息数据作为基础资料,采用风险指数法、层次分析法、加权综合评分法等方法,利用ARCGIS绘图软件对宁夏晚霜冻灾害风险进行分析和评价,完成霜冻灾害风险区划图。结果表明,宁夏晚霜冻的孕灾环境敏感性复杂,北部灌区敏感性低于山区;致灾因子危险性普遍偏高;承灾体脆弱性北部灌区大部偏高,南部次之,中部最低;防灾减灾能力北部灌区最高,中南部山区偏低;晚霜冻灾害风险大的区域集中在北部灌区的永宁、吴忠及南部的彭阳等地,风险小的区域集中在灌区北部和中部大部。     

基于GIS技术的河北省洪涝灾害风险区划与分析

根据河北省1998-2007年的气象观测资料,综合全省147个县市的自然、社会经济以及防灾减灾等要素,采用GIS技术和自然灾害风险指数方法及洪涝灾害风险评价模型,得出河北省县级洪涝灾害风险指数并绘制出风险区划图.结果表明唐山、秦皇岛、石家庄和邯郸4个市区及邯郸武安市由于暴露性和危险性指数较大,其洪涝灾害风险的可能性最大;由于张家口坝上地区地势平坦且暴雨日数很少,太行山前的平原地区大都是旱涝保收型耕地,其洪涝灾害风险最小.     

基于GIS技术的洪涝灾害风险评估与区划研究--以辽河中下游地区为例

目前,对洪涝灾害风险的评价方法虽然不少,但还没有能提出一个集成化的指数来对其进行分析.综合考虑了形成我国东北地区洪涝灾害风险的4个因子,以辽河中下游地区为研究对象,基于GIS技术和自然灾害风险评估方法,从气象学、地理学、灾害科学、环境科学等学科观点出发,提出了洪涝灾害风险指数,用其来评估不同县相关损失风险及各因子对风险的贡献,并绘制出了辽河中下游洪涝灾害风险区划图.     

基于情景的自然灾害风险时空差异多维表达框架

时空差异是风险的一种本源特性。自然灾害作为一种自然和社会现象,其风险时空差异的研究有助于微观地认识灾害规律性和风险动态性,为有效防范灾害与规避风险提供强有力的支持。综述了国内外自然灾害风险时空方面的研究,从情景出发构建了具有普适性的自然灾害风险时空差异的多维表达框架,提出了灾害风险时空差异评估技术框架,所提理论和方法可供后续应用研究参考。     

地质灾害风险评价研究

地质灾害风险评价是对风险区遭受不同强度地质灾害的可能性及其可能造成的灾害损失进行定量分析和评价,是一项极具现实意义的重要研究课题。从区域上预测、预防地质灾害,对城市规划和工程选址,实现人与环境的和谐发展具有重要的现实意义。系统阐述了风险的定义、地质灾害风险评价研究现状、地质灾害风险评价内容与评价系统,在此基础上总结归纳了地质灾害风险评价的方法、类型及评价模型与实施,最后探讨了存在的问题和展望了地质灾害风险评价的发展趋向。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.