喷射量对预混合丁醇/柴油复合燃烧排放的影响

基于一台轻型高压共轨柴油机增加一套低压共轨系统实现气道定差压丁醇喷射,并控制进气温度不低于110℃以形成均质预混合气。研究了3 350 r·min~(-1)不同负荷条件下小比例丁醇喷射量对柴油机的气体排放物和颗粒物排放数量浓度、质量浓度及颗粒数量浓度粒径分布特性的影响。结果表明,在中小负荷范围内的HC和CO排放随丁醇喷射量几乎呈线性增加;在大负荷HC排放增加,但是CO排放略微减小。在小负荷工况soot质量比排放和NO_x排放随丁醇喷射量增大而降低,不存在折衷关系;在中大负荷工况soot质量比排放随丁醇喷射量增大而降低但NO_x排放随丁醇喷射量增大而升高。丁醇可明显降低各个负荷的大粒径颗粒物的数量浓度,但是会增加小粒径颗粒的数量浓度。丁醇可降低各个负荷下颗粒物的总数浓度。     

超重力脱除模拟烟气中一氧化氮

以NO和N2的混合气作模拟烟气,以酸性尿素溶液为吸收剂,在超重力机中进行了脱除模拟烟气中NO实验研究。实验考察了混合气中NO初始含量、进气流量、吸收液流量、超重力机转速对NO脱除率的影响,确定了在超重力中尿素吸收NO的适宜条件。实验结果表明,在常温常压下,N2体积流量为1.0 m3/h,控制NO初始浓度为3 300 mg/m3,吸收液流量为250 L/h,超重力机转速为650 r/min时,NO脱除率可达89.5%。     

生物转鼓过滤器反硝化净化NO的效率研究

采用自行研制的生物转鼓过滤器(RDB)反硝化净化NO。结果表明,在实验温度为25～30℃、pH为7.0～7.5、转鼓转速为1.0r/min、空床停留时间(EBRT)为86.40s、营养液用量为5.0L、营养液更换频率为0.2L/d的条件下,RDB在30d内完成挂膜;RDB稳定运行期间,当NO进气质量浓度为90～433mg/m3时,NO去除率维持在42.9%～85.2%,平均去除负荷为10.40g/(m3.h);转鼓转速决定了生物膜表面的更新速率和液膜厚度,当转速为0.5r/min时,NO去除率达到最大值(75.0%);将营养液用量控制在1.3～3.0L较为合理;EBRT是决定反硝化效率的重要因素,当EBRT为345.60s时,NO去除率不受其进气浓度的影响,且去除率高达95%以上,当EBRT为43.20s、NO进气质量浓度从98mg/m3增加到1095mg/m3时,NO去除率从62.5%下降到30.7%,当进气负荷为50.00g/(m3.h)时,NO去除负荷达到最大值(27.50g/(m3.h))。     

旋转填充床中Fenton+O_3氧化降解模拟阿莫西林废水

以旋转填充床(RPB)作为反应装置,研究了Fenton工艺与Fenton+O3工艺处理模拟阿莫西林废水的效果,考察了FeSO4·7H2O的投加量、温度、旋转床转速、液体流量及pH对COD去除率的影响。实验表明,Fenton+O3工艺的COD脱除率及BOD5/COD相对于Fenton工艺分别提升26.7%和140%。该工艺在pH为3、温度为25℃、液体流量30 L/h、气体流量2.5 L/h、转速800 r/min、H2O2的投加量为1 mmol/L及Fe2+投加量为0.4 mmol/L的条件下,100 mg/L的模拟阿莫西林废水中COD的去除率达到57.9%,BOD5/COD从0增加到0.36,满足后续生化处理要求。     

高炉熔渣四辊离心法制取矿渣棉

以调质高炉渣为原料在实验室进行了四辊离心法制备矿渣棉实验。研究高炉渣滴落温度、粘度、离心辊径及转速等工艺参数对矿渣棉成纤效果的影响规律。结果表明,高炉渣滴落温度应控制在1 290~1 420℃之间,高炉渣粘度在1~3 Pa.s;四辊直径分别为1~#213 mm、2~#295 mm、3~#295 mm和4~#295 mm时,转速控制在1~#2 707~3 000 r/min、2~#3 093~4 000 r/min、3~#4 350~4 500 r/min和4~#5 000~5 800 r/min,成纤率较高,成纤效果良好。     

超重力脱除模拟烟气中一氧化氮简

以NO和N₂的混合气作模拟烟气,以酸性尿素溶液为吸收剂,在超重力机中进行了脱除模拟烟气中NO实验研究。实验考察了混合气中NO初始含量、进气流量、吸收液流量、超重力机转速对NO脱除率的影响,确定了在超重力中尿素吸收NO的适宜条件。实验结果表明,在常温常压下,N₂体积流量为1.0 m³/h,控制NO初始浓度为3 300 mg/m³,吸收液流量为250 L/h,超重力机转速为650 r/min时,NO脱除率可达89.5%。     

回转窑在医废焚烧工程应用中的参数优化

以规模3 t/h的某医疗废物焚烧生产线为依托,优化分析了回转窑焚烧装置核心控制参数(窑头温度、供风量及窑转速),考察了不同负荷、回转窑转动模式及进料方式对焚烧效果的影响,结果表明:窑头温度升高,有利于提高焚烧效果,是影响焚烧效果最重要的工艺参数;75%负荷时最佳工况是窑头温度850℃、窑转速0.09 r/min、供风量7 000 Nm3/h;连续反转的回转窑转动模式和恒流量的连续进料技术,有助于保持良好焚烧工况,炉渣热灼减率分别达到2.6%和2.3%。     

低温环境中乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水与污染物排放

对低温环境中乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水、CO、HC、NOx和CO2排放特性进行了研究,并对5种排放物的形成机理和排放趋势进行了分析。ECE工况(-20、-10和0℃)和怠速工况(-30、-20、-10和0℃)下,乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水排放量主要受含氢量、车辆构造和外界环境的共同影响。ECE工况中冷凝水的总体排放趋势是随着温度降低而增加,乙醇汽油的总排水量持平或略低于普通汽油。-10℃时乙醇汽油的高含氧量能促进燃烧速度和燃烧效率,减少CO和HC排放,增加NOx排放;0℃时低温环境和乙醇的高汽化潜热会影响可燃混合气形成和燃烧速度,降低缸壁温度,增加CO和HC排放。     

固定化青霉X5对孔雀石绿的脱色研究

采用植物载体玉米芯对青霉X5进行固定化.利用正交实验,确定了固定化最优操作条件为:菌量0.4 g/L,载体大小为1/2×π×12×1 cm3,载体个数为10,摇床转速为100 r/min.同时考察了各种因素如温度、pH、碳源浓度和盐浓度等对染料脱色的影响,结果表明,在温度为30℃、pH 4.0、碳源浓度为10 g/L条件下,以100 r/min的摇速培养,脱色效果最佳,脱色率达96.1%.重复脱色实验表明,固定化青霉X5经过4次重复利用后,固定化细胞的结构仍良好,脱色率仍在90%以上.脱色平衡时间为360 min.     

漆酶/HBT介质系统对靛蓝染料及废水脱色的初步研究

以云芝(Trametes versicolor)1126发酵所得漆酶粗酶液与1-羟基苯并三唑(HBT)组成的漆酶/HBT介质系统对靛蓝染料进行脱色实验,分别考察了温度、转速、pH和HBT与漆酶的加入量等条件对靛蓝染料脱色的影响.最终确定的优化脱色条件为:温度60℃,转速200r/min, pH4.5, 100mL靛蓝染料"溶液"中粗酶液和HBT溶液分别加入2mL.以上述脱色条件对靛蓝印染废水进行脱色实验,反应80min,脱色率可达90.1%.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.