石油加工与石油化工废料应用于钻井液

石油加工与石油化工废料，包括废白土、酸渣、碱渣、渣油、油泥、生产润滑油添加剂的废料、废催化剂、环烷酸釜残等，在钻井液中的用途较广，可以分别用作钻井液原始组分和润滑剂、消泡剂、多效防塌剂、抑制剂、稳定剂、废钻井液固化剂以及制备这些处理剂的基础材料。文中介绍了前苏联及独联体等在这方面的研究成果和现场应用情况。     

发动机机油净化装置的研制与应用

车辆发动机每年在换季时都需要更换不同牌号的机油。为了使换下来的机油能够在第二年重复再利用,中原油田分公司采油五厂研制了污油机油净化处理装置。实践证明,净化后的机油完全可以达到使用技术要求。这样既能减少浪费,又能保护环境不受污染,经济效益也十分明显。     

Virgin and recycled engine oil differentiation: a spectroscopic study

As a result of the changes that occur during their use, used engine oils tend to differ in chemical and physical composition from a virgin oil. In general recycled oils have: much higher water and sediment levels than virgin oil; relatively higher concentrations of organic compounds (oxidation products); and relatively higher levels of metals such as Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb, etc. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate, assess and to observe, by means of the physical and the chemical properties of the oils, atomic absorption (AA), inductive couple plasma (ICP) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses the extent of the differences occurring between the virgin and recycled oil. In important part of this work was also the development of analytical techniques based on the use of FTIR spectroscopy; in relation to the rapid analysis of lubricants; in particular for the differentiation of virgin and recycled oil. The results obtained were expected to be useful for differentiation purposes, providing information on whether the metal concentrations and oxidation products could be an appropriate feature for differentiating a particular oil sample from the others. This work is categorized into a two-step procedure. Firstly, an evaluation of a typical FTIR spectrum of an engine oil sample (mono- and multigrade) is presented. The broad feature centered at 1716 cm(-1) is due to the presence of carbonyl containing degradation products of oil. A band observed at 1732, 1169, 1154 and 1270 cm(-1) assigned to the polymethacrylate stretching vibrations, allows the determination of viscosity modifier and pour point depressant additives. The observed differences in the specific spectral bands (1732, 1169, 1154 and 1270 and 1716 cm(-1)) are investigated and discussed. Secondly, an analytical technique for the measurement of the levels of the wear metals is also applied.     

Assessment of plastic packaging waste: Material origin,methods, properties

The global plastics production has increased annually and a substantial part is used for packaging (in Europe 39%). Most plastic packages are discarded after a relatively short service life and the resulting plastic packaging waste is subsequently landfilled, incinerated or recycled. Laws of several European and Asian countries require that plastic packaging waste collected from households has to be sorted, reprocessed, compounded and reused. These recycling schemes typically produce milled goods of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene) (PE), isotactic poly(propylene) (PP), mixed plastics, and agglomerates from film material. The present study documents the composition and properties of post-consumer polyolefin recyclates originating from both source separation and mechanical recovery from municipal solid refuse waste (MSRW). The overall composition by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were determined and compared with the sorting results of the sorted fractions prior to the reprocessing into milled goods. This study shows that the collection method for the plastic packaging waste has hardly any influence on the final quality of the recyclate; however, the sorting and reprocessing steps influence the final quality of the recyclate. Although the mechanical properties of recyclate are clearly different than those of virgin polymers, changes to the sorting and reprocessing steps can improve the quality.     

Applying environmental policy instruments to used oil

A comprehensive assessment was conducted of California's Used Oil Program, which was established in 1992 to reduce the illegal disposal, and promote the reuse, of used lubricating oil. This paper summarises selected key findings of the assessment and discusses them in the context of designing and implementing policy instruments for promoting environmentally responsible waste management. The approach known as ‘community-based social marketing’ is identified as a promising option.     

一种高效的油水分离器

研制并开发了一种高效的污水除油设备,此设备采用斜通道纹板作为油水分离构件。由于构件内液流流动的特殊形态,提供了频繁的油滴之间碰撞聚结和油滴在波纹板上粘附聚结机会,因而具有较高的分离效率,并已在多处油田及炼油厂得到成功应用。     

An investigation of engine and fuel system performance in a diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil

Waste cooking oil (WCO) was experimentally examined to determine whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, 48 kW power tractor engine. The test engine was operated under full load conditions using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from the 2400 to 1100 rpm and performance values were recorded. Tests were performed in two stages to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on the engine life cycle. When the test engine was operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque decreased between at ratio of 0.09 % and 3% according to the engine speed. While no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel tests at the end of 100 hours of operation, an important reduction was observed in the engine torque of the WCO engine between 4.21% and 14.48% according to the engine speed, and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio was also observed. In accordance with the results obtained from the studies, it was determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with diesel fuel, but in long-term usage, performance losses increased. In the SEM analysis performed on the fuel system, there were dark deposits at the nozzle tip and stem. According to an EDX analysis at the nozzle tips, the detected elements point to engine oil ash in the combustion chamber and show coking products (C and O). The other elements (Na, S, Ca, P, Cl, and K) point to used WCO.     

水平衡法在采油清洁生产审核中的应用

在采油清洁生产审核中发现,对生产过程的物质消耗和废物排放难以准确地进行分析和测试。针对这一问题,提出了水平衡分析法。对水平衡及其生产过程进行了评估,分析了清水损耗和废水产生的原因和环节,探讨了节约水资源、提高污水回用率的途径和方法,并提出了改进的目标和对策,形成了清洁生产审核方案。清水、污水平衡分析方法简单可靠,易于实施,同时可以为能量平衡、污染因子平衡的建立和分析提供借鉴和参考。     

绿色修井技术的研究与应用

为了避免在修井过程中产生的落地油、油砂、油水混合液和洗井液等对环境造成污染,辽河石油勘探局经过多年的研究与实践已研究出一整套完备的绿色环保修井技术,包括抽油杆刮油、油管泄油、密闭连续冲砂、软捞砂、快速防喷、汽化水回收等修井技术,在施工全过程中采取了预防污染的措施,将生产技术、生产过程、经营管理及产品质量与物流、能量、信息管理等有机结合起来,并优化运行方式,从而实现了最小的环境影响、最少的资源消耗、最佳的管理模式以及最优化的经济水平。并取得多项专利成果。     

A review of the Nigerian petroleum industry and the associated environmental problems

Nigeria has abundant deposits of oil and natural gas and their exploitation has improved the economy substantially, but with serious environmental costs. Severe ecological damage has occurred in the Niger Delta area where most of the oil industries are based. Statutory rules and regulations for environmental protection applicable to the oil industry in Nigeria appear to be generally inadequate and ineffective. So far, air pollution has not been properly addressed. Natural gas is still being flared from many oil wells, with serious air pollution problems and a waste of this resource. The legal control of air pollution in the light of the ongoing operations of liquified natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) projects is advised along with other measures for environmental quality, control and the conservation of resources.     

废钻井液对环境污染及固化处理室内研究

目前我国许多油田钻井井场位于稻田、麦田、虾池和鱼塘周围，而废钻井液中含有无机盐、重金属组分、油品及大量有机聚合物，其中有些是有害物质，一口井的废钻井液一般可达200～300m~3。这些废钻井液堆放在井场不进行处理会对周围环境造成较大污染。为此，如何处理这些废钻井液是目前令人极为关心的课题。本文分析了我国一些油田废钻井液的毒性；介绍了毒性提取、评价方法及其对土壤、植物和海洋生物的影响，同时重点介绍用化学固化方法处理废钻井液的结果。通过对现场的5个废钻井液的固化处理室内试验证实，废钻井液固化后有一定强度，其水浸出液清彻透明，达到排放标准，固化体可进行掩埋恢复地貌，也可作为建筑材料使用。     

Production,engine performance,combustion, emission characteristics and economic feasibility of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: A review

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing demands for diesel are considered to be important triggers for many of the initiatives that have been taken to search for possible sources for the production of biodiesel from materials available within the country. It is possible to produce biodiesel from waste/used cooking oils (WCO) that is comparable in quality to that of fresh vegetable oil. Not only does reuse of WCO, which can otherwise harm human health, reduce the burden on the government of treating oily wastewater, disposing of the waste, and maintaining public sewers, it also significantly lowers the production cost of biodiesel. In the process of frying, oil undergoes many reactions, leading to the formation of a number of undesirable compounds, such as polymers, free fatty acids, and many other chemicals. This poses challenges in the transesterification of WCO. This article covers different techniques in the production of biodiesel from WCO. It also compares combustion, emissions, and engine performance characteristics of biodiesel from WCO as well as factors affecting biodiesel production from WCO and its economic feasibility.     

Current Levels and Management of Solid Wastes in Nigeria

Solid waste is of serious concern in developing countries because of its high rate of generation and the low‐end quality of its management. Inefficient handling of solid wastes may result in deterioration of environmental quality, but it can also result in loss of potential resources. This study reviews current solid waste generation and management in Nigeria and the need for an effective collection, recovery, and recycling policy. Our review is based on literature searches and personal field surveys. Observations showed that uncontrolled electronic waste (e‐waste), agricultural‐waste (agro‐waste), scrap metals, waste polymers, and waste from the transportation sector are prevalent in Nigeria. Recent collection rates were less than 50% of the total solid waste generated (i.e., approximately 40% was collected). With an effective collection system and appropriate policies, the abundance of solid waste in the country could present material recovery and recycling opportunities that would boost the economy and move Nigeria closer to sustainable resource management.     

From waste to value-added products: A review of opportunities for fish waste valorization

The fishing industry is responsible for generating large amounts of organic waste rich in compounds of commercial interest. This review aimed to present the state of the art about the possibilities of using solid waste to obtain value-added products. Skins, fins, and scales have been used to obtain gelatin and collagen, a promising compound for use as an additive in yogurts and creams, as well as for the synthesis of biodegradable packaging that, if applicable, can reduce the environmental impact caused by petroleum packaging. Other parts, such as the head and the viscera, contain polyunsaturated fatty acids and other fat-soluble vitamins that have been studied for the production of omega-3 capsules for the pharmaceutical industry, but when the extracted oil does not fit the feeding parameters, it can be applied for the production of biodiesel. Furthermore, fishes are a promising source of astaxanthin, a carotenoid with high antioxidant properties. The use of combined techniques such as chemical and enzymatic methods can increase the extraction yield and favor the obtaining of more purified compounds, in addition to promoting the reduction of chemicals that are aggressive to the environment. In general, conscious production in the fishing industry through the valorization of waste generated for use as inputs for other value chains encompasses aspects of the circular economy, which can positively impact several Sustainable Development Goals.     

植物油燃料研究概述

本文介绍了植物油作燃料的研究历史以及试验研究状况，表明植物油作为柴油的替代品是最易实现的方案。但植物油燃料还需进一步试验研究才能使其实用化，其技术储备具有深远的现实意义。本文还通过对燃料油植物栽培问题的探讨，认为“农林复合经营”是生产植物燃料油的重要途径。     

清罐油泥资源化综合利用技术应用

采用清罐含油污泥资源化综合利用技术,处理后的含油污泥经检测其灰渣重金属含量均小于我国GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》和GB 4284-84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》,灰渣浸出液达到GB5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》二级标准、燃烧后产生的废气和烟尘达到GB 13271-2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》。解决了清罐油泥处理难的问题,同时符合国家推行清洁生产,大力发展循环经济的要求,使生产过程中的废物减量化、资源化、无害化,减小了油泥排污费用,具有显著环境效益和社会效益。     

三级生物接触氧化除油生化池的生物膜特性

将生物接触氧化技术用于油田稠油污水的处理,在三级串联运行的生物接触氧化池中,生物膜特性主要由生物膜上原油成分决定。在沿水流方向上,生物膜上易降解原油组分含量降低,难降解组分含量上升,第一级生化池中的生物膜厚度和优势菌种数量明显超过第二级和第三级,藻类主要生长在一级生化池的后部和二、三级生化池中的生物膜上,原生动物出现在二级和三级生化池生物膜上,而后生动物只出现在三级生化池生物膜上。     

Hospital waste management in El-Beheira Governorate,Egypt

This study investigated the hospital waste management practices used by eight randomly selected hospitals located in Damanhour City of El-Beheira Governorate and determined the total daily generation rate of their wastes. Physico-chemical characteristics of hospital wastes were determined according to standard methods. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to collect information about the practices related to waste segregation, collection procedures, the type of temporary storage containers, on-site transport and central storage area, treatment of wastes, off-site transport, and final disposal options. This study indicated that the quantity of medical waste generated by these hospitals was 1.249 tons/day. Almost two-thirds was waste similar to domestic waste. The remainder (38.9%) was considered to be hazardous waste. The survey results showed that segregation of all wastes was not conducted according to consistent rules and standards where some quantity of medical waste was disposed of with domestic wastes. The most frequently used treatment method for solid medical waste was incineration which is not accepted at the current time due to the risks associated with it. Only one of the hospitals was equipped with an incinerator which is devoid of any air pollution control system. Autoclaving was also used in only one of the selected hospitals. As for the liquid medical waste, the survey results indicated that nearly all of the surveyed hospitals were discharging it in the municipal sewerage system without any treatment. It was concluded that the inadequacies in the current hospital waste management practices in Damanhour City were mainly related to ineffective segregation at the source, inappropriate collection methods, unsafe storage of waste, insufficient financial and human resources for proper management, and poor control of waste disposal. The other issues that need to be considered are a lack of appropriate protective equipment and lack of training and clear lines of responsibilities between the departments involved in hospital waste management. Effective medical waste management programs are multisectoral and require cooperation between all levels of implementation, from national and local governments to hospital staff and private businesses.     

油茶饼粕综合利用新工艺

本文综述了油茶饼粕综合开发利用的工艺方法及其优缺点。结果表明,用单一有机溶剂一步浸取同时提取饼粕中的油脂和茶皂素的新方法,具有工艺简单,设备投资少,产品产量高,质量好且稳定等优点。     

A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by supercritical transesterification

This paper describes the conceptual design of a production process in which waste cooking oil is converted via supercritical transesterification with methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel).Since waste cooking oil contains water and free fatty acids, supercritical transesterification offers great advantage to eliminate the pre-treatment capital and operating cost.A supercritical transesterification process for biodiesel continuous production from waste cooking oil has been studied for three plant capacities (125,000; 80,000 and 8000 tonnes biodiesel/year). It can be concluded that biodiesel by supercritical transesterification can be scaled up resulting high purity of methyl esters (99.8%) and almost pure glycerol (96.4%) attained as by-product.The economic assessment of the biodiesel plant shows that biodiesel can be sold at US$ 0.17/l (125,000 tonnes/year), US$ 0.24/l (80,000 tonnes/year) and US$ 0.52/l for the smallest capacity (8000 tonnes/year).The sensitive key factors for the economic feasibility of the plant are: raw material price, plant capacity, glycerol price and capital cost.Overall conclusion is that the process can compete with the existing alkali and acid catalyzed processes.Especially for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel, the supercritical process is an interesting technical and economical alternative.