关于抗震救灾工作进程及其阶段性特点的初步探讨——以芦山7.0级地震抗震救灾工作为例

通过对四川省抗震救灾指挥部应对2013年四川芦山7.0级强烈地震工作进程的解读,分析了抗震救灾工作进程,将抗震救灾工作划分为应急启动、紧急处置、后续处置和恢复重建等四个阶段,给出了抗震救灾各阶段的工作重点,同时认为抗震救灾阶段的演化主要体现在救灾决策角度、关注重点的转化。     

国家地震应急救援队训练基地

我国地震应急救援工作起步晚、起点高、发展快。 2000年成立国务院抗震救灾指挥部; 2001年组建国家地震灾害紧急救援队（中国国际救援队）; 2002年成立国家地震现场应急工作队;     

地震应急救援任重道远

我国地震应急救援工作起步晚、起点高、发展快。2000年成立国务院抗震救灾指挥部;2001年组建国家地震灾害紧急救援队（中国国际救援队）;2002年成立国家地震现场应急工作队;2003年中国国际救援队首次出生阿尔及利亚开启我国参与国际救援先河,北京建成全国第一个地震应急避难场所;2004年组建中国地震应急搜救中心;2005年中国国际教授队执行印度洋地震海啸和巴基斯坦地震国际教授;2006年建立区域地震应急协作联运工作机制,首次举办国际多国地震救援演练;2007年建成国家和省级一体化的抗震救灾应急指挥技术系统和现场技术系统;2008年建成国家地震灾害紧急教授训练基地并投入使用。     

青岛举行地震应急救援演练

青岛市抗震救灾指挥部近期组织全市30多个部门和单位分段举行大规模地震应急救援演练。演练由副市长王修林指挥，中国地震局地震应急救援司司长黄建发、青岛市人大常委会副主任孔心田、山东省地震局局长晁洪太及厦门、威海、济南等11城市的领导现场现摩了演练。     

云南省石屏县举行地震应急演练

2007年7月17日上午。石屏县在县城新区举行地震应急现场演练。演练假想当日上午8时叭分在石屏县城附近发生6．5级破坏性地震。地震发生后，县抗震救灾指挥部采取应急措施，将受灾群众紧急疏散到应急避难场所，同时启动相关应急预案，各救援分队“第一时间”进入灾害现场展开救援行动。     

“5·12”科普宣传纪实

<正>2010年5月12日是我国第二个"防灾减灾日",也是汶川地震2周年纪念日,为进一步弘扬抗震救灾精神,唤起社会各界对防灾减灾工作的关注,根据中国地震局关于防灾减灾日宣传活动方案的要求,中国地震局办公室、震灾应急救援司、震害防御司,中国地震灾害防御中心,搜救中心,北京市地震局和中国灾害防御协会等单位,联     

国家科技支撑计划“灾害应急救援系列装备研制”项目启动

2013年6月28日,国家科技支撑计划项目"灾害应急救援系列装备研制"项目启动会在北京中国地震应急搜救中心凤凰岭基地举行。该项目由中国地震局组织,中国地震应急搜救中心牵头,中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所、北京理工大学、中国人民解放军防化研究院等16个科研院所、高校和企业参加。该项目针对防灾减灾、生产安全等领域对应急救援与生存保障装备的需求,计划在3年内完成灾害应急响     

2010年度全国地震应急指挥系统演练

<正>为了进一步推进应急指挥系统工作,推进对各级抗震救灾指挥部的服务保障能力,8月10-11日,中国地震局举行了2010年度全国地震应急指挥系统演练,震灾应急救援司黄建发司长、苗崇刚副司长,中国地震台网中心潘怀文主任、张晓东副主任和地震应急指挥技术协调组顾问聂高     

中心城市如何组建地震应急救援分队

厦门市在中国地震局指导帮助下,于2001年11月在厦门公安消防支队和市政有关联动单位组建了地震应急救援分队。经过两年来的建设和针对性训练,现已基本具备地震应急救援能力。实践证明,在中心城市组建地震应急救援分队是十分必要的。组建地震应急分队,主要应做好以下五个方面的工作。     

迅疾响应深入震区全力做好四川泸州市泸县6.0级地震应急工作

2021年9月16日,四川泸州市泸县6.0级地震发生后,国务院抗震救灾指挥部办公室、应急管理部立即启动地震应急三级响应,就人员搜救、灾情核查、震情监测、群众安置和次生灾害防范等抗震救灾工作做出部署.应急管理部派出由中国地震局党组成员、副局长倪岳伟带领的工作组赶赴现场指导抗震救灾工作.四川省地震局党组坚决贯彻落实上级各项...     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。