基于GIS的南通市自然灾害风险区划

本文从自然致灾因子危险性和承灾体易损性2个方面选取评价指标,在南通市基础图件的基础上,通过GIS软件分析分别得到南通市自然致灾因子危险性分区图和社会经济易损性分区图.两图叠加后,生成南通市自然灾害风险区划基本单元,采用自下而上的定量区划方法,合并得到自然灾害风险区划图,最后分别论述了每个风险区的自然灾害和社会经济的特征.通过对风险区划指标和区域划分的探讨,以期为南通市防灾减灾工作提供科学依据.     

基于GIS的上海市嘉定区暴雨积涝灾害风险区划研究

根据2006-2012年上海嘉定区9个气象站点的小时降水资料,结合嘉定区的社会经济与自然地理要素,构建一个集致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体及防灾减灾能力为一体的区域暴雨积涝风险评价模型。通过GIS技术实现各指标的栅格化,并利用指数模型对各因子基于500 m×500 m栅格的基本单元进行计算,编制嘉定区的暴雨积涝灾害风险区划图,构成嘉定区五个等级的风险,分别为高、次高、中等、次低和低。区划结果表明嘉定区的暴雨积涝灾害危险性指数从中心向外围成递减的趋势,且嘉定镇、新城和工业南区相对风险较高,华亭、徐行、南航和江桥风险相对较低。经嘉定区历年暴雨积涝灾情资料、典型暴雨积涝案例和专家的验证,均表明风险区划的结果和实际灾情符合度较高,对嘉定暴雨积涝的防灾减灾具有重要的现实指导意义。     

基于综合赋权分析的东北水稻低温冷害风险评估及区划研究

农业气象灾害风险评估与区划对农业防灾减灾对策的制定意义重大。以东北三省为研究区,利用日均温、水稻生长发育期、产量和面积数据对水稻冷害风险中的致灾因子危险性、承灾体脆弱性及损失度三要素进行了多指标分析。结合熵值法与层次分析法综合计算指标权重,应用加权综合评价法构建了东北水稻冷害风险综合评估模型。结果表明,冷害风险综合评估指标与典型冷害年水稻单产平均减产率在0.01水平下极显著相关,冷害综合风险等级区划与历史任意冷害发生频率分布大体一致。因此,对冷害风险综合评估模型及区划所做的研究具有合理性,可为防灾减灾提供科学合理的依据。     

莱州湾地区海水入侵灾害风险评价

莱州湾地区是我国海水入侵灾害最严重的地区。结合自然灾害风险评价理论并根据莱州湾地区的实际情况,将海水入侵风险评价体系分为危险性评价、易损性评价和防灾减灾能力评价,并借助GIS空间分析方法,对危险性、易损性和防灾减灾能力评价结果进行了叠加分析,将莱州湾地区划分为低风险区、较低风险区、中等风险区、较高风险区和高风险区等5个海水入侵灾害风险区域。     

基于GIS的宁夏晚霜冻害风险评估与区划

霜冻是宁夏一种主要农业气象灾害,对其风险评估及区划,可为区域防灾减灾提供有效依据。以宁夏23个气象站1981-2010年日气象观测数据、社会经济数据及地理信息数据作为基础资料,采用风险指数法、层次分析法、加权综合评分法等方法,利用ARCGIS绘图软件对宁夏晚霜冻灾害风险进行分析和评价,完成霜冻灾害风险区划图。结果表明,宁夏晚霜冻的孕灾环境敏感性复杂,北部灌区敏感性低于山区;致灾因子危险性普遍偏高;承灾体脆弱性北部灌区大部偏高,南部次之,中部最低;防灾减灾能力北部灌区最高,中南部山区偏低;晚霜冻灾害风险大的区域集中在北部灌区的永宁、吴忠及南部的彭阳等地,风险小的区域集中在灌区北部和中部大部。     

城镇化与减灾：新型城镇化建设需要安全减灾思危——写在2014年第六个“国家减灾日”到来之际

2014年5月12日是我国第六个防灾减灾日,主题是“城镇化与减灾”。近年来,受全球气候变暖和地质活跃的影响,致灾因素增多,发生洪涝,台风和地质灾害等风险较高,防灾减灾形势严峻。     

台上一分钟台下十年功——记工力所技术支撑"地震灾害风险调查和重点隐患排查工程"

全国第一次自然灾害综合风险普查,是我国首次开展的全国性综合自然灾害风险摸底,是一项重大国情国力调查和进一步做好防灾减灾救灾工作的重要基础."地震灾害风险评估及区划"是风险普查工程中地震灾种的核心成果,也是最终成果的体现."地震灾害重点隐患排查与评估"是风险普查工程的重点内容之一,将为后续的地震易发区房屋设施加固工程提供...     

基于链式传递结构的旱灾实际风险定量评估方法与应用模式

面向防灾减灾能力、孕灾环境孕险性实际条件下区域旱灾风险定量评估与区划等自然灾害风险防灾减灾关键问题,应用计算思维、系统科学多学科交叉的研究途径,从风险传导角度探讨了区域旱灾风险物理成因机制,阐述了面向致灾机理的区域旱灾五要素系统结构、基于链式传导的旱灾风险六要素系统结构,探讨了区域旱灾实际风险的概念、由旱灾脆弱性连接干旱与损失变量间关系的因旱致灾机理、连接干旱危险性关系与损失风险关系的旱灾风险传导机理、定量评估方法及其主要应用模式,在自然灾害风险评估中具有推广应用前景。     

基于自然的解决方案在防灾减灾中的应用进展

面对日益频发的自然灾害挑战，传统防灾减灾方案难以应对，城市亟须采用新的方案，提升防灾减灾的效率及效益。基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions, NbS)是一种由自然启发和支持，主动进行可持续管理、保护和恢复生态系统的方案，已在防灾减灾领域展现出广阔的应用潜力。该文梳理了NbS的概念发展、应用原则、实践措施、常见应用领域及在防灾减灾中的应用流程等，并对NbS在防灾减灾应用特征进行了概括，同时根据灾前准备、灾中应对、灾后恢复三个阶段对NbS在防灾减灾中的应用进展进行了归纳。总结可知：NbS在减灾防灾中的应用是对传统方案的升级，可长期有效地管理自然灾害风险。NbS在灾前工作中的风险管理、风险评估、群体接受度提高、政策制定等措施均可有效提升前期防灾效率；灾中NbS则可进行应灾方案制定、提升基础设施综合效益、提供监测数据为城市防灾规划创建有效思路；灾后NbS通过生态修复、社会恢复、生态系统服务调节、复原力提升等恢复与重建工作，来提升区域适应未来威胁的能力。因此未来需重点关注：(1)如何将NbS纳入政策主流；(2)实时监测、量化效率、效益评估等NbS相关技术提升；(3)N...     

城市灾害综合风险管理的三维模式--阶段矩阵模式

在考虑防灾减灾措施下,构建了城市灾害风险综合评估的框架体系,包括11种城市灾害所对应的风险系统评估后的综合评估,每个系统的评估是在考虑防灾减灾措施下采用信息扩散技术进行的信息处理和评估.在综合评估的基础上提出了由阶段、灾害风险种类和级别组成的城市灾害综合风险管理的三维模式--阶段矩阵模式.它是由3个阶段、6个环节及每个环节的矩阵模式组成.据此,简述了城市灾害综合风险管理的过程是灾前预防矩阵管理、灾前准备矩阵管理、灾中应急矩阵管理、灾中救援矩阵管理、灾后恢复矩阵管理和灾后重建矩阵管理不断循环和完善的过程.最后,用一个虚拟实例说明了阶段矩阵模式的有效性.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。     

Does money work? Cash transfers to ex-combatants in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration processes

This paper analyses the relevance and potential of cash transfers as part of the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages provided to ex-combatants in transitions from war to peace. To this end, a theoretical framework is established that permits the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of using cash in DDR. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out to compare selected theoretical assumptions on the use of cash with the reality of lessons learned from recent experience in Sierra Leone and other African countries. The study shows that some theoretical drawbacks commonly associated with the use of cash in DDR processes may indeed bear out in practice. At the same time, though, the paper argues that the utility of cash transfers in DDR is affected by a variety of factors that go far beyond the simple choice of employing cash, most notably decisions on payment location, eligibility criteria and targeting.