水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的环境行为与污染控制研究进展

金属(氧化物)纳米材料在生产和使用过程中,可以通过各种途径进入到水环境中,对水生生物、生态环境和人体健康产生威胁.理解纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为,对于评估纳米材料的归趋及其对环境和人体的健康风险至关重要.本文概述了金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的性质、来源和毒性危害,汇总了表征纳米颗粒浓度、粒径及形貌的分析方法与技术,分析了它们在水环境中的环境行为以及影响其稳定性的主要环境因素,并总结了水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的去除方法和效果的最新研究进展.随着金属(氧化物)纳米材料的广泛应用,未来有必要加强对自然水体中纳米颗粒环境行为的研究,并系统开展纳米颗粒健康风险评估工作,为预测纳米材料进入水环境后的归趋和风险提供科学依据.     

耦合流域模型及在中国环境规划与管理中的应用进展

流域水环境模型是研究流域水体黑臭、水体富营养化和水质超标问题的重要工具,流域水环境模型从概念上可以分为(半)机理模型和经验型模型,前者通过方程式和函数关系来刻画流域水动力和迁移转化规律,并通过实测数据校准获取本土化的参数系数,后者力图寻求大数据量间的统计学规律。按照模拟对象的不同,流域水环境模型还可以划分为陆域的污染负荷模拟模型、水域的受纳水体模拟模型,以及水-陆耦合模拟模型。模型对整个流域系统及其内部发生的复杂地球化学过程进行定量化描述,污染负荷模型一般用来估算点源及非点源产生的污染负荷量,并计算出进入河道的污染负荷量,作为受纳水体模型的污染源边界输入条件;受纳水体模型一般用来模拟沉积物或污染物在河流、湖泊、水库、河口、沿海等水体中的运动和衰减转化过程,是水质预测、评价、分析的重要工具。传统的流域模型多用评价自然活动以及人类活动对水环境造成的影响,而当前越来越多的学者将水环境模型与经济学模型进行耦合,开展基于水环境模型的环境政策设计和优化研究。文章从系统控制的视角,主要总结了水量水质耦合流域模型在水资源管理政策、水环境管理政策中的应用,例如水资源有效分配、排污交易产生的水环境影响、基于成本-效益的水污染控制策略优化等。在此基础上文章对流域水环境模型的发展方向和应用前景进行了的展望,流域水环境容量控制策略、目标总量控制策略的水环境影响比较分析以及水环境模型的不确定性研究将是未来关注的重点所在,尤其不确定性问题经常存在于水污染物产排放预测和水环境质量模拟预测过程中,对于提升环境规划与管理的科学性、有效性具有十分重要的现实意义。     

天津市地表水水质变化趋势及对策

水资源短缺和水体严重污染,是天津市的主要水环境问题。通过对天津市主要水体水质变化趋势及产生原因分析,揭示天津地区水污染的发生规律,并提出了改善水环境质量的相应对策。     

小浪底水库沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

重金属污染已经成为水环境污染防治的重要内容.研究表明,进入水体中的重金属大部分与悬浮物结合,在水流缓慢时,悬浮物逐渐沉积下来,大大降低了水中重金属元素的浓度.在特定的环境地球化学条件下,水库沉积物中重金属可通过一系列物理、化学和生物过程而释放出来,导致水环境"二次污染",严重威胁水库生态环境安全.因此,研究沉积物中重金属的含量变化规律,评价重金属污染的潜在生态风险,探讨其在水体中的迁移转化过程,对于保护区域水环境质量和防治重金属污染具有重要意义.本实验通过采集小浪底水库表层沉积物样品,对水库沉积物中重金属的含量与分布进行研究,并对其潜在的生态     

淮南泥河沉积物中重金属总量及形态分析

泥河位于安徽省淮南市潘集区,长期以来,泥河接纳了大量的工业废水、废渣和废气,河流中的沉积物作为水体中重金属的重要归宿,昌水环境中重金属的指示剂,也是水体的二次污染源,容易导致生态环境恶化.     

广州大学城某校园地表水“三氮”浓度的时间变化特征及自净状态分析

氨氮(NH3-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)简称"三氮",是衡量水体毒理性和富营养化程度的重要指标.水中"三氮"污染主要来自含氮生活污水及工业废水排放和渗漏、农田施用氮肥等.水体"三氮"污染降低了水质,使水环境自净能力减弱,易造成水体富营养化.广州大学城位于番禺区小谷围岛,岛上以种植蔬菜和果树为主,没有工业,     

水环境中抗生素的光降解研究进展

抗生素的大量使用已经成为了全球环境问题.由于其在环境水体中难以被微生物降解,且能导致细菌抗药性越来越受到关注.光降解是污染物在水环境中非常重要的非生物降解途径.本文介绍了水环境中抗生素的直接、间接和自敏化光降解动力学,着重阐述了抗生素的光降解过程的影响因素、降解产物和可能降解途径等最新研究成果,指出抗生素光降解产物的分离提取与结构鉴定,以及预测抗生素降解过程的动力学模型构建将成为今后主要的研究方向和趋势.     

寒冷地区流域水污染防治问题

我国寒冷地区河流冰封期最长可达180天,其间水体自净功能差,加之城镇污水处理水平低于全国平均水平,工业点源污染负荷沉重,流域水污染问题显得格外突出,水环境压力巨大.因此,有针对性地解决寒冷地区流域水环境问题已经成为协调资源供求、经济发展与环境保护的核心问题.通过分析寒冷地区流域水污染特点及成因,提出了建立流域水污染防治...     

北塘河口沉积物中汞,砷,铬的污染现状和富集特征

由于受上游河流污染的影响,北塘河口沉积物中普遍积累了一定量的汞.本文通过该区域沉积物中汞、砷、铬与有机碳、粘土和铁、铝、锰含量的回归分析,看出这三种元素在沉积物中的富集和分布,主要与水体悬浮物、沉积物中所含有机质,粘土矿物和铁、铝、锰的水合氧化物的含量密切相关.河口淡-咸水界面的水环境中胶体的吸附作用是这些金属离子从溶液转入沉积物的主要途径,水体中的这些金属离子通过悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中有机胶体,无机胶体(粘土矿物和水合氧化物)的吸附,是水体自净的一个极为重要的方面.     

水环境中纳米氧化锌的环境行为及生物毒性研究进展

随着纳米氧化锌的大量生产和应用,作为其最终受体之一的水环境将面临越来越大的威胁.纳米氧化锌在水环境中的团聚,溶解等环境行为使其具有不稳定性,在很大程度上影响着纳米氧化锌在水体中的迁移性、生物可利用性以及对生态环境的毒性.本文着重探讨纳米氧化锌在水环境中的环境行为及其影响控制因素和检测分析方法,归纳纳米氧化锌对不同种类水生生物的毒性效应,分析纳米氧化锌的毒性机制及其存在的问题,并对水环境中纳米氧化锌的环境行为及生物毒性的研究方向进行了展望.     

城市雨水口垃圾污染调查与研究

雨水口既是城市排水管系汇集雨水径流的瓶颈，又是城市非点源污染物进入水环境的首要通道，一旦被垃圾充塞，不仅导致排水不畅甚至水涝，还会对城市水体造成严重的污染。从对北京城区雨水口垃圾的抽样调查分析，和对雨水口垃圾产生的污染模拟实验和量化计算，讨论了我国城市雨水口垃圾问题的严重性和实施有效控制的重要性。     

Conditions and processes of precipitation of iron compounds upon discharge of high-mineralized artesian water from artesian borehole R-30, Staro Oryahovo,Bulgaria

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The artesian borehole R-30–Staro Oryahovo with total depth of 1740 m gives waters of chlorine–sodium type with a mineralization of...     

山水风景地区控规指标体系构建及指标赋值方法的探析——以千岛湖为例

为解决现行的传统城市地区控制性详细规划（简称控规,后同）对山水风景地区控制不力的现象,以千岛湖地区为例,对山水风景地区控规进行了探讨,对控规指标体系的内容和赋值方法进行了有针对性的扩展和改进。借助GIS等技术手段,对地方性特色元素进行分析,并以此为基础,建立了以”分区控制和分类引导”为核心的控制指标体系。将单一地块进一步划分为亚区域进行分别控制,同时通过图示的方式对不同的建设类型进行引导。根据山水风景地区的建设特征,进一步引入、明确了地表改变率、建筑绝对高度、建筑投影面积等指标的赋值方法,增加了城市设计导引等内容,丰富、强化了山水风景地区控规的内容和可操作性。     

Removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater using advanced treatments. A review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The rise of emerging contaminants in waters challenges the scientific community and water treatment stakeholders to design remediation techniques that are simple,...     

Trace Metal Voltammetric Determination of Otoliths of Tench Tinca Tinca (L.): Its Possible Uses in Monitoring the Quality of Fresh Waters

New data of heavy metals in otoliths of fresh water teleosts are reported. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) has been used for determining copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in otoliths of tench, Tinca tinca (L.). the analytical procedure followed gives data of good repeatability and with low detection limits, in a simple and inexpensive way. Tench of age ranging from 3 to 8 years were examined. Four year old fish had maximum concentrations of heavy metals, and an otolith weight adequate for experimental determinations in bulked samples. Fresh water teleosts are less mobile than marine ones, and could be used for monitoring the quality of waters suspected for pollution, and eventually verifying the influence of the environmental variations on the metal bioaccumulation.     

Assessment of the Water Quality of the River Arno in the Area of Florence,Italy

The quality of the waters collected from R. Arno was examined in the period September 1988 to December 1989. A first campaign in September/October 1988, during a period of low water, gives a general picture of pollution conditions along the river from the source to the mouth. the river appears to be heavily polluted immediately downstream of Florence and in the area of the textile industry.

In the second campaign, through the whole year 1989, particular attention has been given to the Florence area; the most significant results, compared with those from a previous investigation carried out in 1971, show only a small reduction of the pollution load, due to the shortage and inadequacy of wastewater depuration. Some considerations are reported on pollution drop with full spate.     

Assessment of the Water Quality of the River Arno in the Area of Florence, Italy

The quality of the waters collected from R. Arno was examined in the period September 1988 to December 1989. A first campaign in September/October 1988, during a period of low water, gives a general picture of pollution conditions along the river from the source to the mouth. the river appears to be heavily polluted immediately downstream of Florence and in the area of the textile industry.

In the second campaign, through the whole year 1989, particular attention has been given to the Florence area; the most significant results, compared with those from a previous investigation carried out in 1971, show only a small reduction of the pollution load, due to the shortage and inadequacy of wastewater depuration. Some considerations are reported on pollution drop with full spate.     

Physicochemical fingerprinting of thermal waters of Beira Interior region of Portugal

Mineral natural waters and spas have been used for therapeutic purposes for centuries, with Portugal being a very rich country in thermal waters and spas that are mainly distributed by northern and central regions where Beira Interior region is located. The use of thermal waters for therapeutic purposes has always been aroused a continuous interest, being dependent on physicochemical fingerprinting of this type of waters the indication for a treatment in a specific pathological condition. In the present work, besides a literature review about the physicochemical composition of the thermal waters of the Beira Interior region and its therapeutic indications, it was carried out an exhaustive multivariate analysis—principal component analysis and cluster analysis—to assess the correlation between different physicochemical parameters and the therapeutic indications claims described for these spas and thermal waters. These statistical methods used for data analysis enables classification of thermal waters compositions into different groups, regarding to the different variable selected, making possible an interpretation of variables affecting water compositions. Actually, Monfortinho and Longroiva are clearly quite different of the others, and Cró and Fonte Santa de Almeida appear together in all analysis, suggesting a strong resemblance between these waters. Thereafter, the results obtained allow us to demonstrate the role of major components of the studied thermal waters on a particular therapeutic purpose/indication and hence based on compositional and physicochemical properties partially explain their therapeutic qualities and beneficial effects on human health. This classification agreed with the results obtained for the therapeutic indications approved by the Portuguese National Health Authority and proved to be a valuable tool for the regional typology of mineral medicinal waters, constituting an important guide of the therapeutic armamentarium for well and specific-oriented pathological disturbs.     

Nutrient budget of the lagoonal waters in an open central South Pacific atoll (Tikehau,Tuamotu, French Polynesia)

Nutrient concentrations were measured in the lagoon and surrounding oceanic waters of Tikehau Atoll (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia) from 1984 to 1987. The atoll-mass effect alters the nutrient profiles: turbulent vertical mixing of the waters along the deeper slopes of the atoll induces nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of the surface layer. Nutrient concentrations varied with year and month of sampling; except for ammonium, inorganic nutrient levels were lower inside the lagoon than in the surrounding oceanic waters. Nitrogen, phosphorus and silica budgets were calculated by mean differences in nutrient concentrations recorded between lagoon and oceanic surface waters and by the waterexchange rate through the passage linking the lagoon and oceanic waters and the reef-flat spillways. Particulate and dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium are exported from the lagoon to the open ocean through the westward passage. The nitrogen budget is not balanced by the nitrate input from oceanic waters and the organic nitrogen and ammonium output from lagoonal waters. Nitrogen fixation would appear to constitute another source of nitrogen for lagoonal waters. The phosphorus budget is largely balanced by phosphate input from the oceanic waters and organic phosphorus output from the lagoon waters. The oceanic waters became impoverished in silicate during their crossing of the atoll reef edge and their residence in the lagoon. The atoll constitutes a source of nitrogen for the surrounding oceanic waters.     

Classification of coastal waters according to the new Italian water legislation and comparison with the European Water Directive

New legislation for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and ground waters has recently been established in Italy. This law presents a new integrated approach, where all water bodies are considered as complex ecosystems to be studied in each of their components. The new concept of environmental quality of the water body, based on the ecological and chemical status, is also introduced. At the same time (i.e. the end of 2000), the European Community approved the European Water Framework Directive based on the same basic environmental concepts and criteria of the new Italian law. This paper analyses the important points and innovations required by the new Italian legislation for monitoring and classification of marine coastal waters. Details of definitions, parameters, analysis and monitoring programs are discussed. A comparison with the European Water Framework Directive is eventually given, underlining the specific characteristics of the Mediterranean sea, which have to be taken into consideration when applying the European Directive to this particular ecoregion.