中亚热带次生林成林规律及经营技术研究——Ⅰ.次生林环境背景分析与类型划分

本文分析了湖南省中亚热带次生林优势种群间的联结和环境梯度。通过研究,将全省次生林划分为8大类型即暖性针叶林、温性针叶林、干热性常绿阔叶林、干暖性常绿阔叶林、暖湿性常绿阔叶林、温湿性常绿阔叶林、暖性落叶阔叶林和温性落叶阔叶林等。     

滇中亚高山5种林型土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

探究不同森林类型林地土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征的垂直分布情况对评价森林生态系统养分循环具有重要意义。本研究以滇中亚高山地区5种森林类型(常绿阔叶林(Evergreen broad-leaf forest)、高山栎林(Quercus semicarpifolia forest)、华山松林(Pinus armandii forest)、云南松林(Pinus yunnanensis forest)、滇油杉林(Keteleeria evelyniana forest))林地土壤为研究对象,对不同土层土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)及其生态化学计量比的垂直分布特征进行分析。结果表明,不同林型、不同土层深度土壤养分含量及其化学计量比存在显著差异,5种林型各层土壤中C、N、P的变化范围分别为2.09-15.07、0.34-0.97和0.23-0.32 mg·g~(-1),各土层土壤C含量均表现为阔叶林针叶林;各土层土壤N含量除30-40cm外均表现为阔叶林针叶林;土壤P含量无显著差异。5种林型各层土壤C/N、C/P、N/P的变化范围分别为5.35-16.42、6.69-43.97和1.16-2.84,各土层土壤C/N均表现为云南松林和滇油杉林显著低于其他3种林型,C/P均表现为常绿阔叶林最高,N/P均表现为阔叶林针叶林。5种林型土壤C、N、P三者间存在显著正相关,阔叶林土壤C、N、P三者间存在极显著正相关,而针叶林土壤C、N间存在极显著正相关,土壤P与C、N之间相关性则未达显著水平。     

杉木人工林采伐撂荒后土壤动物的恢复特征

以会同地区杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复后形成的次生林为研究对象,以杉木人工林和常绿阔叶林作为对照,调查分析杉木人工林、次生林和常绿阔叶林的土壤动物群落特征.结果显示:杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复20年后,次生林与常绿阔叶林土壤动物在群落组成上表现了更高的相似性,其中次生林与杉木人工林Jaccard相似性为0.57,杉木人工林与常绿阔叶林相似性为0.58,次生林与常绿阔叶林Jaccard相似性为0.64;杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复后,土壤动物群落的多度出现了显著的增加,从杉木人工林的52 916.1/m~2,增加到次生林的86 618.7/m~2(P=0.03),接近常绿阔叶林的78 298.4/m~2(P=0.75),这些增加主要归因于线虫纲、线蚓科、蜱螨目、弹尾目的增加,分别贡献了增加量的62.84%、26.57%、4.74%、2.26%.但土壤动物群落的多样性变化缓慢,Shannon多样性指数从杉木人工林到次生林增加了25.71%,达到常绿阔叶林的88.88%.通过比较3种森林类型土壤动物多度和多样性,明显可以看出土壤动物的多样性恢复速度要慢于土壤动物的多度恢复.由于次生林的群落组成、多样性和多度特征比杉木人工林更加接近于常绿阔叶林,因此结果支持生态系统不稳定性的增加促进了土壤生物的恢复.(图1表5参41)     

庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松与桦树林土壤微生物群落结构

落叶针叶林和落叶阔叶林是华北地区主要的森林类型,其地下生态系统在驱动生物地球化学循环过程中发挥重要作用.运用Illumina高通量测序技术分析庞泉沟自然保护区中海拔桦树(Betula platyphylla)林和华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林以及高海拔华北落叶松林的土壤微生物群落结构,同时对土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性及土壤理化性质进行测定,分析各因子的变化规律及其之间的相关性.结果显示:1)3个样地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与全碳、全氮、全硫、碳氮比呈极显著正相关;脲酶活性与p H显著负相关;过氧化氢酶活性与土壤理化性质均无显著相关性;同时3种酶的活性与细菌和真菌特定类群的丰度密切相关.2)样地间土壤细菌群落结构具有一定差异,而真菌群落结构的差异较大,土壤理化性质对微生物群落的结构具有较大的影响.真菌群落中的煤炱目(Capnodiales)、蜡壳耳目(Sebacinales)、路霉目(Lulworthiales)、锈革孔菌目(Hymenochaetales)的丰度与土壤全碳、全氮、全硫、碳氮比、含水率显著相关.3)中海拔桦树林土壤细菌群落多样性和丰度高于华北落叶松林,真菌群落的丰度与之相反;高海拔落叶松林细菌群落多样性较低,而丰度较高,真菌群落则是丰度较低,多样性在高海拔落叶松林中最高,在桦树林中较低.综上,植被类型、土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构三者相互影响,因此可通过改变林下土壤微生物环境,制定出不同的育林措施,进而影响土壤生态系统的碳、氮、硫等循环进程,提高土壤肥力.     

上海环城林带植物群落景观美学评价

以上海环城林带为对象,采用美景度评判法进行不同植被类型的景观评价,评价分为林内景观和林外景观2个空间层次,分别在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节进行。结果表明,林内景观平均值和林外景观的美景度都表现为夏季最高,冬季最低。在不同植被类型的林内景观中,落叶针叶林在不同季节均表现出最高的美景度,竹林的美景度最低;针叶林中,常绿针叶林的美景度四季均低于落叶针叶林;阔叶林中,落叶阔叶林的美景度在春季和夏季高于常绿落叶林,常绿阔叶林在秋季和冬季高于落叶阔叶林;混交林中,除秋季外,针阔混交林的美景度均高于常绿落叶阔叶混交林。     

新丰江水库库区水源涵养林土壤饱和导水率特征

饱和导水率近似于土壤稳定入渗速率,是评估森林生态系统土壤水文功能的重要参数。以新丰江水库库区3种不同水源涵养林即针叶林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用恒定水头法测定水源涵养林不同层次土壤饱和导水率大小,同时测定土壤理化性质,利用相关分析和多元线性回归分析的方法,探讨了土壤饱和导水率的变化特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,随着森林植被组成的复杂化,土壤饱和导水率呈上升趋势。0—100 cm土层范围内,常绿阔叶林饱和导水率的算术平均值[(0.24±0.06) mm·min^-1]大于针阔混交林[(0.18±0.04)mm·min^-1]和针叶林[(0.18±0.05)mm·min^-1]的相应值。各林型土壤剖面上饱和导水率随着土层深度增加大致呈下降趋势,介于(0.05±0.02)—(0.41±0.13) mm·min^-1之间。常绿阔叶林0—20cm土壤饱和导水率达(0.34±0.05)mm·min^-1,是针阔混交林1.3倍[(0.26±0.06) mm·min^-1     

北京平原地区不同人工林叶片-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征

为探讨北京平原不同人工林叶片、凋落物以及土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)化学计量特征及其差异,进一步了解北京平原造林工程实施7年人工林生态系统的养分供求现状,选取北京大兴区永定河边造林区4种不同人工林:人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)、油松林(Pinus tabuliformis)、千头椿林(Ailanthus altissima)、旱柳林(Salix matsudana)为实验样地,在每个样地内随机选取3个20 m×30 m实验样方,在每个样方内,按照"S"形布点法进行5点采样,采集叶片、凋落物和土壤样品,土壤采集0-10、10-20 cm土壤样品,分析其碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量,并计算其化学计量比。研究结果表明:油松林和旱柳林叶片的C含量显著高于刺槐林和千头椿林。叶片和凋落物N含量呈现刺槐林千头椿林旱柳林油松林的变化,叶片P含量为千头椿林最大,油松林最小;凋落物C?P和C?N均表现为油松林旱柳林千头椿林刺槐林,且两两间差异显著;人工林土壤C和N含量以及C?P和C?N均表现为刺槐林最高,土壤N?P值呈现出油松林最高,显著性差异主要集中在土壤表层(0-10 cm);枯落物与土壤的化学计量比无显著相关性;刺槐林不同组分中N?P均为最高,其中叶片和凋落物N?P均显著高于土壤,刺槐、千头椿和油松凋落物C?N、C?P均大于叶片。该研究揭示了刺槐、油松和旱柳人工林的生长受到"磷限制",而千头椿生长受到"氮限制",建议在北京平原林人工林经营管理时应考虑减少除草割灌,并适当增加凋落物有利于C、N的积累,以促进人工林土壤质量的提升。     

林窗边缘效应对马尾松和香樟凋落叶分解的影响

为了解马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林不同面积林窗边缘凋落叶分解的养分释放规律,采用凋落袋分解实验,以长江上游低山丘陵区人为采伐形成的马尾松人工林7种不同大小林窗(G1:100 m~2;G2:225 m~2;G3:400 m~2;G4:625 m~2;G5:900 m~2;G6:1 225 m~2;G7:1 600 m~2)为研究对象,以林下为对照,探讨马尾松和香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)凋落叶的质量损失率和养分释放率.结果表明:除钾释放率外,林窗边缘两种凋落叶的质量损失率和养分释放率均显著高于林下.在1.5年分解过程中,两种凋落叶的质量损失率和碳释放率呈持续上升趋势.分解前90 d,两种凋落叶的质量损失速率和养分释放速率最快;分解90-360 d后,部分林窗出现氮和磷的富集现象;180-270 d和1.5年后,部分林窗出现钾的富集现象.随林窗面积增大,除钾释放率外,两种凋落叶在中型林窗边缘(400、600和900 m~2)具有较高的质量损失率和养分释放率.在凋落叶分解过程中,质量损失率和碳、氮释放率与土壤含水率均呈显著正相关.中型林窗(400-900 m~2)对凋落物的分解具有更显著的边缘效应,而这种边缘效应与物种有一定关联.因此,在马尾松低效林改造过程中,可利用中型林窗(400-900 m~2)边缘这一显著作用,引入乡土阔叶树种加速马尾松人工林的物质循环,维持林分地力.     

不同林分类型土壤对铜的吸附及其影响因素

测定了浙江安吉6种林分类型(茶园、毛竹林、湿地松林、灌木林、落叶栎林、常绿苦槠-青冈混交林)、4个层次(0—10、10—20、20—40、40—60 cm)土壤对Cu2 的吸附量,并探求土壤有机质含量、CEC、pH值及颗粒组成与Cu2 吸附量之间的关系。结果表明,落叶栎林对Cu2 的吸附量最大,灌木林次之,茶林与常绿苦槠-青冈混交林居中,毛竹林与湿地松林吸附量最小;不同层次土壤对Cu2 的吸附量随土层深度增加而减少。土壤有机质含量和CEC是影响供试土壤Cu2 吸附量的主要因素。建立了土壤有机质含量和CEC与土壤Cu2 吸附量的关系模型。     

粤北阔叶人工林和次生林植物多样性与土壤理化性质相关性研究

为提升人工林林分质量,发挥人工林生态效益,以亚热带优良乡土树种壳斗科红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)、深山含笑(Michelia maudiae)人工林和天然次生林为研究对象,分析不同林分林下物种数量、物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson优势度指数,Pielou均匀度指数,Margalef丰富度指数)和土壤理化性质等指标及其差异,明确土壤中制约人工林林下植被多样性的理化性质指标。结果表明,(1)灌木层中,红锥与含笑人工林林下植被Shannon-Wiener指数(1.61±0.51,1.23±0.30)低于天然次生林(1.95±0.40),且二者林下物种成分与天然次生林有显著差异,人工林植物优势种以(Maesa japonica)、石楠藤(Piper puberulum)为主,天然林优势种以广东润楠(Machilus kwangtungensis)、黧蒴锥(Castanopsis fissa)等乔木幼苗为主。草本层红锥与含笑人工林的Shannon-Wiener指数(2.55±0.50,2.53±0.31)高于天然次生林(2.34±0.38)。(2)0-20 cm土层内,有机质、全氮、全磷含量均表现为红锥人工林[(34.74±13.29)g·kg~(-1),(1.56±0.49)g·kg~(-1),(0.43±0.13)g·kg~(-1)]含笑人工林[(28.20±9.97)g·kg~(-1),(1.27±0.34)g·kg~(-1),(0.30±0.10)g·kg~(-1)]天然次生林[(22.78±8.52)g·kg~(-1),(1.07±0.33)g·kg~(-1),(0.25±0.04)g·kg~(-1)];20-40 cm土层内,人工林与天然林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷仍表现为红锥人工林[(24.22±7.51)g·kg~(-1),(1.23±0.32)g·kg~(-1),(0.42±0.11)g·kg~(-1)]含笑人工林[(21.80±8.34)g·kg~(-1),(1.04±0.28)g·kg~(-1),(0.29±0.11)g·kg~(-1)]天然次生林[(16.15±6.42)g·kg~(-1),(0.83±0.23)g·kg~(-1),(0.24±0.04)g·kg~(-1)]。除硝态氮外,其余土壤理化性质均因林分类型不同而呈现显著差异(P0.05)。(3)有机质、氮、磷三者是影响林下植被多样性的关键因子。土壤有机质含量与林下植被多样性的相关性最强(P0.05),氮、磷含量与草本层的相关性显著(P0.05),草本层与灌木层相比,更易受到土壤理化性质的影响。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.