陆地生态环境酸沉降敏感性研究

酸雨对生态环境的影响已成为全球性的重大环境问题，本文在总结了世界酸雨现状、酸雨的生态危害、酸雨对土壤系统的影响及生态系统酸沉降敏感性等方面研究现状的基础上，对各方面的研究进展、存在的问题及发展趋势进行了评述和展望，并提出了若干研究方向及进一步研究需要注意的问题。     

大气氮沉降及其对水体氮负荷估算的研究进展

大气氮沉降已经并将继续对全球生态系统产生重大影响。大气氮沉降是陆源氮进入水体的重要途径,会使水体氮含量增加,富营养化加重,严重影响生态系统的稳定性。因此,大气氮沉降通量及其对水生生态系统的影响等问题值得深入探讨。介绍了国内外大气氮沉降监测网络、空间分异等方面的研究进展,总结了大气氮干湿沉降的研究方法及大气氮沉降对水体氮负荷的影响,并探讨了该领域目前存在的问题及发展趋势。     

矿区景观格局演变及生态系统服务价值响应

以铜锣山南段矿区为研究目标,借助高分辨率遥感数据获取景观覆被信息,测算景观格局指数和修正后的生态系统服务价值(ESV,万元)。结果表明:(1)ESV总计增加76.34万元。林地和水域的ESV上涨幅度最高,分别增加61.47万、22.34万元。山脊的峰丛及边缘、319国道沿线和采矿区中心地的ESV增长明显,植被恢复、水环境修复工程等有效改善了矿区生态环境。(2)各类景观的敏感性指数(CS)都小于1,其中2018年林地CS为0.83、未利用地CS接近于0。ESV对生态系统服务价值系数的变化缺乏弹性,说明核算结果可靠,可为生态修复提供参考。     

重庆市巴南区酸雨污染及其硝酸盐湿沉降特征研究

选取重庆市巴南区为研究对象,识别了该区域2014—2019年降雨量、降雨pH、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、氮氧化物(NOx)以及硝酸盐湿沉降率的年内和年际变化特征,分析了降雨中硝酸盐和硫酸盐污染来源,评估了硝酸盐湿沉降对环境营养盐输入的影响.结果表明:研究期内巴南区年均降雨量为1073.92 mm,年际差异较小,年内差异明显;区域...     

珠江三角洲潮土和水稻土酸缓冲特性试验研究

珠江三角洲潮土和水稻土对不同种类的酸具有一定的缓冲性,不同种类的酸对不同类型土壤的酸化趋势不同。大旺水稻土对酸的敏感性强于龙山潮土,龙山潮土属于稍易受害的稍敏感土壤,大旺水稻土属于易受害的敏感土壤;同一土壤对酸的缓冲能力比对碱的缓冲能力强;不同种类的酸对土壤的敏感性不同,土壤对硝酸的敏感性强于对硫酸的敏感性;土壤加酸后酸缓冲曲线和土壤中铝释放曲线的交点可以作为衡量土壤对酸敏感性的指标,交点越低,敏感性越强;加酸后土壤中铝的释放可以用模型y=nx+k来预测。     

基于生态系统医学的城市生态系统健康诊治研究

城市生态系统健康诊治包括评价、诊断和治疗(调控),是融入生态系统医学和人体健康观点的新方法。建立类似于人体系统的健康评价指标体系,运用熵值赋权法和多专家打分赋权法确定指标权重,通过城市生态系统健康评价模型计算健康隶属度值并进行健康状态分级。连云港研究案例表明:连云港生态系统中的城市循环系统以及城市生殖系统仍然处于病态,应对其进行针对性的治疗;城市防御系统虽然有所好转,但仍然不容乐观;城市消化系统现在问题逐步凸现,应该给予足够的重视并做好防御准备。根据诊断结果并结合统计指标的原始数据与评价标准的对比分析,找到城市生态系统健康问题的症结,给出相应的健康诊治建议。     

基于生态系统服务功能的穿越水源保护区公路设置开口的生态系统影响评估

生态系统服务功能在研究道路交通工程的生态影响方面有着重要的作用,尤其是对于存在交通穿越的饮用水水源保护区的生态系统影响评价。以深圳东部某高速公路设置开口为研究对象,计算公路开口带来的生态系统服务功能(包括调节气候、固碳释氧、土壤保持、涵养水源、净化环境、减弱噪声、农业生产直接经济价值、物种保育8个方面)损失。在此基础上,结合环境污染损失、经济社会效益和工程建设费用进行了损益综合分析,以全面评估饮用水水源保护区公路开口的生态系统影响。结果表明,该穿越水水源保护区的高速公路开口设置方案对于生态系统的影响很大,效益损失比为17.51%,方案的生态环境可行性不足,应予以修改完善。     

玄武湖入湖口的悬浮颗粒物沉降调查研究

通过对玄武湖的外围入湖口及湖心的悬浮颗粒物的组成、悬浮颗粒物沉降量及沉降速率的对比实验,阐述了外源水、面源水的污染物对湖水水质的影响,并从面源、点源、水体自净能力及补给水等,促使湖水水质变化的途径入手,依据各项监测结果及对数据的分析,找出了玄武湖多次发生水污染的原因是多方面、多途径的影响结果。从监测分析发现,入湖口悬浮颗粒物沉降量高于湖心点,说明玄武湖水污染主要是受外源影响。另外还发现,入湖污水经水生植物阻滞、吸附和吸收后,其悬浮颗粒物的沉积速率和沉降量明显增大,据此认为,控制外源性污染、补充清洁水及在入湖口周围广种水生植物,是减缓湖水水质恶化,促使水质改良的有效途径。     

增强的UV-B辐射对陆地生态系统的影响

本文根据最近的文献,回顾了ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射对陆地生态系统的影响。ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射影响植物物候、形态和次生代谢,从而改变生态系统的物种结构、竞争性平衡、食物链、植物病原体、物质循环、真菌移殖与叶片分解。植物物候、形态和次生代谢的变化是ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射调控影响生态系统的重要途径,具有重要的生态学意义。虽然我们已经适当了解了ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射对植物作用的机理,但由于温室内植物个体水平的短期响应与野外条件下生态系统的长期响应具有明显的差异,到目前为止还不能预测ＵＶ－ Ｂ辐射影响生态系统的精确后果,有时甚至连变化方向也不能预测。因此,必须强调生态系统对ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射长期响应的野外研究的重要性。     

添加剂对炭黑颗粒润湿和沉降性能的影响

为提高湿式除尘装置对炭黑颗粒物的去除效率,通过向吸收液中添加复配表面活性剂以提高吸收液对炭黑的润湿性,投加絮凝剂使进入吸收液的炭黑颗粒发生凝聚和沉降,从而使吸收液得以循环利用。其中表面活性剂的复配以非离子表面活性剂月桂醇聚氧乙烯（9）醚（AEO-9）为主,与十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB）和壬酚基聚氧乙烯醚（TX-10）分别复配,筛选出复配效果最好的一组复配液;然后投加絮凝剂,探讨絮凝剂的加入对吸收液中炭黑颗粒物絮凝沉降的影响。结果表明,在AEO-9浓度为0．05mmol／L,TX-10浓度为0．09mmol／L时,吸收液的表面张力最小,为36．75mN／m;投加无机絮凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）浓度为100mg／L时,经15min沉降,炭黑的沉降率可达88．1％,上清液中悬浮颗粒的平均粒径为6．36μm。     

Source-Receptor Relationships for Acid Deposition: Pure and Simple

The Critical Review entitled Source-Receptor Relationships for Acid Deposition: Pure and Simple? was presented by George M. Hidy at the 77th APCA Annual Meeting and Exhibition in San Francisco, California. Dr. Hidy spoke on his paper which had been published in the May 1984 issue of JAPCA. Prepared discussions presented at the Critical Review Session in San Francisco are reproduced here. In addition, discussion initiated from the floor and comments received through the mail have been formalized and are published along with closing remarks by Dr. Hidy. Dr. Paul J. Lioy, Critical Review Committee chairman, served as moderator for the 1984 Critical Review Session.     

Contributions of Acid Deposition and Natural Processes to Cation Leaching from Forest Soils: A Review

Methods of quantifying the roles of atmospheric acid inputs and internal acid generation by carbonic, organic, and nitric acids are illustrated by reviewing data sets from several intensively studied sites in North America. Some of the sites (tropical, temperate deciduous, and temperate coniferous) received acid precipitation whereas others (northern and subalpine) did not. Natural leaching by carbonic acid dominated soil leaching in the tropical and temperate coniferous sites, nitric acid (caused by nitrification) dominated leaching In an N-fixing temperate deciduous site, and organic acids dominated surface soil leaching in the subalpine site and contributed to leaching of surface soils in several other sites. Only at the temperate deciduous sites did atmospheric acid input play a major role in soil leaching. In no case, however, are the annual net losses of cations regarded as alarming as compared to soil exchangeable cation capital.

These results were used to illustrate the methods of quantifying the effects of atmospheric inputs and internal processes on soil leaching rates, not to draw broad generalizations as to acid rain effects on soils. However, there are predictable patterns in natural soil leaching processes which relate to climate, soil properties, and vegetation that may help in predicting the relative importances of natural vs. atmospheric acid inputs to soil leaching.     

HCI in Rocket Exhaust Clouds: Atmospheric Dispersion,Acid Aerosol Characteristics,and Acid Rain Deposition

NASA is examining Space Shuttle launch impacts. Solid rocket exhaust includes ?60 tons HCL and ?87 tons alumina particles emitted below 2.5 km, of which 50-80% forms an altitude stabilized exhaust cloud (EC). Several 60% smaller Titan-Ill EC were sampled by aircraft for this study. Three distinct features are presented: (a) An analysis of HCL (gaseous plus aqueous) data traces. Total range of peak HCL was 25-0.5 ppm (3-300 min) for 8 EC. Power-law decays of peak HCL applied. Calculated HCL dispersions for 7 standard meteorologies are also shown, (b) An analysis of simultaneous HCL (g), HCL (g + aq) data for 2 EC. Vapor-liquid HCL/H₂O equilibria were calculated for a flat surface aqueous aerosol. HCL partitioning varied with EC dilution and H₂O content. HCL (aq) and aqueous mass fraction maximized early at >3 molal and >0.1 mg/g air. Calculated H₂O (g + aq) compared favorably with independent EC measurements, (c) An analysis of wet deposition after EC interception at ?30 min by a convective storm. A 28 km² acid chloride (1 < pH < 3) footprint was defined. In conclusion, (a) HCL dispersion in large EC tends to follow power-law decay, but HCL concentration may vary widely (100 times after 1 h) with meteorology, (b) HCL (g/aq) and H₂O (g/aq) partitioning is consistent with equilibrated acid aerosol compositions, and (c) localized deposition of highly acidic rain may occur sometimes.     

Deposition of small particles to grass

Past laboratory and field investigations have produced conflicting information regarding the deposition velocity of particles in the 0.05–1.0μm range. This paper reports measurements of the concentration gradient of such particles observed with a condensation nucleus counter over grass. The small concentration gradient observed shows that the deposition velocity did not exceed 0.1 cms⁻¹ on average. Some measurements suggested a small upward flux of particles.     

Deposition of atmospheric ammonia to moorlands

Micrometeorological methods were applied to measure fluxes of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) to moorlands. Measurements were made in a wide variety of surface conditions and included both Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull and Eriophorum vaginatum L. dominated sites. NH3 was found to deposit rapidly to all the sites investigated, providing large deposition velocities (Vd, typically 10-40 mm s(-1)) and usually minimal surface resistances (rc). A small number of measurements were made in frozen conditions and suggest a possible exception to this pattern with mean rc of 50-200 s m(-1). The effect of vegetation drying was also investigated and a possible increase in rc observed, though this was small (< 10 s m(-1)). The results are interpreted in terms of the processes controlling exchange; it is shown that NH3 deposition is predominantly to the leaf surfaces and that the net NH3 compensation point approaches zero. Annual estimates show that dry deposition of NH3 is a major source of atmospheric nitrogen to moorland ecosystems. For two typical UK sites subject to background air concentrations, NH3 dry deposition is of similar magnitude to equivalent NH4+ inputs in wet deposition. In the vicinity of emission sources, NH3 dry deposition is expected to dominate inputs of atmospheric nitrogen.     

Estimates of cloud water deposition at Mountain Acid Deposition Program sites in the Appalachian Mountains

Cloud water deposition was estimated at three high-elevation sites in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States (Whiteface Mountain, NY; Whitetop Mountain, VA; and Clingman's Dome, TN) from 1994 through 1999 as part of the Mountain Acid Deposition Program (MADPro). This paper provides a summary of cloud water chemistry, cloud liquid water content, cloud frequency, estimates of cloud water deposition of sulfur and nitrogen species, and estimates of total deposition of sulfur and nitrogen at these sites. Other cloud studies in the Appalachians and their comparison to MADPro are also summarized. Whiteface Mountain exhibited the lowest mean and median concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen ions in cloud water, while Clingman's Dome exhibited the highest mean and median concentrations. This geographic gradient is partly an effect of the different meteorological conditions experienced at northern versus southern sites in addition to the difference in pollution content of air masses reaching the sites. All sites measured seasonal cloud water deposition rates of SO4(2-) greater than 50 kg/ha and NO3(-) rates of greater than 25 kg/ha. These high-elevation sites experienced additional deposition loading of SO4(2-) and NO3(-) on the order of 6-20 times greater compared with lower elevation Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) sites. Approximately 80-90% of this extra loading is from cloud deposition.     

Deposition processes of ionic constituents to snow cover

Atmospheric deposition is an important removal process of aerosol particles and gases from the atmosphere. To elucidate the relative contributions of wet and dry processes and in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging based on deposition amounts in winter at Mt. Tateyama, central Japan, we obtained daily samples (December, 2006–March, 2007) of size-segregated aerosol particles and precipitation at Senjyugahara (SJ; 475 m a.s.l.) and vertical samples of spring snow cover at Murododaira (MR, 2450 m a.s.l., 13 km distance from SJ) on the western flank of Mt. Tateyama. The NH₄⁺ and nssSO₄^2? in aerosols were mostly found in the fine fraction (<2 μm), although Na⁺, NO₃^?, and nssCa²⁺ were mainly detected in the coarse fraction (>2 μm). Average ionic concentrations (μg g^?1) in precipitation at SJ were higher about 3.8 for Na⁺ and nssCa²⁺, 3.4 for NO₃^?, 3.7 for NH₄⁺, 2.5 for nssSO₄^2? than those at MR, whereas cumulative precipitation amounts at SJ and MR were, respectively, 84 and 175 cm of water equivalent. Wet and dry deposition amounts during the study period were estimated for sites using size-segregated aerosol data, winter averages of HNO₃, NH₃, and SO₂ concentrations, and dry deposition velocities. Particle-dry deposition comprised about 3% (Na⁺) to 11% (NH₄⁺) of the total deposition at MR. The maximum amounts of gas dry deposition were estimated, respectively, as 4, 13, and 3% of the total deposition at MR for NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, and nssSO₄^2?. The relative contributions of below-cloud scavenging (BCS) between MR and SJ were estimated as considering the wet only deposition amount at MR. Higher contributions of BCS were obtained for Na⁺ (56%) and nssCa²⁺ (45%), whereas BCSs for NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, and nssSO₄^2? were lower than 28%. Ionic constituents existing predominantly in the coarse fraction showed a large contribution of BCS.     

Deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to spruce needles

The accumulation of atmospheric HCB, Lindane, DDT, DDE and the PCB congeners 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 in spruce needles (Picea abies) was investigated at outdoor locations and in greenhouses supplied with ambient air. The air supply of the greenhouses was modified to dinstinguish between gaseous and particle-associated deposition of the compounds. Accumulation of the compounds occurred in all spruce except those grown in the greenhouse where the gaseous concentration of the compounds was reduced. Spruce grown in the greenhouse supplied with particle-free ambient air behaved similarity to those grown outdoors. Protecting the spruce located outdoors from rain did not affect the accumulation. The results show that under spring and summer conditions at a typical central European rural environment dry gaseous deposition is the dominant pathway of these compounds to needles. For Part I “Calculation of Dry and Wet Fluxes” see issue 3, pp. 146–150.     

Deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to spruce needles

The deposition of atmospheric tetrachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, α-HCH, γ-HCH, DDT, DDE and the PCB congeners 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 to spruce needles (Picea abies) was estimated for a period of 9 months. Accumulation in spruce as a result of dry gaseous deposition, particle bound deposition and wet deposition was calculated on the basis of the corresponding deposition rates and the compounds’ concentrations in the different atmospheric compartments. The comparison of the calculated values with the concentrations of the compounds measured in 9-month-old spruce needles showed that for many compounds each deposition pathway could explain a large part of the concentrations found in the needles.