Development and evaluation of a mass spectrometer-based continuous emission monitor for volatile organic compound emissions from combustion devices

A mass spectrometer-based continuous emission monitor (MS-CEM) for organic compound emissions from combustion devices was developed and evaluated at the Louisiana State University (LSU) pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator (RKI). The MS-CEM consists of a stack probe, heat-traced sampling line, vacuum pump, particulate filter, Nafion@ dryer and mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer includes a computer that controls and optimizes the operation of the unit. The MS-CEM is capable of continuously analyzing up to 40 different volatile organic compounds on a real-time basis. The MS-CEM is capable of analyzing, computing and recording the analytical results for each and up to 40 different organic compounds in less than 0.3 s. Four different volatile organic compounds were mixed together and injected into the baghouse inlet while simultaneously analyzing each organic component exiting the RKI stack gas. The results obtained from MS-CEM were compared with the material balance values. The system response time (including the MS-CEM) varies from 1.1 to 1.5 min.     

Treatment of tar pond sludge in a circulating fluidized bed combustor

A series of tests to burn mixtures of tar pond sludge and coal was carried out using a mini‐circulating fluidized bed combustor (mini‐CFBC). During the tests, carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides in the flue gas were monitored continuously. Stack gas sampling was carried out for hydrochloric acid, metals, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total hydrocarbons, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Results showed that hydrochloric acid, mercury, particulate matter, PCDD/F, and metal concentrations were all below both the current limits and the gas‐release limits to be implemented in 2008 in Canada. The new 2008 emissions limits will reduce the maximum allowable concentrations of most pollutants by half. Thus, the maximum concentration for particulate matter will be 5 mg/m³ (from the current maximum concentration of 10 mg/m³);the maximum concentration for hydrochloric acid will be 5 mg/m³ (from 10 mg/m³); and the‐maximum concentration for dioxins and furans will be 0.032 ng/m toxic equivalent (from 0.08 ng/mcurrently). Sulfur capture efficiency was 89–91 percent. The percentage of fuel nitrogen converted to nitrogen oxides was of the order of 4.7 to 6.1, which is significantly lower than that of conventional pulverized coal‐fired boilers and well within the normal range for fluidized bed combustors (FBCs). PCB and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions levels were comparable or lower than levels reported in the literature for industrial‐scale FBCs. VOC concentrations were low except for benzene, for which the concentration was higher than that reported for pulverized coal‐fired utility boilers. In addition, carbon monoxide concentration was high at 1,200 to 2,200 parts per million. However, these carbon monoxide concentrations are typical of the mini‐CFBC firing coal. The trials showed that for 10 percent by weight tar pond sludge mixed with 90 percent by weight coal, the combustion was both stable and efficient. The tests demonstrated that CFBC technology is an environmentally sound option for eliminating tar pond waste sludge. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Sludge as dioxins suppressant in hospital waste incineration

Nitrogen containing compounds such as ammonia, urea and amines can effectively inhibit the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Sewage sludge accumulates both sulfur and nitrogen during wastewater treatment so it could be used to reduce PCDD/Fs formation. Indeed, it is observed in this study that the gas evolving from the sludge drying process can significantly suppress chlorobenzene (CBz) and PCDD/Fs formation from fly ash collected from a hospital waste incinerator. For instance, the reduction of hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and PCDD/Fs amount was 92.1% and 78.7%, respectively, when the drying gas evolving from 2g sludge flew through 2g fly ash. These tests were conducted in the frame of projects devoted to hospital waste incineration. The disposal technology for hospital waste (HW), developed in this institute, features rotary kiln pyrolysis combined with post-combustion followed by flue gas cleaning. Hence, some preliminary tests were devoted to investigate dioxins suppression by co-pyrolysis and co-combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and sludge in lab scale. More experimental research will be conducted to appropriately assess these effects of sludge on PCDD/Fs emissions during co-pyrolysis/combustion of HW and sludge.     

The performance of a natural treatment system for landfill leachate with special emphasis on the fate of organic pollutants.

A natural treatment system for the treatment of leachate was studied at Moskogen landfill in southern Sweden. This facility consists of three consecutive ponds and a soil-plant (SP)-system. A test area, receiving water from the third pond with the same hydraulic load as the SP-system, was used for estimation of the latter system. Quality parameters including biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate, and total suspended solids along the treatment line were determined as well as soluble metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Pb). In addition a thorough investigation along the treatment line has also been performed concerning volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds. Non-polar organic compounds were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantification was based on the assumption of equal response for the compounds found in comparison with the chosen marker substances. For polar, water-soluble compounds the measurements were restricted to phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography. Several different types of organic compounds were found in the raw leachate including aromatics, benzene-sulfonamides, biphenyls, naphthalene, organic phosphates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenols and phthalates. The treatment system efficiently reduced organic pollutants, heavy metals, and nitrogen/phosphorous compounds. Most metals and organic compounds in the leachate were already significantly reduced to a low level in the treatment ponds and ammonium-N was efficiently transformed to nitrate-N in the SP-system.     

Developing incineration process designs and remediation projects from treatability studies

The Bog Creek Farm CERCLA (Superfund) site in Howell Township, New Jersey, was extensively contaminated, allegedly with wastes from paint manufacturing. The site contained two types of incinerable wastes: contaminated soils and sediments. A remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) was conducted, leading to a recommendation to treat the most contaminated areas by incineration. This recommendation was converted into the selected approach through the Record of Decision (ROD) mechanism. Contaminants at the Bog Creek Farm site included a wide range of volatiles, semivolatiles, and heavy metals. The incineration approach chosen, therefore, had to remove the organics from the soil without creating additional problems associated with heavy metals emissions. In order to evaluate the incineration problem and develop an advisory conceptual design for its solution, Ebasco Services Incorporated performed extensive characterizations of the material. Such characterizations included performing proximate and ultimate analyses and determining other key physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of the soils and sludges. Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) then performed treatability studies in its rotary kiln test incinerator. These treatability studies focused upon the rotary kiln, and the environment required for cleaning the soil. They assumed that contaminants in the vapor phase could be destroyed in the afterburner. Tests were conducted at bed temperatures of 1,000°F, 1,460°F, and 1,800°F. Samples were drawn from the kiln at intermediate times. Combustion regimes were therefore constructed for the treatment of Bog Creek Farm wastes, maximizing organic removal while managing the heavy metals problem. Ebasco then converted the results of the incinerability or treatability studies into an advisory conceptual design. This advisory conceptual design called for a kiln temperature of 1,600°F (bed temperature of 1,200°F) and a solids residence time in the kiln of 40 minutes. Additional data indicated that the afterburner could operate at 1,800°F in order to ensure destruction of the POHCs. Combustion chemistry fundamentals demonstrated that the minimum afterburner temperature required was 1,650°F. Ebasco converted this conceptual design into a performance specification to be used in the bid process, under the management of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The remediation was then put out to bid. Chemical Waste Management was the successful bidder. The incineration was successfully completed by August 1990; the system was then demobilized, as the site was remediated.     

Influences of chlorine content on emission of HCl and organic compounds in waste incineration using fluidized beds

HCl and some organic compounds are the precursors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators. In this work, a lab-scale fluidized bed incinerator is adopted to study the relationship between the organic and the inorganic chlorine contents of artificial wastes and the emissions of HCl and organic compounds. The lower threshold limit (LTL) of chlorine content below which HCl and organic compounds are not generated is studied. Experimental results showed that organic chlorides had a greater potential to release chlorine than inorganic chlorides. The generation of organic pollutants fell, but the emissions of HCl increased with the temperature. The concentrations of chlorophenols (CPs)/chlorobenzenes (CBs) increased with chlorine contents. No LTL existed for HCl regardless of whether CaO was added. The LTL for CPs was between 0.1 and 0.3wt% of inorganic chloride, but there was none for organic sources. For CBs, the LTL was between 0.5 and 1.0wt% for inorganics at 700 and 800 degrees C, but 0.1-0.3 wt% at 700 degrees C and 0.3-0.5 wt% at 800 degrees C for organics. The production of PAHs and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) was related to the surplus hydrogen ions that were not reacted with the chlorine. Adding CaO inhibited the production of HCl, CBs and CPs, but did not seriously affect PAHs and BTEX.     

Pilot-scale studies on the effect of bromine addition on the emissions of chlorinated organic combustion by-products

The addition of brominated organic compounds to the feed of a pilot-scale incinerator burning chlorinated waste has been found previously, under some circumstances, to enhance emissions of volatile and semivolatile organic chlorinated products of incomplete combustion (PICs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). This phenomenon appears to be sensitive to temperature and combustion conditions. This paper reports on a study to evaluate the emissions of organic combustion by-products while varying amounts of bromine (Br) and chlorine (Cl) are being fed into a pilot-scale incinerator burning surrogate waste materials. The surrogate waste was fed at a constant molar halogen input rate, with varying Br/Cl molar ratios. In these tests, an approximately 30% decrease in the total PCDD/F concentrations due to the addition of Br was observed. This decrease appears to be a decrease only in the chlorinated dioxin and furan species; other halogenated dioxins and furans were formed instead. PCDD/F homologue distribution shifted towards the higher chlorinated species. Perhalogenated or nearly perhalogenated mixed bromo-chloro furans were also observed in quantities that could potentially account for the observed decrease in PCDDs/Fs. This research illustrates the need for careful trial burn planning if Br will be present in the facility's feed-stock during normal operation.     

Field-scale rotary kiln incineration: Oxygen responses at the kiln,afterburner, and stack

There currently exists a need for better characterization and simulation of the processes that occur during the incineration of hazardous wastes in the environment of a rotary kiln. Addressing this need, a comprehensive research program was formed with the goal of developing a rudimentary predictive capability for rotary kiln incineration of hazardous wastes. This comprehensive program is headed by Louisiana State University and includes interaction with the University of Utah and also various industrial participants. Such cooperation allows use of laboratory, pilot, and field scale equipment. While laboratory scale experiments provide the necessary decoupling of complex phenomena and a high degree of experimental control, and pilot scale studies provide more realism at the expense of experimental control, the problems of scale-up make generalization of results to field scale units very tenuous. The unique aspect of the LSU program is the coupling of the laboratory and pilot scale units with afield scale unit in order to overcome these generalizations. In this study, plastic packs containing a mixture of toluene and sorbent were fed to a field-scale rotary kiln incinerator at a rate of one pack every 10 minutes. Selected continuous gas samples and temperatures were obtained from the exit of the rotary kiln, from the afterburner, and from the stack. These measurements were obtained during various operating conditions. These data provide, for the first time, an ability to compare conditions in the kiln to simultaneous conditions in the afterburner and stack. This paper outlines several new experimental features of our field-scale tests conducted in October 1990. Oxygen responses from the kiln, the afterburner, and the stack are compared during various operating conditions.     

Characterizing emissions from open burning of military food waste and ration packaging compositions

Emissions from open burning of military food waste and ration packaging compositions were characterized in response to health concerns from open burning disposal of waste, such as at military forward operating bases. Emissions from current and prototype Meals, Ready-to-Eat (MREs), and material options for their associated fiberboard packaging were quantified to assess contributions of the individual components. MREs account for 67–100% of the particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) emissions when burned in unison with the current fiberboard container and liner. The majority of the particles emitted from these burns are of median diameter 2.5 µm (PM_2.5). Metal emission factors were similar regardless of waste composition. Measurements of VOCs and PAHs indicate that targeted replacement of MRE components may be more effective in reducing emissions than variation of fiberboard-packaging types. Despite MRE composition variation, equivalent emission factors for PM, PAH, VOC, and PCDD/PCDF were seen. Similarly, for fiberboard packaging, composition variations exhibited essentially equivalent PM, PAH, VOC, and PCDD/PCDF emission factors amongst themselves. This study demonstrated a composition-specific analysis of waste burn emissions, assessing the impact of waste component substitution using military rations.     

An investigation of halogens in Izmit hazardous and clinical waste incinerator

In the combustion facilities, halogens (Cl, F, Br, I) should be considered with regard to the control of the compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), halogenated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and volatile heavy metals formed as a result of incomplete combustion and caused adverse environmental effects. In this study halogens were observed in Izmit Hazardous and Clinical Waste Incinerator (IZAYDAS). Halogen contents of the combustion menu, flue gas, fly ash, bottom ash and filter cake were measured and their distributions in these exit streams were determined. Results showed that the major part of the halogens was partitioned to solid residues, i.e., bottom ash and filter cake which represents the removal by wet scrubbers. Fly ash and flue gas fractions of halogens were much lower due to the reduced formation of volatile compounds.     

Emissions from baled municipal solid waste: II. Effects of different treatments and baling techniques on the emission of volatile organic compounds.

This paper focuses on the volatile organic compound emissions from baled municipal solid waste (MSW). The analytical methodology was based on sampling with adsorbent tubes once a month during seven occasions within a time period of 1 year. Automated analyses were carried out on-line work-up with thermal desorption directly connected to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The effect of different baling techniques, cylindrical and rectangular baling was compared. It was found that cylindrically baled MSW emitted larger concentration of esters than their rectangular counter parts. Conversely, aromatic compounds emissions dominated in rectangularly baled MSW. This indicates that different degradation mechanisms operate in the waste bales. Cylindrical and rectangular bales are generally wrapped with six layers of 250 microm thick low density polyethylene (LDPE). It was observed that by wrapping an extra six layers of LDPE film onto the bales, the emissions from cylindrical bales increased while emissions from the rectangular counterpart decreased. Over time, the volatile organic compound emissions from cylindrical bales decreased two orders of magnitudes from 96.2 +/- 20.8 microg m(-3) in September 2003 to 0.80 +/- 0.07 microg m(-3) in July 2004. The rectangular bales exhibited an almost identical relative emission reduction from 54.4 +/- 4.3 microg m(-3) in September 2003 to 0.46 +/- 0.02 microg m(-3) in July 2004. Future work will concentrate on full-scale storages, taking into account waste type, storage size, temperature development and the different baling techniques among other variables.     

An alternative method for the treatment of waste produced at a dye and a metal-plating industry using natural and/or waste materials.

The aim of this study was to develop cost-effective, appropriate solidification technologies for treating hazardous industrial wastes that are currently disposed of in ways that may threaten the quality of local groundwater. One major objective was to use materials other than cement, and preferably materials that are themselves wastes, as the solidification additives, namely using wastes to treat wastes or locally available natural material. This research examines the cement-based and lime-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) techniques applied for waste generated at a metal-plating industry and a dye industry. For the lime-based S/S process the following binder mixtures were used: cement kiln dust/ lime, bentonite/lime and gypsum/lime. For the cement-based S/S process three binder mixtures were used: cement kiln dust/cement, bentonite/cement and gypsum/cement. The leachability of the wastes was evaluated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The applicability and optimum weight ratio of the binder mixtures were estimated using the unconfined compressive strength test. The optimum ratio mixtures were mixed with waste samples in different ratios and cured for 28 days in order to find the S/S products with the highest strength and lowest leachability at the same time. The results of this work showed that the cement-and lime-based S/S process, using cement kiln dust and bentonite as additives can be effectively used in order to treat industrial waste.     

Study of drying systems for the utilization of biodegradable municipal solid wastes as animal feed

The effectiveness of different drying systems used for the dehydration of certain fractions of biodegradable municipal solid wastes with a high moisture content (fruit and vegetable remains) was analyzed. Some tests using small amounts of the material were carried out in natural and forced convection ovens. For larger quantities of wastes, a discontinuous cabinet dryer and a continuous rotary dryer were used. With these dryers, the moisture content was reduced from 800 to 100 g kg(-1). It was verified that the continuous rotary dryer was the most efficient type of equipment studied, since it allowed a dried waste to be obtained with better nutritional and microbiological qualities and in accordance to the specifications of the products for animal feeding.     

Identification of Odor Causing Compounds in a Commercial Dairy Farm

The odorous air emissions from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), such as swine, poultry and dairy farms, are increasingly raising community complaints. Odorous emissions can result in health damages, psychological discomforts and adverse aesthetic effects in the community. However, these emissions are not well characterized up to now due to the lack of legislation, the limitations in sampling and instrumentation techniques, and the complexity of the emissions themselves. This study is aimed at the development of a high volume sampler and sorbent assembly to identify the odor causing compounds from a diary CAFO. The sorbent was custom designed to target the potential compounds that may exist in a dairy farm and was validated in laboratory with a synthetic odor from the swine manure. The actual samples at the diary farm were collected in spring and summer of 2005. The sorbents were solvent extracted and individual odor compounds were identified using GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy). The data obtained indicated that high volume sampling can shorten the sampling time from days to within 4 h. Both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) have been identified from the dairy farm, such as phenol, methylphenol, 4-ethyl phenol, indole, methyl indole, benzyl alcohol, hexanoic acid, valeric acid and iso-valeric acid, together with some nitrogen containing compounds that have not been reported before.     

DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC PARAMETERS IN WASTE AND LEACHATES FROM THE HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL OF RAINDORF; GERMANY

Extensive investigations of leachates and solid waste samples for organic sum parameters and environmentally relevant organic compounds were carried out at the hazardous waste landfill of Raindorf, which is operated in accordance with German Technical Instructions on Waste (TI Waste). The measurements showed that the majority of the waste samples contained only minor amounts of phenols, highly volatile chlorinated organic compounds (VCHC), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The concentrations ranged from less than 100μg/kg⁻¹up to 1000μg/kg⁻¹of dry substance. Only hydrocarbons were detected in higher concentrations (mg to g kg⁻¹of dry substance). In most leachate and gas samples taken at the landfill, the concentrations of the abovementioned parameters were close to or even below the detection limit. The measurement of organic single compounds underlined the usefulness of the sum parameters, adsorbable organic halogen compounds and phenol index, for the estimation of the total amount of these substances. A comparison of organic sum parameter concentrations measured in leachates from landfills of differing ages indicates that the application of TI Waste leads to a reduction of the organic load in the leachate.     

Use of thermal analysis techniques (TG-DSC) for the characterization of diverse organic municipal waste streams to predict biological stability prior to land application

The use of organic municipal wastes as soil amendments is an increasing practice that can divert significant amounts of waste from landfill, and provides a potential source of nutrients and organic matter to ameliorate degraded soils. Due to the high heterogeneity of organic municipal waste streams, it is difficult to rapidly and cost-effectively establish their suitability as soil amendments using a single method. Thermal analysis has been proposed as an evolving technique to assess the stability and composition of the organic matter present in these wastes. In this study, three different organic municipal waste streams (i.e., a municipal waste compost (MC), a composted sewage sludge (CS) and a thermally dried sewage sludge (TS)) were characterized using conventional and thermal methods. The conventional methods used to test organic matter stability included laboratory incubation with measurement of respired C, and spectroscopic methods to characterize chemical composition. Carbon mineralization was measured during a 90-day incubation, and samples before and after incubation were analyzed by chemical (elemental analysis) and spectroscopic (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) methods. Results were compared with those obtained by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Total amounts of CO₂ respired indicated that the organic matter in the TS was the least stable, while that in the CS was the most stable. This was confirmed by changes detected with the spectroscopic methods in the composition of the organic wastes due to C mineralization. Differences were especially pronounced for TS, which showed a remarkable loss of aliphatic and proteinaceous compounds during the incubation process. TG, and especially DSC analysis, clearly reflected these differences between the three organic wastes before and after the incubation. Furthermore, the calculated energy density, which represents the energy available per unit of organic matter, showed a strong correlation with cumulative respiration. Results obtained support the hypothesis of a potential link between the thermal and biological stability of the studied organic materials, and consequently the ability of thermal analysis to characterize the maturity of municipal organic wastes and composts.     

Emissions from baled municipal solid waste: I. Methodological approach for investigation of gaseous emissions.

This paper presents a methodological approach for the study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air, emitted during storage of municipal solid waste in bales. Determination of VOCs was based on sampling with adsorbent tubes followed by automated analysis using on-line work-up with a thermal desorption unit directly connected to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Using calculation algorithms and multidimensional statistical analysis of large amounts of data collected, the information was compressed and visualized. The approach was applied to initial measurements of emissions of VOCs from 24 bales composed of municipal solid waste, each bale stored in a wooden box. These bales were produced using the two types of baling equipment available, resulting in cylindrical or rectangular bales, with different densities. Hundreds of different VOCs emitted from these bales sorted out into groups with different chemical structure. Differences in VOC concentrations in air were found between wastes stored in cylindrical or rectangular bales. For instance, it was found that the concentration of VOCs (relative to the concentration of toluene), in the first experiment after storing, for cylindrical bales with six layers of LDPE was 115 +/- 10 microg m(-3), while for rectangular bales it was only 64 +/- 8 microg m(-3). The procedure used for data interpretation suggested different degradation mechanisms in different types of bales. The use of multiple data interfaces, multidimensional statistics and automated chemical analysis methods are likely to be more and more common for waste companies and waste research in the near future. This is due to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject that relies heavily on various areas of science and information technology.     

Environmental impact of incineration of calorific industrial waste: Rotary kiln vs. cement kiln

Rotary kiln incinerators and cement kilns are two energy intensive processes, requiring high temperatures that can be obtained by the combustion of fossil fuel. In both processes, fossil fuel is often substituted by high or medium calorific waste to avoid resource depletion and to save costs. Two types of industrial calorific waste streams are considered: automotive shredder residue (ASR) and meat and bone meal (MBM). These waste streams are of current high interest: ASR must be diverted from landfill, while MBM can no longer be used for cattle feeding. The environmental impact of the incineration of these waste streams is assessed and compared for both a rotary kiln and a cement kiln. For this purpose, data from an extensive emission inventory is applied for assessing the environmental impact using two different modeling approaches: one focusing on the impact of the relevant flows to and from the process and its subsystems, the other describing the change of environmental impact in response to these physical flows. Both ways of assessing emphasize different aspects of the considered processes. Attention is paid to assumptions in the methodology that can influence the outcome and conclusions of the assessment. It is concluded that for the incineration of calorific wastes, rotary kilns are generally preferred. Nevertheless, cement kilns show opportunities in improving their environmental impact when substituting their currently used fuels by more clean calorific waste streams, if this improvement is not at the expense of the actual environmental impact.     

金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别方法

建立了金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别方法,并利用该方法对海关查扣的3种金属冶炼进口物料进行了固体废物鉴别。鉴别结果显示:物料1、2和3的自然属性分别为砷含量超标铜精矿、锰阳极泥、回转窑氧化锌,产生来源分别为有害物质超标的产品、污染控制设施产生的物质、有意识加工的目标产物;物料1和2属于我国禁止进口的固体废物,物料3不属于固体废物。本文建立的固体废物鉴别方法可行,可为金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别和监管提供参考。     

Repartition of PCDD and PCDF in the emissions of municipal solid waste incinerators between the particulate and volatile phases

The present paper refers to the results of a research project on the polychlorinated dibenzyil-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans repartition in particulate and volatile phase in emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators. The distribution of such micropollutants between the different phases is analyzed in terms of absolute weights and in terms of 2, 3, 7, 8 TCDD Equivalents. This paper shows that more than half of the total content of PCDD/Fs emitted are adsorbed in the fly ash, with the remaining part in the volatile phase. Such repartition is inverted if the PCDD/Fs are expressed in terms of 2, 3, 7, 8 TCDD Equivalent.