淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量年际变化及其对氮输入的响应

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法自2002～2004年连续3a观测了三江平原淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O 3种主要温室气体排放特征及外源氮素输入条件下温室气体通量的变化.结果表明,三江平原CO2、CH4和N2O 3种主要温室气体排放具有明显的季节及年际变化规律.其中生态系统呼吸CO1排放的最大值[779.33～965.40 mg·(m·h)-1]出现在7、8月份,CH4通量最大值[19.19～30.52 mg·(m·h)-1]出现在8月,N2O通量最大值[0.072～0.15 mg·(m·h)-1]出现在5月和9月,3种温室气体通量最小值CO2为2.36～18.73 mg·(m·h)-1;CH4为-0.35～0.59 mg·(m·h)-1;N2O为-0.032～-0.009 mg·(m·h)-1大都出现在冬季,且冬季淡水沼泽湿地表现为N2O的吸收.对气候因子的分析发现,温度条件是影响淡水沼泽湿地温室气体排放通量季节性变化的主要因子,而降水和积水水位变化是影响其排放年际变化的关键因素,特别是降水对CH4排放通量的影响较其它2种温室气体更显著,且冬季雪融水对夏季CH4的排放起重要作用.CO2和CH4排放与土壤温度(5cm)呈显著的指数相关关系,而N2O排放通量与土壤温度和水深相关性不显著.氮输入促进了三江平原CO2、CH4和N2O3种主要温室气体的排放,与对照处理相比,其排放通量分别升高了34%,145%和110%.     

施用畜禽粪便堆肥品的蔬菜地CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征

农田是重要的温室气体排放来源之一,其中蔬菜地的温室气体排放日益受到人们关注.以北京市郊某温室种植的油麦菜地为研究对象,通过大棚试验,考察和比较了油麦菜地施用不同类型畜禽粪便堆肥产品的CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,油麦菜地NRM、RM、CF处理的CH4排放系数分别为0.2%、0.027%、0.004%;N2O排放系数分别为0.18%、0.63%、0.74%;NH3排放系数分别为2.00%、3.98%、2.53%.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和地表湿度相关,N2O排放通量与土壤温度、地表温度和湿度相关,CH4、N2O和NH3排放通量均受土壤含水率影响,而温室中的气温不是影响CH4、N2O和NH3排放的主要因素.     

农垦对草甸草原生态系统温室气体(CH4和N2O)的影响

2012~2013年在呼伦贝尔谢尔塔拉牧场对天然草甸草地和草地开垦农田后,不同农作物种植和管理措施下甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放进行了野外实地观测.结果表明,天然草甸草地和农田均为大气CH4的吸收汇、N2O的排放源.在生长季,天然草甸草地开垦增强了土壤的N2O排放量,但是对土壤CH4通量的影响却存在较大的不确定性.在相同的气象条件下,作物类型对生长季农田CH4和N2O排放通量都没有影响.在生长季,灌溉对干旱农田的CH4平均吸收通量没有显著影响,但降低了干旱农田N2O的平均排放通量.2012年和2013年农田CH4和N2O的差异主要是因为降雨量不同导致的年际差异.回归分析表明,N2O排放通量与土壤湿度呈线性相关,与土壤温度没有相关性,CH4的吸收通量与土壤温度呈线性相关,与土壤湿度呈线性负相关.土壤湿度是影响土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放的主要因素.     

南京典型水体春季温室气体排放特征研究

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对南京4条河流(内秦淮河、外秦淮河、金川河、团结河)和1座水库(丁解水库)的春季水-气界面CO2、CH4、N2O 3种温室气体通量进行包括昼夜变化的持续观测,对其变化趋势及影响因素加以分析.结果表明,春季团结河CO2和CH4的排放量最大,分别为1023.34,89.45mg/(m2·h),金川河两种气体排放量次之,内、外秦淮河CO2排放量相当,而内秦淮CH4的排放量比外秦淮小1个量级.丁解水库该2种温室气体排放量最小.金川河N2O的排放量最高,为151.31μg/(m2·h),团结河N2O排放量次之[111.74μg/(m2·h)],其他2条河流和丁解水库N2O的排放量均在一个量级上(101).水-气界面温室气体的排放受温度、压力、风速等环境因子影响.温室气体的昼夜变化分析结果表明,除了金川河N2O的排放趋势为昼间排放、夜间吸收外,其余河流及丁解水库均为温室气体的排放源.内秦淮和丁解水库的排放趋势受人为因素影响较大,外秦淮河的排放趋势主要受水位的高低变化影响,团结河的排放量受风速和温度的共同影响.金川河主要受微生物活性影响3种温室气体均呈明显的昼夜变化.5种水体在春季是大气3种温室气体的主要排放源.     

猪粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH4和N2O排放及其全球增温潜势的影响

以湖南典型红壤双季稻田系统为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了水稻生长季基肥配施猪粪条件下CH4和N2O的排放特征,并估算了排放的CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP).结果表明,与施用化肥处理相比,猪粪化肥配施对稻田CH4和N2O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响,但影响其排放量大小.两个稻季,猪粪替代50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N+PM)CH4累积排放量较不施氮肥处理(0N)、50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N)、100%化学氮肥处理(N)分别提高54.83%、33.85%和43.30%(P<0.05);1/2N+PM处理N2O累积排放量较N处理显著降低67.50%,较0N处理、1/2N处理分别提高129.43%、119.23%(P<0.05).水稻生长季CH4是GWP的主要贡献者,占CH4和N2O综合GWP的99%以上.1/2N+PM处理的GWP显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),且1/2N+PM处理单位产量GWP最高,较N处理、1/2N处理、0N处理分别提高58.21%、26.82%、20.63%.因此,双季稻田猪粪替代部分化学氮肥较全部施用化学氮肥增加了双季稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合温室效应,其对温室气体排放的影响需在区域温室气体排放清单中加以考虑.     

盐碱区不同开发年限水田温室气体排放规律及影响因素

以吉林省前郭盐碱水田区为研究对象,采用野外采样和小区试验相结合的方法,监测水稻生长期土壤温室气体(CH4和N2O)排放、土壤p H和土壤有机碳(SOC)变化,分析水田温室气体排放规律及其影响因素.结果表明,水田N2O排放季节变化特征明显并呈现3个峰值,肥料的施入提供了更多的反应底物,对水田N2O的排放量影响显著.在淹水条件下,N2O的主要来源于反硝化过程,而排水后,硝化作用则占据了主导地位.CH4排放呈现单峰,在水稻生长旺盛的分蘖期,稻田较深水层以还原环境为主,为产生CH4的微生物提供了适宜的条件,进而导致CH4排放呈高峰值;土壤p H对N2O和CH4排放的影响不明显,但土壤SOC含量与CH4的排放规律呈现显著正相关.     

基于投入产出法的北京能源消耗温室气体排放清单分析

城市是一个巨大能源物资消耗体和温室气体排放体,相关研究受到广泛关注.本文以2007年为例基于投入产出法研究北京市能源消耗的温室气体排放量,计算得出CH4和N2O这两种常规温室气体排放量.结果表明,北京市2007年能源消耗温室气体排放量为3531.72万tCO2当量,其中CO2排放量为3514.40万t,CH4排放量为1734.32t,N2O排放量为435.83t.北京市工业部门仍然是主要的温室气体排放部门,其排放的温室气体占CO2总量的98.96%,CH4总量的88.48%和N2O总量的98.99%.不同最终使用部门中,政府部门消费产生的温室气体排放量超过总量的15%,高于城镇消费和农村消费之和;调出和出口部门的碳排放量超过总量的40%,所占比例最大.贸易中,隐含在调出和出口部门中温室气体排放量是隐含在调入和进口部门的十几倍.北京市不同行业的温室气体排放强度略优于全国水平.降低北京市温室气体排放量可从进一步优化产业结构,发挥科技减排的作用,提高不同产业的能源利用率等方面采取措施.     

不同开垦年限黑土温室气体排放规律研究

以东北黑土区荒地土壤(H)、开垦2 a(L)、30 a(S)和100 a(Y)土壤为对象,在25℃和60%WHC水分条件下,通过7 d的室内培养试验,研究了不同开垦年限黑土温室气体N2O、CO2和CH4的排放规律.结果表明,黑土开垦后理化性质发生了显著改变,进而影响了温室气体的排放.N2O排放量随开垦年限的增加而增加,开垦30 a和100 a土壤的N2O排放量显著高于荒地土壤.净硝化量和N2O排放量与土壤水溶性有机氮和粉粒含量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤pH和砂粒含量呈显著负相关关系.CO2排放量随开垦年限的增加而逐渐降低,开垦30 a和100 a土壤与荒地土壤差异显著.土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量与CO2累积排放量呈显著正相关关系.好氧条件下,荒地土壤和开垦土壤在培养前4 d表现为对CH4的微量排放,然后表现为对CH4的微量吸收,开垦土壤的CH4排放量随开垦年限的增加而增加.不同开垦年限黑土可能因土壤pH、有机碳、水溶性有机碳含量以及土壤机械组成的差异而产生CO2和CH4排放的差异.     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

翻堆频率对猪粪条垛堆肥过程温室气体和氨气排放的影响

我国畜禽粪便堆肥过程中有关温室气体(CH4、N2O)和NH3排放的基础数据十分缺乏,难以满足我国畜禽粪便温室气体减排的需求.本研究以猪粪为研究对象,通过现场试验和原位观测,考察翻堆频率对猪粪条垛堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气排放的影响.结果表明,翻堆频率对猪粪条垛堆肥过程的温室气体(CH4、N2O)和氨气排放均具有显著影响,不仅提高了温室气体和氨气的排放,而且加大了氨气排放所占总氮损失的比例(对照组42.2%、试验组70.05%).与N2O相比,CH4是猪粪条垛堆肥过程中CO2排放当量的主要贡献者.     

沼泽与高寒草甸退化对CH4和CO2通量的影响

在青藏高原风火山地区,对不同退化程度沼泽和高寒草甸CH4和CO2通量以及相应的环境因子进行了为期1年的观测.结果表明,不同退化程度沼泽草甸CH4和CO2通量均表现出排放特征,排放强度随退化程度的增加而降低;不同退化程度高寒草甸对CO2表现为排放特征,而对CH4却表现为吸收特征,且均随着退化程度的加剧而增强.未来气候模式下,沼泽与高寒草甸退化将对区域气温升高起到一定的促进作用.气温、5cm土壤温度和土壤水分含量以及生物量是影响CH4和CO2的通量的主要环境因子.     

放牧对内蒙古草原温室气体排放的影响

静态箱-气相色谱法用于测定内蒙古典型草原温室气体排放.禁牧草原及放牧草原吸收CH₄、排放N₂O和CO₂各自有其相对固定的季节变化形式,草原和大气交换温室气体通量的季节变化形式主要受年度气候变化所控制,而土壤、植被类型、降雨量等禁牧因素和放牧强度等人为因素仅影响排放强度.与禁牧草原相比,自由放牧降低了羊草草原对CH4的吸收和对N₂O的排放,但大大增加了CO₂的排放量.随着放牧强度的增加,草原温室气体排放强度呈线性迅速增长.     

淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量年际变化及其对氮输入的响应

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法自2002～2004年连续3a观测了三江平原淡水沼泽湿地CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放特征及外源氮素输入条件下温室气体通量的变化.结果表明,三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放具有明显的季节及年际变化规律.其中生态系统呼吸CO₂排放的最大值[779.33～965.40 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在7、8月份,CH4通量最大值[19.19～30.52 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在8月,N₂O通量最大值[0.072～0.15 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在5月和9月,3种温室气体通量最小值CO₂为2.36～18.73 mg·(m·h)^-1;CH₄为-0.35～0.59 mg·(m·h)^-1;N₂O为-0.032～-0.009 mg·(m·h)^-1大都出现在冬季,且冬季淡水沼泽湿地表现为N2O的吸收.对气候因子的分析发现,温度条件是影响淡水沼泽湿地温室气体排放通量季节性变化的主要因子,而降水和积水水位变化是影响其排放年际变化的关键因素,特别是降水对CH₄排放通量的影响较其它2种温室气体更显著,且冬季雪融水对夏季CH₄的排放起重要作用.CO₂和CH4排放与土壤温度(5cm)呈显著的指数相关关系,而N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和水深相关性不显著.氮输入促进了三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体的排放,与对照处理相比,其排放通量分别升高了34%,145%和110%.     

季节性冻融期沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放动态

三江平原季节性冻-融时间长达7～8个月,对沼泽湿地温室气体排放有重要影响.采用静态箱/气相色谱法研究了三江平原冻、融期沼泽湿地温室气体排放特征,表明三江平原不同类型沼泽湿地冬季都有明显的CH₄和CO₂排放,且冬季沼泽湿地CH₄排放量在全年CH₄排放中占有重要份额.融冻期沼泽湿地出现明显的CH₄和CO₂排放峰值,季节性积水沼泽化草甸CH₄和CO₂排放量大于常年积水沼泽湿地,而冬季常年积水沼泽湿地CH₄排放通量大于季节性积水沼泽化草甸.融冻期CO₂排放通量与土壤温度(5cm)呈指数相关关系(R²=0.912,p<0.001),沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与CH₄通量间也呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.751,p<0.001).冬季三江平原沼泽湿地是N₂O的汇,融冻期随着土壤温度升高逐渐成为N₂O的源,且在5月份沼泽湿地表层土壤(0～20cm)融冻期间N₂O排放通量明显增大.三江平原土壤冻、融期间沼泽湿地温室气体的排放特征,反映了冬季微生物活性的存在及融冻作用对土壤碳矿化和氮硝化、反硝化作用有重要影响.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subalpine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the e ects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the gross primary production (GPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) increased, and the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased.With the variation of baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly a ected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor a ecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong e ect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subaipine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the effects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases （GHGs） emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the gross primary production （GPP） and soil organic carbon （SOC） increased, and the net primary production （NPP） and net ecosystem production （NEP） decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased. With the variation of baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly affected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor affecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong effect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

冻融对内蒙古温带贝加尔针茅草甸草原N2O通量的影响

本研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验与野外观测实验相结合,分析不同土层、放牧与封育、长期与短期冻融、不同冻融频率与冻融温差强度对草地土壤N2O产生与排放的影响.结果表明:冻融期间,从地表到下层15cm土壤N2O的产生速率随深度的增加而逐渐减少,N2O的产生主要来源于0~9cm的表层土壤;冻融期间温差相同的情况下,冻融次数越多,N2O的产生速率越小;N2O的产生速率随着温差的变小而减少;冻融期间封育样地的N2O排放量大于放牧样地,且封育样地的N2O排放量占全年排放总量的25.09%,大于放牧样地(12.38%),但从观测年排放总量看,放牧却促进了草地N2O源的功能;草地春融期间的N2O排放量是整个冻融期N2O排放量的最大贡献者.     

Greenhouse gases fluxes and soil thermal properties in a pasture in central Missouri

Fluctuations of greenhouse gases emissions and soil properties occur at short spatial and temporal scales, however, results are often reported for larger scales studies. We monitored CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes and soil temperature (T), thermal conductivity (K), resistivity (R) and thermal di usivity (D) from 2004 to 2006 in a pasture. Soil air samples for determination of CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations were collected from static and vented chambers and analyzed within two hours of collection with a gas chromatograph. T, K, R and D were measured in-situ using a KD2 probe. Soil samples were also taken for measurements of soil chemical and physical properties. The pasture acted as a sink in 2004, a source in 2005 and again a sink of CH4 in 2006. CO2 and CH4 were highest, but N2O as well as T, K and D were lowest in 2004. Only K was correlated with CO2 in 2004 while T correlated with both N2O (r = 0.76, p = 0.0001) and CO2 (r = 0.88, p = 0.0001) in 2005. In 2006, all gases fluxes were significantly correlated with T, K and R when the data for the entire year were considered. However, an in-depth examination of the data revealed the existence of month-to-month shifts, lack of correlation and di ering spatial structures. These results stress the need for further studies on the relationship between soil properties and gases fluxes. K and R o er a promise as potential controlling factors for greenhouse gases fluxes in this pasture.     

Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free,(B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0±4.0, -35.9±2.8,-31.6±2.8 μgC/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in2003 were -4.1,-3.1,and -2.9kgC/hm2,respectively.The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A,B,and C were 30.9±3.1,28.2±3.5,50.2±3.7μgN/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P ＜ 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.