哈尔滨市利民经济技术开发区生态工业建设研究

哈尔滨市是国家“一五”时期重点布局建设的老工业基地城市之一，长期以来受“先发展，后治理”现念的影响。在工业发展、城市建设中留下许多遗憾和欠账。随着“工业强市”战略的提出，哈尔滨市迎来了二次工业化浪潮，也迎来了发展生态工业的最佳时期。因此。适时导入循环经济和工业生态学理念，以利民经济技术开发区为生态工业建设示范因区，是探索哈尔滨市经济因区生态工业建设的有益尝试。     

城市湿地的生态环境保护问题探讨--以哈尔滨市为例

城市湿地存在于城市区域内或城市边缘地带,与城市的形成和发展息息相关,其生态功能不同于自然湿地。近年来,由于受到人类活动的干扰,城市湿地面临湿地面积缩小、生态系统变脆弱、水体环境受污染、生物多样性被破坏等生态环境保护问题。在调研哈尔滨市城市湿地公园现状的基础上,以哈尔滨市为例,阐述城市湿地的作用和价值,归纳分析了城市湿地主要的生态环境保护问题,提出了哈尔滨市开发建设中加强城市湿地生态环境保护的建议。     

把哈尔滨市建设成为可持续发展生态城市的研究

对国内生态城市的建设进行了深入的调研 ,根据生态城市建设和管理方式的要求 ,分析了哈尔滨市建设生态城市的有利条件和潜在的优势 ,提出了生态城市建设的总体思路、目标步骤和主要指标体系 ,制订了建设可持续发展的生态城市的基本原则、任务和保护措施。     

建设沈阳生态市的思考

生态文明正作为新兴文明代替工业文明,人类社会也将从工业化发展模式转向生态化发展模式。生态城市是人类物质文明与精神文明相融合的现代文明城市。本文提出了建设沈阳生态市需要更加关注和思考的几个方面。1.以人为本。2.农村是建设生态市的难点和重点。3.建立生态安全防护体系。4.实行区域环境治理。5.建设生态文化。     

崇川区生态城市建设研究

党的十八大报告把生态文明建设摆到了总体布局的高度,首次提出“美丽中国”的宏伟目标.基于对崇川区生态环境的现状分析,结合城市化进程与崇川区情,提出了建设生态城市是崇川区城市发展的必然选择.介绍了生态城市的内涵,提出了“天蓝、地绿、水清、人和”是崇川生态城市建设的目标,并围绕这一目标,总结了崇川区生态城市建设多年来取得的成绩和经验,揭示了存在的问题和矛盾,分析制约因素,探讨了崇川区生态城市建设的对策与措施.     

哈尔滨市农村生态环境污染防治对策

农村生态环境保护与建设是建设生态文明的重要组成部分,也是重要基础工作。随着农村经济发展,城镇化进程的不断加深,农村的生态环境保护面临巨大压力。为进一步解析哈尔滨市农村污染现状、发展态势和目前存在的问题,阐明了哈尔滨市农村污染防治的意义与必要性,文章在调研当前哈尔滨市农村生态环境存在的问题基础上,对农村面源污染产生的生态环境破坏进行了深入的研究,在充分利用当前国家加大农村环境建设投入的有利机遇基础上,提出了哈尔滨市农村生态环境污染相应的防治对策,为哈尔滨市农村生态文明建设和农村环境保护提供借鉴和参考。     

哈尔滨市2013年生态足迹计算与分析研究

利用生态足迹计算模型和分析方法,对哈尔滨市2013年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了研究和分析.结果表明:哈尔滨市人均生态足迹为1.216 hm2,人均生态承载力为0.637 hm2,人均生态赤字为0.579 hm2,生态赤字不可持续发展,表明2013年哈尔滨市生态足迹超出区域所能提供的生态承载力,出现生态赤字,属于不可持续发展状态.大量的物质和能量不断输入到城市生活中去,同时又不断向自然界抛弃废弃物,生态环境遭到破坏.在此基础上提出了减缓哈尔滨市生态赤字的措施,对模型的完善做出了展望.     

生态工业园——可持续的工业革命

工业的快速发展,加剧了城市生态环境的变化。而工业的规模化生产,使城市生态系统中有限的资源变得越来越稀缺。生态经济的不断发展又要求人们在追求经济效益的同时,兼顾与生态效益与社会效益的和谐统一。城市工业生态系统是城市生态系统的子系统,而城市工业园区则是城市工业生态系统的核心部分,也是城市工业发展的动力和方向。如何运用工业生态学的基本原理以及借鉴国外生态工业园区的成功经验,以完善我国城市工业园区建设,从而促进工业的可持续发展,是摆在我们面前的历史难题。生态工业园是人类探索经济发展新途径的产物,它可使社会经济、环境和人类的需求三者之间达到平衡,是工业生态学的一个重要研究领域。本文从生态工业园的概念出发,分析了国内外生态工业园的发展状况及其类型,并对其今后的发展作了展望。     

绍兴市城市工业生态规划转型的研究

环境与经济协调发展是当代各国面临的重大问题和挑战,生态工业是协调这一问题和挑战的重要战略,是可持续发展的基础之一.根据绍兴市以印染工业为主导、多种行业共同发展的产业结构,结合循环经济的理论和工业生态规划的原理和技术方法,来探讨绍兴市城市工业生态规划的转型模式,提出绍兴市工业结构调整的对策、生态工业网络体系的技术设计的策略以及生态工业园的产品链设计方案.绍兴市工业生态规划的转型是实现城市生态工业系统的有效可行的途径,是生态工业的集中体现.     

哈尔滨市松北区湿地生态功能的展望

文章以哈尔滨市松北区城市自然湿地为研究对象.研究由于哈尔滨市城市化进程的不断加快、城市人口的数量和经济的发展速度不断提升,城市自然湿地的生态环境及其生态功能遭到的严重的破坏。文章对湿地生态环境进行了全面、系统的研究,定量化地分析人类对城市自然湿地的影响程度,探讨城市自然湿地可持续保护利用的理论和技术方法,以达到城市自然湿地的可持续发展和保护的目的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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