Influences of Cu or Cd on the neurotoxicity induced by petroleum hydrocarbons in ragworm Perinereis aibuhitensis

The ecotoxicological effects of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） on ragworms are still vague. The relationships between toxicological indices （mortality and acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity） and concentrations of toxicants （Cu, Cd, and PHCs） were examined in the estuary keystone species Perinereis aibuhitensis in laboratory conditions. The results of single toxicant indicated that three toxicants had potentially physiological toxicity to P. aibuhitensis. The estimated 4-d and 10-d LC50 for Cu, Cd, and PHCs was derived from the relationships between mortality and toxicants concentrations. Notable changes in the morphological signs and symptoms of P. aibuhitensis exposed to PHCs were observed. The ACHE activity of P. aibuhitensis was more sensitive to the toxicity of PHCs than the others. The results of combined toxicants implied that the combined toxicity of Cu or Cd and PHCs to P. aibuhitensis was related to the concentration combination of toxicants. Compared to single PHCs treatment, the addition of Cu or Cd significantly mitigated the neurotoxicity of PHCs to ACHE activity in P. aibuhitensis, which showed an antagonistic effect.     

Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor

Using the exposure simulation experiment, the action of petroleum affecting the accumulation of the trace metals including copper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in littoral polychaete Nereis diversicolor collected from the Shuangtaizi Estuary in Liaoning Province, China was examined. The results showed that there was a markedly non-linear relationship between the accumulation of Cu in worms and the experimental concentration of Cu in exposure solutions when the concentration of petroleum remained at 0, 100, and 220 μl/L, respectively. However, significantly non-linear relationship for worms exposed to Cd was observed only when the concentration of added petroleum was 0 and 220 μl/L. The accumulation of Cu in worms did not differ significantly among the three different levels of petroleum concentrations combined with various concentrations of Cu. So was the accumulation of Cd in worms （p〉0.05）. However, the addition of petroleum in exposure solutions brought about an increase in the accumulation of Cu in Nereis diversicolor, in comparison with single Cu pollution. On the other hand, when the concentration of added petroleum remained at 100 μl/L, the accumulation of Cd in worms was lower than that in worms exposed to various concentrations of only cadmium. However, the worms exposed to Cd and petroleum 220 μl/L did not show obvious and identical increase in the accumulation of Cd, compared with single Cd exposure. The accumulation of both Cu and Cd in worms did not increase significantly with the increases in concentrations of Cu or Cd in exposure solutions combined with petroleum （0, 100, and 220μl/L） under the experimental conditions. Although Nereis diversicolor is exposed to very high Cu and Cd in exposure solutions, accumulation and detoxification mechanisms are sufficient to cope with the extra metal influx in order to survive.     

苯并(a)芘、镉单一及复合污染对双齿围沙蚕3刚节疣足幼体发育的影响

为评估多环芳烃与重金属单一及复合污染对海洋底栖多毛类早期发育的影响,本文选取苯并(a)芘(BaP)和镉(Cd)作为目标污染物,进行了二者单一及复合污染对广泛分布于我国河口和海湾的双齿围沙蚕(Pernereis aibuhitensis)3刚节疣足幼体发育影响的72 h急性毒性实验。结果表明:(1)单一污染胁迫下,BaP对沙蚕幼体的毒性作用显著(P<0.05),致畸效应明显,而Cd对沙蚕幼体的毒性作用不显著(P>0.05),当Cd浓度最高为2000μg/L时幼体正常发育的比例仍高达82.3%;沙蚕3刚节疣足幼体非正常发育的BaP和Cd半数效应浓度(EC50)分别为125.03μg/L和13.3 g/L。(2)复合污染胁迫下,幼体发育受BaP+Cd低浓度配比组合(0.5+5,0.5+50,5+5,5+50μg/L)的影响较小,复合毒性以拮抗作用为主;但受BaP+Cd高浓度配比组合(50+500,50+2000,500+500,500+2000μg/L)的影响显著增大(P<0.05),复合毒性主要表现为协同作用。     

沙蚕暴露于石油烃、Cu2+和Cd2+毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应

采用浓度梯度污染暴露室内模拟方法,研究了沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube）暴露于不同浓度的石油烃和重金属Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺的毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应.结果表明,石油烃和Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺对沙蚕均具有较强的毒性效应.暴露4 d和10 d后,石油烃LC₅₀分别为440和110 μg·L^-1,Cu²⁺分别为1 150和570 μg·L^-1,Cd²⁺分别为5 090和2 500 μg·L^-1,相应的生态毒性大小为：石油烃＞Cu²⁺＞Cd²⁺.在Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到一定程度的抑制,但抑制率均低于50％.而在石油烃污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到显著抑制,最高抑制率可达90％以上;而且,其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化与石油烃的浓度显著相关.可见,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化可以作为生物标志物,较灵敏地反映出石油烃对沙蚕的污染效应及其毒害作用.     

水和沉积物中石油烃的分析方法及污染特征研究进展

综述了近年来国内外有关水和沉积物中石油烃的分析方法和污染特征研究进展。对各类提取方法和测定方法的原理、适用范围、优缺点和应用进行了系统的总结和评述。目前,水样中石油烃的提取方法最常用的是液-液萃取,而沉积物样品最常用的是索氏萃取、超声波萃取,气相色谱是测定总石油烃浓度和石油烃特定组分浓度的主要发展方向。同时总结了石油烃在全球范围内水和沉积物中的污染水平、分布情况以及影响因素。结果表明:水中石油烃低污染浓度(0.05~4.13 μg/L)出现在泰国湾和马来西亚半岛东海岸,高污染浓度(1 581 541 μg/L)出现在澳大利亚新南威尔士州;沉积物中石油烃低污染浓度(未检出~1.71 mg/kg)来自波斯湾北部的海岸线和红树林,高污染浓度(300~16 500 mg/kg)来自珠江口;水和沉积物中石油烃污染主要分布在亚洲;石油泄漏、工业废水排放和城市径流是环境中石油烃污染水平升高的主要影响因素。最后,对今后水和沉积物中石油烃的研究重点进行了展望。     

海洋中石油烃敏化光氧化反应研究进展

本文总结了激发三重态光敏剂及激发单重态氧分子引发的表层海水中石油烃光氧化反应的研究概况，介绍激发三重态光敏化剂引发的典型化合物的光氧化产物、反应机理，原油光氧化产物和表层海水中溶解石油烃成分及其氧化产物的分析等方面的研究成果。比较两类光氧化反应研究的优缺点，提出今后研究的方向。     

磺胺间甲氧嘧啶-镉复合污染对作物种子发芽的影响

测定了黄潮土中常用兽药磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)与重金属镉(Cd)单一及复合污染对小麦和西红柿种子发芽(根伸长、芽伸长和发芽率)的影响,分析了土壤中药物浓度与作物生长抑制的剂量-效应关系及复合污染的毒性效应.结果表明,在单一污染物作用下,根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率与药物浓度显著相关(P0.05);药物对根伸长及芽伸长的抑制高于对种子发芽的抑制;SMM对2种作物的毒性效应明显强于Cd,SMM对小麦和西红柿根伸长的IC50(抑制率为50%时污染物浓度)分别为33.7,49.3mg/kg,而Cd为507.3,599.8mg/kg.SMM和Cd复合污染时,在低Cd(200mg/kg)的胁迫下,联合作用主要体现为协同作用,但随着SMM浓度的增加,协同效应不显著(P>0.05);在高Cd(500mg/kg)作用下,二者的联合效应中Cd起主要作用.     

石油烃对虾夷马粪海胆胚胎发育及四种酶活力的影响

通过虾夷马粪海胆胚胎暴露实验,研究了常见石油烃零号柴油对海胆胚胎发育时间以及发育时期内海胆胚胎的SOD、CAT、GPx及谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)四种酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的零号柴油水溶组分对海胆胚胎发育的各个时期具有不同程度的延迟效应,低浓度对海胆胚胎中的四种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应;四种酶活性的变化程度比较,对GPx和GST酶活力的影响要明显大于对CAT和SOD的影响;随着浓度的不断增大,四种酶活性受到不同程度的抑制作用,高浓度对酶活性的抑制作用尤为显著;囊胚期对影响最为敏感,可作为生物标志物。     

TCDD和汞、镉、铅、砷联合毒性效应及机理研究进展

化学污染物通常以混合物的形式存在,其中重金属和有机化学物质是环境中常见的两大类污染物,它们的毒性效应长期受到关注。由于化学污染物混合物毒性效应的复杂性和研究方法的限制,现有研究大多关注污染物单一毒性效应和同一类化学污染物联合毒性效应,而对不同类型化学污染物联合毒性效应研究甚少。在系统分析、总结2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并二英(TCDD)和汞、镉、铅、砷的环境来源、环境浓度、单一及联合毒性效应和分子机理研究的基础上,结合对单一和混合物诱导表达基因的转录组分析,基因表达水平的定量研究以及代谢组学、暴露组学等技术在联合毒性效应与机理研究中的应用前景,提出基于特异性基因表达水平来研究、评价联合毒性效应的方法。     

紫外分光光度法测定贻贝体内石油烃的方法研究

选择贻贝为试样，经皂化后用ＣＨ２Ｃｌ２萃取，提取物经氧化铝柱脱色，浓缩后的样品溶于正已烷中，用紫外分光光度计在２２５ｎｍ和２５４ｎｍ波长上分别进行测定，结果表明，用波长２５４ｎｍ测定贻贝中的石油烃要比２２５ｎｍ的测定效果好；对脱色实验做了研究，用加标实验法计算了两波长测定结果的回收率（９８．８％￣１１０％），检测限分别是０．６２×１０＾－６（２２５ｎｍ）和０．０５２×１０＾－６（２５４ｎｍ）。     

玉米幼苗对镉、菲单一与复合污染的生理生化响应

通过室内盆栽实验研究了玉米幼苗在镉、菲污染胁迫14 d后的生理生化响应,并探讨了镉、菲单一与复合污染对玉米幼苗的毒性效应及其致毒机制.结果表明,单一镉(0～50 mg/kg)污染时,镉处理对玉米幼苗地上部分和根系生物量以及可溶性蛋白都无显著影响;随镉处理浓度的增加,玉米幼苗叶片SOD酶活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而P...     

营养盐对湄洲湾海洋细菌生长及降解石油烃的影响

测定从湄洲湾海域分离的烃细菌在添加和不添加N、P营养盐的海水培养基的生物量及对原油和纯烃的降解作用.结果表明,营养盐对不同菌株的生长及代谢有不同的影响.添加N、P营养盐,试验菌PF-6（Pseudomonas fluorescens 6）的生物量增大,而PA-32（P.aeruginosa 32） 的生物量却减少.在初始原油浓度均为1g/L的摇瓶试验中,添加N、P营养盐培养6d,PF-6菌与PA-32菌的除油率分别为25%及26%,而不添加N、P营养盐时,PF-6菌与PA-32菌的除油率分别为21.4%及36.3%.经气相色谱测定,在以正十六烷和萘两种纯烃组成的培养基,营养盐对两个菌株降解正十六烷的影响仍然不同,但在不添加N、P营养盐时,两个菌株对萘均有较高的降解率.无需添加N、P营养盐能正常生长并降解石油烃的菌株,在海洋油污的生物修复中具有应用前景.     

铁基硅盐对土壤环境镉砷赋存形态及转化影响

为探明铁基硅盐对土壤镉砷赋存形态影响及各形态间转化规律,采用室内长期淹水培养吸附实验,研究不同比例铁硅材料对土壤离子态镉砷活性影响;筛选适宜铁基硅盐(FS)配比同时添加腐殖酸(FSC)和金属氧化物(FSCa),明确复配处理土壤中镉砷分级形态转化程度.结果显示,铁:硅比值增加10%,土壤pH值平均降低0.35;F₂-S₈处理土壤离子态镉降幅71%;F₁₀-S₀处理土壤离子态砷降低59.9%,离子态镉砷含量与硅酸盐-铁盐施用量互呈反比;处理F₄-S₆和F₆-S₄之间镉、砷钝化率产生交点,约为25%~30%.土壤中镉主要以可溶态为主,占比58%;砷主要以铁铝氧化态和钙结合态为主,占比40%和23%.铁硅比例为5:5或5.5:4.5左右复配能有效将铝结合态砷和铁铝氧化态砷转变为钙结合态砷和残渣态砷,可溶态镉转化为碳酸盐结合态镉以及铁锰氧化态镉,同步降低土壤中镉砷的活性.     

Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic e ects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had di erent toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic e ects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50 mix value of the mixture (EC50 mix = 0.530 TUmix). The EC50 mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on earthworm Eisenia fetida in phaiozem, northeast China

Introduction W ith the increase in types and am ount of pollutants releasing into soil ecosystem s, research on the joint effects of m ore than one pollutant in soil-plant, soil-anim al and soil-m icroorganism system s is increasingly concerned (Zhou and …     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

钒镉复合污染对水稻吸收积累镉、钒和磷的影响

采用溶液培养法研究钒与镉复合污染对水稻生长及其吸收积累镉的影响,以便弄清在钒与镉复合污染条件下水稻的生长情况.试验结果表明,钒镉复合污染可影响水稻的生长发育.在培养液镉浓度(1 0mg·L-1)不变的情况下,随着溶液中钒浓度的增加,水稻根长、根系和茎叶的干重不断减少.当溶液中钒浓度达到1 6mg·L-1和3 2mg·L-1时,水稻茎叶和根系干重减少分别达到显著水平(p<0 05).钒镉复合污染也影响水稻植株对磷、钒和镉的吸收与积累.当培养液中镉浓度不变时,随着溶液中钒浓度的增加,水稻根系和茎叶中的磷浓度不断降低,而钒含量却不断提高,根系比茎叶积累更多的钒.此外,钒可抑制水稻植株对镉的吸收与积累.     

Ecological toxicity of reactive X-3B red dye and cadmium acting on wheat (Triticum aestivum)

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｖａｒｉｅｔｉｅｓａｎｄｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｄｙｅｓｅｎｔｅｒｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ,ｄｙｅｓ,ａｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｙｐｅｏｆｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ,ｈａｖｅａｎａｄｖｅｒｓｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｗａｔｅｒ ｓｏｉｌ ｐｌａｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ ,ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｓｏｍｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ(Ｃｈｅｎｇ ,ｉｎｐｒｅｓｓ) .ＩｎｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎＣｈｉｎａ ,ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｆ…     

土壤性质对单一及复合污染下外源镉稳定化过程的影响

通过对11个性质差异较大的土壤进行室内培养(土壤水分65%～70%WHC,温度25℃),观测了镉(Cd)单一和镉-铅(Cd-Pb)复合污染360 d内有效Cd含量随时间的变化,利用动力学模型对其稳定化过程进行模拟,并采用相关和逐步回归分析讨论了土壤理化性质对外源Cd稳定化过程的影响.结果表明,不同土壤中有效态Cd含量均在培养开始的15 d内迅速下降,随后变化减缓,培养60 d后基本达到平衡,其稳定化过程可用二级动力学方程、一阶指数衰减函数进行模拟.Pb的存在提高了Cd的有效性.模型的动力学参数稳定化平衡含量和表观速率常数可用来表征Cd的稳定化过程.土壤性质对这2个关键参数有显著影响,高pH值和高阳离子交换量(CEC)对Cd平衡含量有极显著的抑制作用,且pH值的直接抑制作用最大;土壤质地影响Cd的稳定化速率常数,在黏粒含量少、砂粒含量多的土壤中Cd能够更快达到平衡.     

纳米银与镉的复合毒性对拟南芥根系形态及叶片生理指标的影响

为研究纳米银（AgNPs）与镉（Cd²⁺）对拟南芥的复合毒性,本文以不同浓度的PVP coated-AgNPs和Cd²⁺处理拟南芥幼苗一周后,测定了拟南芥幼苗主根长度,根毛数量,叶片中光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化系统相关酶活性.结果表明,高浓度（5mg/L） Cd²⁺能显著抑制根长,提高可溶性蛋白含量及SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）和POD（过氧化物酶）的活性.在高浓度Cd²⁺（5mg/L）中加入AgNPs能显著增强Cd²⁺对根长的抑制作用,而高浓度的Cd²⁺能缓解AgNPs对根毛的抑制作用;在低浓度Cd²⁺（0.1mg/L和1mg/L）中加入AgNPs能显著增强Cd²⁺对色素含量抑制作用;在含有Cd²⁺的处理中,SOD和POD在1mg/L AgNPs下活性最高;以上结果说明Cd²⁺和AgNPs对拟南芥幼苗根系形态及叶片生理指标都存在交互影响.