Reduced graphene oxide-nano zero value iron (rGO-nZVI) micro-electrolysis accelerating Cr(VI) removal in aquifer

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) assembled on graphene oxide (GO) (rGO-nZVI) composites were synthesized by reduction of GO and ferrous ions with potassium borohydride, for use in Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The results showed that the two-dimensional structure of GO could provide a skeleton support for Fe⁰, thus overcoming the bottleneck of aggregation for nZVI. Also, rGO-nZVI would form a ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis system in Cr(VI)-contaminated aquifers, enhancing and accelerating electron transfer, exhibiting high rate and capacity for Cr(VI) removal. The optimum dosage of the applied rGO-nZVI was linearly correlated with the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Characterization of rGO-nZVI before and after reaction with Cr(VI) revealed the process of Cr(VI) removal: rGO-nZVI firstly transferred electrons from Fe⁰ cores via their Fe(II)/Fe(III) shells to the GO sheet; there, negatively charged Cr(VI) received electrons and changed into positively charged Cr(III), which was adsorbed by the negatively charged GO sheet, avoiding the capping and passivating of nZVI. rGO-nZVI formed a good electrically conductive network, and thus had long-term electron releasing properties, which was important for groundwater remediation.     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔGo° ( − 0.8–4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH° (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS° (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr (III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E _a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intraparticle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

Kinetics and mechanism of hexavalent chromium removal by basic oxygen furnace slag

Basic oxygen furnace slag(BOFS) has the potential to remove hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI))from wastewater by a redox process due to the presence of minerals containing Fe2+. The effects of the solution p H, initial Cr(VI) concentration, BOFS dosage, BOFS particle size, and temperature on the removal of Cr(VI) was investigated in detail through batch tests. The chemical and mineral compositions of fresh and reacted BOFS were characterized using scanning electron microscope(SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)system and X-ray diffractometer(XRD). The results show that Cr(VI) in wastewater can be efficiently removed by Fe2+released from BOFS under appropriate acidic conditions. The removal of Cr(VI) by BOFS significantly depended on the parameters mentioned above. The reaction of Cr(VI) with BOFS followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fe2+responsible for Cr(VI) removal was primarily derived from the dissolution of Fe O and Fe3O4 in BOFS. When H2SO4 was used to adjust the solution acidity, gypsum(Ca SO4·2H2O)could be formed and become an armoring precipitate layer on the BOFS surface, hindering the release of Fe2+and the removal of Cr(VI). Finally, the main mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by BOFS was described using several consecutive reaction steps.     

Synthesis, characterization and application of Lagerstroemia speciosa embedded magnetic nanoparticle for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous solution

Lagerstroemia speciosa bark (LB) embedded magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ salt solution with ammonia and LB for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The native LB, magnetic nanoparticle (MNP), L. speciosa embedded magnetic nanoparticle (MNPLB) and Cr(VI) adsorbed MNPLB particles were characterized by SEM–EDX, TEM, BET-surface area, FT-IR, XRD and TGA methods. TEM analysis confirmed nearly spherical shape of MNP with an average diameter of 8.76 nm and the surface modification did not result in the phase change of MNP as established by XRD analysis, while led to the formation of secondary particles of MNPLB with diameter of 18.54 nm. Characterization results revealed covalent binding between the hydroxyl group of MNP and carboxyl group of LB particles and further confirmed its physico-chemical nature favorable for Cr(VI) adsorption. The Cr(VI) adsorption on to MNPLB particle as an adsorbent was tested under different contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dose, initial pH, temperature and agitation speed. The results of the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption were well described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters suggest spontaneous and endothermic nature of Cr(VI) adsorption onto MNPLB. The maximum adsorption capacity for MNPLB was calculated to be 434.78 mg/g and these particles even after Cr(VI) adsorption were collected effortlessly from the aqueous solution by a magnet. The desorption of Cr(VI)-adsorbed MNPLB was found to be more than 93.72% with spent MNPLB depicting eleven successive adsorption–desorption cycles.     

Kinetics and corrosion products of aqueous nitrate reduction by iron powder without reaction conditions control

Although considerable research has been conducted on nitrate reduction by zero-valent iron powder (Fe0), these studies were mostly operated under anaerobic conditions with invariable pH that was unsuitable for practical application. Without reaction conditions (dissolved oxygen or reaction pH) control, this work aimed at subjecting the kinetics of denitrification by microscale Fe0 (160–200 mesh) to analysis the factors affecting the denitrification of nitrate and the composition of iron reductive products c...     

Weak magnetic field accelerates chromate removal by zero-valent iron

Weak magnetic field(WMF) was employed to improve the removal of Cr(VI) by zero-valent iron(ZVI) for the first time. The removal rate of Cr(VI) was elevated by a factor of 1.12–5.89 due to the application of a WMF, and the WMF-induced improvement was more remarkable at higher Cr(VI) concentration and higher p H. Fe2+was not detected until Cr(VI) was exhausted, and there was a positive correlation between the WMF-induced promotion factor of Cr(VI) removal rate and that of Fe2+release rate in the absence of Cr(VI) at pH 4.0–5.5. These phenomena imply that ZVI corrosion with Fe2+release was the limiting step in the process of Cr(VI) removal. The superimposed WMF had negligible influence on the apparent activation energy of Cr(VI) removal by ZVI, indicating that WMF accelerated Cr(VI)removal by ZVI but did not change the mechanism. The passive layer formed with WMF was much more porous than without WMF, thereby facilitating mass transport. Therefore,WMF could accelerate ZVI corrosion and alleviate the detrimental effects of the passive layer, resulting in more rapid removal of Cr(VI) by ZVI. Exploiting the magnetic memory of ZVI, a two-stage process consisting of a small reactor with WMF for ZVI magnetization and a large reactor for removing contaminants by magnetized ZVI can be employed as a new method of ZVI-mediated remediation.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated waters by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling

Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)) from aqueous solutions using ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling.The results show that the reduction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling was significantly faster than that by ball milling or ultrasound treatment alone,and an initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 166 mg/L could be decreased to 0.35 mg/L at 120 min.The decisive factors, including initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ), p H value, ultrasonic frequency and filling gas, were studied. It was found that the optimal ultrasonic frequency for ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling device was 20 k Hz, and the rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reduction as a function of filling gas followed the order: Ar air N_2 O_2. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence measurements, atomic absorption and the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. The Cr(Ⅵ) transformed into a precipitate that could be removed from the contaminated water, after which the water could be reused.     

Synthesis of nanoiron by microemulsion with Span/Tween as mixed surfactants for reduction of nitrate in water

Denitrification of nitrate in groundwater using iron nanoparticles has received increasing interest in recent years. In order to fabricate iron nanoparticles with homogeneously spherical shape and narrow size distribution, a simple and “green” method was developed to synthesize iron nanoparticles. The conventional microemulsion methods were modified by applying Span 80 and Tween 60 as mixed surfactants. The maximum content of water in the Water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion and its appropriate forming conditions were found, and then the microemulsion system consisting of saturated Fe²⁺ solution was used to synthesize α-Fe ultrafine particles by redox reaction. The nanoparticles were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the average diameter of the particle is about 80–90 nm. The chemical activity of the obtained iron nanoparticles was studied by the denitrification experiment of nitrate. The results show that under the experimental conditions, iron removed most of the 80 mg/L nitrate within 30 min. The mass balance of nitrate reduction with nanoscale Fe indicates that endproducts are mainly ammonia. Two possible reaction pathways for nitrate reduction by nanoscale iron particles have been proposed in this work. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2006, 27(4): 672–675 [译自: 高等学校化学学报]     

Simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide and mechanism insight

Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide (Cl-LDH) was prepared to simultaneously remove Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The coexisting Cu(II) (20 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (40 mg/L) were completely removed within 30 min by Cl-LDH in a dosage of 2.0 g/L; the removal rate of Cu(II) was accelerated in the presence of Cr(VI). Moreover, compared with the adsorption of single Cu(II) or Cr(VI), the adsorption capacities of Cl-LDH for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) can be improved by 81.05% and 49.56%, respectively, in the case of coexisting Cu(II) (200 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (400 mg/L). The affecting factors (such as solution initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) have been systematically investigated. Besides, the changes of pH values and the concentrations of Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ in relevant solutions were monitored. To get the underlying mechanism, the Cl-LDH samples before and after adsorption were thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the basis of these analyses, a possible mechanism was proposed. The coadsorption process involves anion exchange of Cr(VI) with Cl⁻ in Cl-LDH interlayer, isomorphic substitution of Mg²⁺ with Cu²⁺, formation of Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ precipitation, and the adsorption of Cr(VI) by Cu₂Cl(OH)₃. This work provides a new insight into simultaneous removal of heavy metal cations and anions from wastewater by Cl-LDH.     

Fe0/海藻酸钙微球还原-Fenton氧化协同降解酸性红B

以海藻酸钠为固定基质制备了Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球,探讨基于Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球对染料还原-Fenton氧化协同降解转化的特性及机制.通过FT-IR、SEM、BET、XPS等方法对材料进行了表征,考察了不同还原氧化体系、Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球投加量、溶液p H等因素对酸性红B(ARB)降解效果的影响,以及Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球还原-氧化过程中Fe~0的稳定性和海藻酸钙微球重复催化性能.结果表明,Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球的多级孔道结构对染料有一定的吸附作用.在Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球还原染料阶段中,Fe~0投加量为0. 24 g·L-1,溶液初始p H为2. 96时,180 min后ARB的色度去除率可达到96. 8%.在后续的Fenton氧化阶段,加入10. 75 mmol·L-1H2O2后,ARB色度去除率达到99%,矿化程度提高至64. 7%.与Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球还原体系和Fe3+/海藻酸钙微球Fenton氧化体系相比,Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球还原-Fenton氧化协同体系能够实现ARB的有效脱色和矿化.由于海藻酸钙中羧基对Fe2+/Fe3+的配位作用,Fe离子从微球中转移到溶液中的量为微球中总铁量的3. 9%左右.由于Fe离子能够较好地固定在海藻酸钙微球中,在p H较高条件下,减少了Fe氢氧化物的生成,Fenton反应能够在较宽p H范围内进行,含有Fe2+/Fe3+的海藻酸钙微球表现出较好的重复催化氧化性能.因此,Fe~0/海藻酸钙微球还原-Fenton氧化协同技术为染料废水的处理提供了一种较好的解决方案.     

培养转速与镁离子对生物合成次生铁矿物的影响研究

探析培养转速与镁离子浓度对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物合成次生铁矿物的影响对酸性矿山废水(AMD)治理具有一定的工程指导意义.本研究通过摇瓶实验,研究了Mg2+浓度分别为48与4.8 mg·L-1,其它元素组成与富含Fe与SO2-4的9K液体培养基一致的体系在180 r·min-1与100 r·min-1转速条件下氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化合成次生铁矿物过程.考察了不同次生铁矿物合成体系pH、Fe2+氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及次生铁矿物矿相等相关指标.研究结果表明,在180 r·min-1的培养条件下,Mg2+浓度分别为4.8与48 mg·L-1两体系培养48 h后,pH从原始的2.50分别降低至2.07与2.12,Fe2+均可在48 h内实现完全氧化.Fe2+完全氧化时,Mg2+浓度为4.8 mg·L-1体系总Fe沉淀率为37.4%,合成的次生铁矿物均匀分散于溶液中,而Mg2+浓度为48 mg·L-1体系中,总铁沉淀率仅为31.7%,且70%的矿物牢固粘附于摇瓶底部.培养转速为100 r·min-1时,Mg2+浓度分别为4.8与48 mg·L-1两体系经过72 h培养后,pH均从原始的2.50降低至2.21与2.17.Fe2+需要72 h才能被完全氧化,两体系总Fe沉淀率分别仅为21.3%与23.0%,产生的次生铁矿物几乎全部牢固粘附于摇瓶底部.本研究所有体系产生的次生铁矿物均为黄铁矾与施氏矿物的混合物.研究结果可为生物合成次生铁矿物工艺的优化及其在酸性矿山废水治理领域的有效应用提供必要的参数支撑.     

Migration of manganese and iron during the adsorption-regeneration cycles for arsenic removal

Fe-Mn binary oxide incorporated into porous diatomite (FMBO-diatomite) was prepared in situ and regenerated in a fixed-bed column for arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] removal. Four consecutive adsorption cycles were operated under the following conditions: Initial arsenic concentration of 0.1 mg·L⁻¹, empty bed contact time of 5 min, and pH 7.0. About 3000, 3300, 3800, and 4500 bed volumes of eligible effluent (arsenic concentration ⩽ 0.01 mg·L⁻¹) were obtained in four As (III) adsorption cycles; while about 2000, 2300, 2500, and 3100 bed volumes of eligible effluent were obtained in four As(V) adsorption cycles. The dissection results of FMBO-diatomite fixed-bed exhibited that small amounts of manganese and iron were transferred from the top of the fixed-bed to the bottom of the fixed-bed during As(III) removal process. Compared to the extremely low concentration of iron (<0.01 mg·L⁻¹), the fluctuation concentration of Mn²⁺ in effluent of the As(III) removal column was in a range of 0.01–0.08 mg·L⁻¹. The release of manganese suggested that manganese oxides played an important role in As(III) oxidation. Determined with the US EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), the leaching risk of As(III) on exhausted FMBO-diatomite was lower than that of As(V).     

Adsorption of fluoride on clay minerals and their mechanisms using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

This research investigates the adsorption mechanisms of fluoride (F) on four clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, chlorite, and illite) under different F⁻ concentrations and reaction times by probing their fluoride superficial layer binding energies and element compositions using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At high F⁻ concentrations (C ₀ = 5–1000 mg·L⁻¹), the amount of F⁻ adsorbed (Q _F), amount of hydroxide released by clay minerals, solution F⁻ concentration, and the pH increase with increasing C ₀. The increases are remarkable at C ₀>50 mg·L⁻¹. The QF increases significantly by continuously modifying the pH level. At C ₀<5–100 mg·L⁻¹, clay minerals adsorb H⁺ to protonate aluminum-bound surface-active hydroxyl sites in the superficial layers and induce F⁻ binding. As the C ₀ increases, F⁻, along with other cations, is adsorbed to form a quasi-cryolite structure. At C ₀>100 mg·L⁻¹, new minerals precipitate and the product depends on the critical Al³⁺ concentration. At [Al³⁺]>10^−11.94 mol·L⁻¹, cryolite forms, while at [Al³⁺]<10^−11.94 mol·L⁻¹, AlF₃ is formed. At low C ₀ (0.3–1.5 mg·L⁻¹), proton transfer occurs, and the F⁻ adsorption capabilities of the clay minerals increase with time.     

Arsenic and chromate removal from water by iron chips-Effects of anions

The purpose of this study is to estimate the removal efficiency of As and Cr (VI) by one kind of industrial waste — iron chips, as well as to estimate the effects of typical inorganic anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), and typical organic anions (citrate, oxalate, and humate) on As or Cr (VI) removal. The results showed that 98% of As (V) and 92% of As (III) could be removed from aqueous phase by the iron chips within 60 min. Compared with As species, Cr (VI) was removed much more rapidly and efficiently with 97% of Cr (VI) being removed within 25 min. The removal efficiency for arsenic was in the order: As (III) (sulfate), As (III) (nitrate) or As (III), As (III) (humate), As (III) (oxalate), As (III) (citrate), As (III) (phosphate), and for chromate was in the order: Cr (VI) (sulfate), Cr (VI) (phosphate) or Cr (VI) (nitrate) or Cr (VI) (oxalate), Cr (VI), Cr (VI) (citrate), Cr (VI) (humate). In all the treatments, pH level increased with time except for As (III), the removal of which was either without anions or in the presence of humate or nitrate.     

ANAMMOX菌铁自养反硝化工艺的稳定性

在非严格厌氧的连续流反应器中,通过调节进水pH、外加一定浓度的Fe~(2+)以及定期更换新鲜铁粉这3种运行方式探讨维持厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)菌利用零价铁去除硝酸盐反应体系长期稳定运行的适宜条件.结果表明,随着反应进行、受零价铁表面钝化的影响,该体系硝酸盐去除率逐渐下降,反应器难以持续运行.在一定范围内降低进水pH(5～7),或者额外投加一定量的Fe~(2+)对改善该反应体系的稳定性效果不显著.通过定期更换新鲜铁粉的方式,可以有效提高硝酸盐去除率、增强反应器稳定性.相比对照组可稳定运行7 d,实验组可至少稳定运行60 d,硝酸盐平均去除率提高22. 23%.因此,采取适宜措施保证体系内有足够具有活性的零价铁、消除零价铁钝化的不利影响,是ANAMMOX菌利用零价铁去除硝酸盐反应体系高效、稳定运行的关键.     

Biphasic reduction model for predicting the impacts of dye-bath constituents on the reduction of tris-azo dye Direct Green-1 by zero valent iron (Fe)

Influence of common dye-bath additives, namely sodium chloride, ammonium sulphate, urea, acetic acid and citric acid, on the reductive decolouration of Direct Green 1 dye in the presence of Fe⁰ was investigated. Organic acids improved dye reduction by augmenting Fe⁰ corrosion, with acetic acid performing better than citric acid. NaCl enhanced the reduction rate by its ‘salting out’ effect on the bulk solution and by Cl⁻ anion-mediated pitting corrosion of iron surface. (NH₄)₂SO₄ induced ‘salting out’ effect accompanied by enhanced iron corrosion by SO₄^2 − anion and buffering effect of NH₄⁺ improved the reduction rates. However, at 2 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentration, complexating of SO₄^2 − with iron oxides decreased Fe⁰ reactivity. Urea severely compromised the reduction reaction, onus to its chaotropic and ‘salting in’ effect in solution, and due to it masking the Fe⁰ surface. Decolouration obeyed biphasic reduction kinetics (R² > 0.993 in all the cases) exhibiting an initial rapid phase, when more than 95% dye reduction was observed, preceding a tedious phase. Maximum rapid phase reduction rate of 0.955/min was observed at pH 2 in the co-presence of all dye-bath constituents. The developed biphasic model reckoned the influence of each dye-bath additive on decolouration and simulated well with the experimental data obtained at pH 2.     

Oxidation of Cr(III) on birnessite surfaces: The effect of goethite and kaolinite

Oxidation of Cr(III) by manganese oxides may pose a potential threat to environments due to the formation of toxic Cr(VI) species. At present, it was still unclear whether the extent of Cr(III) oxidation and fate of Cr(VI) would be changed when manganese oxides co-exist with other minerals, the case commonly occurring in soils. This study investigated the influence of goethite and kaolinite on Cr(III) oxidation by birnessite under acidic pH condition (pH 3.5) and background electrolyte of 0.01 mol/L NaCl. Goethite was found not to affect Cr(III) oxidation, which was interpreted as the result of overwhelming adsorption of cationic Cr(III) onto the negatively-charged birnessite (point of zero charge (PZC) < 3.0) rather than the positively-charged goethite (PZC = 8.8). However, more Cr(VI) would be retained by the surface with the increase in addition of goethite because of its strong ability on adsorption of Cr(VI) at low pH. Moreover, either Cr(III) oxidation or distribution of the generated Cr(VI) between the solid and solution phases was not affected by kaolinite (PZC < 3.0), indicating its low affinity for Cr species. Reactions occurring in the present mixed systems were suggested, which could be partly representative of those in the soils and further indicates that the mobility and risk of Cr(VI) would be decreased if goethite was present.     

Reduction of hexavalent chromium by polypyrrole-modified steel mesh electrode

Adherent polypyrrole (ppy) films were electropolymerized from a para-toluenesulfonic sodium (PTS) solution on stainless steel mesh (SSM). Reduced ppy-modified SSM electrode can transfer Cr(VI) to Cr(III) effectively. Lower pH (<2) or higher temperature (>35 °C) is beneficial for the removal of Cr(VI). Electro-reduction achieved 90% removal efficiency after 21 min by cyclic voltammetry. The removal efficiency is 96–56% for one–six contact cycles between ppy and Cr(VI). SEM shows that ppy films on SSM have regular morphology with small nucleus of less than 1 μm in diameter.     

氧化环境中FeS修复重金属的稳定性变化与机制

硫化亚铁(FeS)是良好的重金属修复剂,但它对氧化环境敏感.当环境氧气浓度升高时,FeS对重金属的固定效果可能发生改变.本研究考察了氧化环境中FeS与重铬酸根、铅和镉离子的反应规律和结合机制变化.结果表明,环境氧气浓度升高可促进Fe~(2+)的释放,且增加FeS表面S(-II)氧化态的比例(与Pb~(2+)反应:从24%增加到44%,与Cd~(2+)反应:从60%增加到78%).延长反应时间至30 d,虽然PbS和CdS结晶度提高,但两者表面出现Pb—O和Cd—O氧化形态,预示着重金属再释放的风险.有氧干燥条件下FeS表面矿物相转变为纤铁矿,对Cr(VI)的还原能力大幅下降.与未干燥FeS(FeS-Cr-3h)相比,当有氧干燥的FeS与Cr(VI)反应时,总铬的去除量下降约96%(由约100 mg·g~(-1)降至(3.74±1.12) mg·g~(-1)),Cr(VI)去除量下降约57%(由约100 mg·g~(-1)降至(43.28±0.46) mg·g~(-1)).FeS及重金属硫化物的氧化显然不利于重金属的长期稳定.如何延缓或抑制FeS与重金属硫化物的氧化因此成为未来研究需回答的问题.     

Removal of Cs from water and soil by ammonium-pillared montmorillonite/Fe3O4 composite

To remove cesium ions from water and soil, a novel adsorbent was synthesized by following a one-step co-precipitation method and using non-toxic raw materials. By combining ammonium-pillared montmorillonite (MMT) and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄), an MMT/Fe₃O₄ composite was prepared and characterized. The adsorbent exhibited high selectivity of Cs⁺ and could be rapidly separated from the mixed solution under an external magnetic field. Above all, the adsorbent had high removal efficiency in cesium-contaminated samples (water and soil) and also showed good recycling performance, indicating that the MMT/Fe₃O₄ composite could be widely applied to the remediation of cesium-contaminated environments. It was observed that the pH, solid/liquid ratio and initial concentration affected adsorption capacity. In the presence of coexisting ions, the adsorption capacity decreased in the order of Ca^2 + > Mg^2 + > K⁺ > Na⁺, which is consistent with our theoretical prediction. The adsorption behavior of this new adsorbent could be expressed by the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of Cs⁺ was NH₄⁺ ion exchange and surface hydroxyl group coordination, with the former being more predominant.