铝改性粉煤灰漂珠材料吸附水中氟的性能研究

采用湿法+干法制备铝改性漂珠材料,借助静态吸附实验研究吸附剂用量、pH值、共存离子、反应时间和反应温度对去除水溶液中氟离子性能的影响,并对实验数据进行吸附等温线和动力学拟合。结果表明:铝改性漂珠材料吸附水中氟离子的最佳pH值为3;最佳吸附剂用量2.5 g/L;共存离子影响由强到弱的顺序为H2PO4-,SO42-和NO3-的混合物﹥H2PO4-﹥SO42-﹥NO3-;在温度298 K、吸附剂用量2.5 g/L、pH值为3和反应时间24 h的条件下,最大吸附容量约10.2 mg/g;吸附等温线符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型。     

改性颗粒活性炭对水中溴酸根的吸附特性研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)改性颗粒活性炭以提高活性炭对溴酸根的吸附能力.通过小试研究了改性颗粒活性炭(GAC-CPC)对溴酸根的吸附特性,考察了BrO-3初始浓度、pH、共存阴离子等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,CPC改性能显著提高GAC对BrO-3的吸附能力,吸附量随着初始浓度升高而增大;在碱性条件下GAC-CPC对BrO-3的吸附量减小;共存阴离子与BrO-3在GAC-CPC上存在竞争吸附,其影响顺序为:NO-3SO2-4PO3-4CO2-3.用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散动力学模型拟合GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的动力学过程,结果表明,准二级动力学能更好的描述吸附过程,且孔扩散可能是改性GAC吸附BrO-3初始阶段的主要速率控制因素.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合不同温度下BrO-3的吸附平衡过程,结果表明,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好的描述吸附平衡过程,GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的过程是自发且放热的,温度升高不利于吸附.     

载镁活化天然沸石处理高氟地下水实验研究

为了研究地下水中阴离子对载镁活化天然沸石除氟效果的影响,考察了4种主要阴离子——Cl-,HCO3-,SO42-,PO43-的影响,并分析了吸附剂的除氟机理及表面结构和成分。结果表明:对于初始氟浓度不同的水样,随着阴离子浓度的增加,吸附剂对氟的去除效率逐渐降低。Cl-对吸附剂除氟效果影响较小,氟去除率降低较慢;随着HCO3-浓度的增大(由100 mg/L到1 000 mg/L),水样pH缓慢由7.48增大到9.44,而氟去除率则由63.78%缓慢下降到52.70%(2 mg/L);SO42-及PO43-对改性沸石除氟效果影响较大,氟去除率降低较快,且SO42-的影响大于PO43-。所以,镁改性天然沸石对该4种阴离子的吸附顺序是:SO42->PO43->HCO3->Cl-。     

水中高氯酸根的颗粒活性炭吸附过程及影响因素分析

通过批量实验研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对水中高氯酸根(ClO-4)的吸附特性,考察了pH、ClO-4初始浓度和共存阴离子对吸附作用的影响,并分析了吸附动力学和等温吸附模型.结果表明, GAC对ClO-4的吸附容量在碱性条件下减小,随初始浓度升高而增大,共存阴离子与ClO-4在GAC上存在竞争吸附,其影响顺序为SO2-4 > NO-3 > CO2-3 > H2PO-4 > BrO-3≈Cl-. ClO-4在GAC上的吸附最符合准二级动力学模型,吸附中存在大孔扩散过程,且孔扩散可能为GAC吸附ClO-4的主要速率控制步骤.试验浓度范围内吸附过程符合Langmuir、Freundlich和Tempkin 3种等温吸附模型,吸附过程是自发且放热的,温度升高不利于GAC对ClO-4的吸附,温度为288、298和308K时的饱和吸附容量分别为13.00、11.21和8.04 mg'g-1.说明GAC虽较易吸附水中ClO-4,但必须控制反应条件,如温度、pH和共存阴离子浓度等,以取得最佳吸附效果.     

铁锰氧化物/生物炭复合材料对水中硝酸根的吸附特性

热解经过氯化铁和高锰酸钾浸渍的小麦秸秆,制备铁锰金属氧化物/生物炭复合材料,用以去除水中硝酸根.通过X射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜分析,发现复合材料表面形成了Fe(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅳ)二元金属氧化物颗粒.制备优化结果表明,复合材料比表面积可达153.116 m2·g-1,零电荷点可达9.76.同时,还调查了固液比、溶液初始pH值和共存阴离子等因素的影响.研究发现,复合材料在溶液pH值1.00~9.05时对NO-3的去除率维持在75.40%~78.70%,且以配位交换为主要吸附机制.共存阴离子对吸附NO-3竞争吸附的影响顺序为:Cl-SO2-4PO3-4.等温吸附实验数据符合Langmuir方程,且最大吸附量为37.361 3 mg·g-1.吸附动力学分析发现,吸附过程遵循二级动力学方程,且以化学吸附为主.热动力学分析表明,吸附过程为自发吸热过程.上述结果说明铁锰氧化物/生物炭复合材料对于去除水中NO-3具有潜在价值.     

表面活性剂改性活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附和再生

选用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)改性活性炭以提高活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附能力.CTAC改性前后活性炭吸附能力通过吸附穿透曲线来比较.结果表明,未改性活性炭对高氯酸盐几乎没有吸附.CTAC改性则能显著提高活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附能力.进水pH值对高氯酸盐的吸附影响较小,但水中干扰离子如NO3-、SO42-、SiO42-和PO43-会与高氯酸盐离子发生竞争吸附,从而降低活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附能力.1mol/L HCl溶液的化学再生的效率在95%左右,再生后的活性炭能重复使用.水蒸汽热再生则能有效恢复活性炭的孔径结构.高氯酸盐在高温下降解得到完全去除,但再生后的炭必须重新改性后才能再次使用.     

咪唑类离子液体的二氧化硫吸附性能

为研究咪唑类离子液体脱除烟道气中SO2的规律,以1-丁基,3-甲基氯代咪唑([Bmim]Cl)、1-丁基,3-甲基硝酸咪唑([Bmim]NO3)、1-丁基,3-甲基氟硼酸咪唑([Bmim]BF4)和1-戊基,3-甲基氯代咪唑([C5mim]Cl)4种离子液体作为SO2吸附剂,研究了不同条件下4种离子液体对模拟烟道气中SO2的吸附性能,并初步进行了离子液体再生脱硫试验.利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对吸附前、后和再生后的[Bmim]Cl结构变化进行了研究.结果表明,4种离子液体对SO2均有吸附能力,且吸附能力为:[C5mim]Cl[Bmim]Cl[Bmim]NO3[Bmim]BF4,其中[C5mim]Cl的累积脱硫量达到200.8mg/g,[Bmim]Cl的最佳脱硫温度为40.0℃;3种阴离子对脱硫性能的影响顺序为:Cl-NO3-BF4-.在温度为90.0℃、压强为0.09MPa、再生4.0h后,[Bmim]Cl的硫容从再生前的65.9mg/g下降到26.5mg/g.脱硫过程中离子液体的结构发生了变化,它对SO2分子同时存在物理吸附和化学吸附.     

巯基乙酸改性橘子皮对Cu2+的吸附性能

研究了经巯基乙酸改性的橘子皮吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附性能,并考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、Cu2+初始浓度及温度对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich方程;;在pH=5.3、25℃条件下的最大吸附容量为70.671mg·g-1;;吸附过程为化学吸附,且经巯基乙酸改性的橘子皮可重复使用5次以上.     

铝改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水溶液中砷的性能研究

采用湿法与干法相结合的方法合成铝改性粉煤灰漂珠环境材料,借助静态吸附实验研究吸附剂量、pH值、离子强度、共存离子、反应时间和温度对其吸附水溶液中砷性能的影响,并进行吸附等温线和动力学拟合.结果表明:铝改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水中As(V)的最佳pH值范围为中性偏酸;混合离子和H2PO4-对As(V)的吸附影响较大,CO32-次之;离子强度对As(V)吸附的影响不明显;在温度298K、吸附剂量2.5g/L和反应时间24h的条件下,最大吸附容量约5000μg/g;吸附等温线符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.     

铁镧复合氧化物纳米吸附剂的制备、表征及As（Ⅲ）吸附性能研究

本研究采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型铁镧复合氧化物吸附剂(Fe-La),并对其表面特性及As(Ⅲ)吸附行为进行了系统研究.扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)结果表明,铁镧复合氧化物具有纳米结构,初级粒子粒径范围为20~200 nm.X-射线衍射仪(XRD)表征结果表明,铁镧复合氧化物具有类似氢氧化镧的晶型结构.N2吸附BET法结果表明,铁镧复合氧化物的比表面积为99.3 m2·g-1.盐加入法测得吸附剂的等电点为7.8.As(Ⅲ)吸附实验结果分析表明,铁镧复合氧化物对As(Ⅲ)具有良好的吸附效果,最大吸附量(pH 7.0)为58.2 mg·g-1,Langmuir吸附等温线可较好地拟合铁镧复合氧化物对溶液中As(Ⅲ)的吸附(R2=0.95);吸附速率较快,240 min内可完成吸附容量的80%,Elovich模型能较好地描述吸附过程(R2=0.97);溶液pH对铁镧复合氧化物吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响较为明显;共存阴离子对吸附影响的大小顺序为SO2-4相似文献   

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.