从山东省部分行业看工业节水潜力

本文采用万元产值取水量和水重复利用率作为节水指标,通过对山东省主要工业行业用水节水现状进行调查研究,阐述了各行业节水水平和节水经验,分析并预测了节水潜力,总结提出了各行业应采取的主要节水措施和建议。     

基于改进的灰色模型的成都市用水效率分析预测

针对等维动态递补灰色模型对波动性数据预测的局限性,提出基于缓冲算子的等维动态递补灰色模型,改进原模型对波动性数据预测误差较大的问题。利用成都市2008年~2013年人均用水量、万元GDP用水量、万元工业增加值用水量以及农田灌溉亩均用水量4个指标的统计数据,在验证改进模型的有效性后,分别对成都市2016年、2020年、2025年各指标耗水情况进行预测分析。结果表明,成都市用水效率总体呈现上涨的趋势,其中,工业用水效率较高,生活用水效率以及农田灌溉用水效率偏低。     

川南页岩气区块生命周期用水核算

选取川南页岩气区块为研究对象,运用过程生命周期评估和投入产出生命周期方法核算页岩气开采生命周期的直接和间接用水量,并与美国Marcellus页岩气区块用水量进行比较。川南区块总直接用水量为22 928 m^3/井,高于Marcellus区块的总直接用水量15 320 m^3/井。从生命周期阶段来看,川南页岩气开采钻井和压裂阶段的直接用水均远大于Marcellus区块。结合水环境管理指标,自然资源禀赋条件主要决定了直接用水量的差异。川南区块总间接用水量为25 098 m^3/井,超过总直接用水量,约为Marcellus区块总间接用水量的3倍。除井场准备阶段外,其余阶段的间接用水量均大于Marcellus区块,间接用水量的差异与钻井和压裂过程的添加剂、能源使用量和全行业用水效率有关。减少川南区块页岩气开发用水量的主要途径包括提高钻井液和压裂液回用率、改善钻井和压裂添加剂使用效率、提高柴油和电力等能源利用效率和全行业用水效率。     

川东北丘区水资源利用结构与利用效率分析

采用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数和比较水资源生产率三种方法,对川东北典型丘陵区南充的用水规模、用水结构与用水效率进行了分析,探讨了其空间分布的变化特征。结果表明:1近年来南充用水规模总体呈上升趋势,除生活用水量有所减少外,农业、工业、生态用水量呈上升趋势,其中农业用水规模最大,生活用水次之,生态用水最少。2对水资源的空间分布,南充生活用水最均衡,农业用水次之,生态用水相对合理,工业用水差距大,较集中。3南充第一、二产业水资源利用效率已达到四川省平均水平,但第三产业的用水效率差距较大,有待进一步提高;南充第二、三产业比较水资源生产率高,对经济拉动作用较大。     

和田地区水资源利用与经济增长动态关系的实证分析

选取1997—2013年总用水量、生活用水量、工业用水量、农业用水量、地区生产总值作为度量指标,基于协整理论,运用Granger因果检验法等计量技术探究了新疆和田地区经济增长与水资源利用的动态关系。结果表明:1和田地区工业用水量的增加有效带动了经济增长,经济增长的同时伴随着总用水量和农业用水量增加;2和田地区的工业用水量、农业用水量、总用水量分别与经济增长之间存在长期均衡关系;3和田地区的经济增长对用水量变化趋势的影响较大,农业用水量和总用水量对经济增长的约束具有滞后性。     

宁夏城镇化与水资源利用关系分析

水资源短缺是干旱半干旱地区可持续发展最重要的制约因素之一,加强城镇化发展与水资源利用之间的演变规律及相互作用关系的定量化分析,对新型城镇化进程和水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。基于宁夏回族自治区2000—2012年城镇化、三次产业发展及用水结构等统计数据,首先分析宁夏城镇化与用水结构的发展现状,其次定量比较和分析宁夏城镇化水平与用水效益、产业结构和用水结构的演化过程,并模拟城镇化水平与用水效益、产业结构和用水结构之间的定量关系。结果显示,农业用水总量高但比重在下降,工业用水和生活用水的比重随城镇化的进程呈明显上升趋势。目前城镇人口每增加1万人,城镇居民生活用水量增加20.91万m3;工业增加值每增加1亿元,工业用水量增加13.19万m3,城镇化水平与用水效益之间呈正相关关系,城镇化对用水效益提升起促进作用。预测到2030年,城镇生活用水和工业用水分别将在现状基础上增加0.2124亿m3和3.325亿m3,需要通过农业节水和压缩农业用水,才能满足城镇化、工业化带来的水资源需求。     

工业开发区环境-经济双向控制规划研究

本文从我国工业开发区的现状出发,论述了工业开发区环境－经济双向控制规划的思路,规划目标体系和多目标规划模型的建立、规模的实施程序,为工业开发区的环境规划提出了一个可供参考的方法。     

水资源利用与污染预测

1 用水预测 1.1 工业用水预测工业用水预测采用指数模型,在现状工业用水水平上根据历年工业用水水平进行预测。其基本假定为工业用水结构在近十年内不发生显著变化,随着工业经济的发展,工业技术进步和节水措施的实施预测工业用水的趋势性水平。指数增长模型为时序模型,基本形式为A(t)=A_o(1+a)~t     

氧化铝行业水污染控制措施探讨

根据氧化铝行业生产用水及排污特点,结合某氧化铝生产企业生产废水的处理实践,推荐采用逆向洗涤赤泥和氢氧化铝,节约用水量;综合利用赤泥洗液和含碱废水;对生产用水设置循环水系统和二次利用水系统;设置生产废水处理站,氧化铝系统和热电厂的生产系统排水、循环水系统的排污水,以及化验等废水全部排入生产废水处理站处理,废水经处理后作为二次利用供水返回生产系统使用,通过综合利用生产废水,可以实现厂区废水的零排放,节约资源的同时,提高清洁生产水平,避免对环境造成污染。     

建设项目水资源论证实例分析

本文以北京市某商业金融项目取水水资源论证为例,从建设项目区域水资源现状、取用水量合理性分析、取用水可靠性可行性分析及退水影响等几个方面对商业建设项目水资源利用情况进行详细论述,对比分析业主提出的取水方案,本次按定额计算所得水量分别较业主所提用水方案减少了29.68%和42.03%,达到了较高的节水水平。最终总结归纳出城市市政自来水项目水资源论证的特点及工作中需要注意的问题,对城市市政自来水取用水水资源论证工作具有一定的指导意义。     

Present situation of wastewater treatment in the Iranian industrial estates: Recycle and reuse as a solution for achieving goals of eco-industrial parks

Iran is located in arid and semi-arid region, which means water resource management is a strategic issue for this country. Water scarcity is one of the most critical concerns of industrial estates in Iran. For this reason, recycling and reusing of treated wastewater is the most practical solution for compensating of water shortage in industrial estates. Currently, only 20% of total treated wastewater is used for irrigation and almost 0.81% is consumed for industrial purpose. This study presents an overview on the wastewater management at the Iranian industrial estates for the purpose of achieving the goal of eco-industrial parks by describing the present situation and discussing the experiences of wastewater reuse systems for irrigation and industrial purposes. The aims of this study was to provide an overview of the wastewater management at the industrial estates in Iran towards achieving eco-industrial parks by describing present states and the outcome of wastewater consumption for irrigation and industrial purposes.     

WATER SUPPLY EVALUATION OF TAIWAN'S SILICON VALLEY1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to examine a deficit in water for the Hsinchu area, the location of Taiwan's “Silicon Valley.” The methods suggested in this paper to diagnose water shortage problems are simple and practical. The results show that Hsinchu is in an area without sufficient water to meet demand for domestic and industrial uses. Until the completion of the Baoshan II Reservoir in 2006, the most feasible options for the Taiwan Water Supply Corporation to offset the water deficiency in Hsinchu City over the next five years are: (a) to obtain water gratuitously from the southern Yungheshan Reservoir; (b) to import additional water at an extra charge from other sources such as the northern Shihmen Reservoir and the agricultural sector; and (c) to conduct a comprehensive water conservation program at the Hsinchu Science‐based Industrial Park.     

基于熵权法的南京市水资源可持续利用评价

文章将熵权法与综合评价法有机结合,建立了南京市水资源可持续利用评价指标体系的层次结构模型,并通过熵权法确定权重,对南京市水资源可持续的利用进行评价。结果表明,2000~2007年南京市水资源利用综合指数(ISU)水平良好,总体呈上升趋势,涨幅相对缓慢,仍有较大潜力;在2000~2002年和2006~2007年,水资源可持续利用水平两次呈现小幅的下降趋势,可见南京市水资源可持续利用水平较为不稳定,易受多重因素影响。分系统对比分析得出:科技与教育、人群健康、水资源利用等方面对水资源的可持续利用贡献率较高,但经济发展、社会文化等方面稍显不足,特别是生态环境方面贡献率最低,需进一步加大上述薄弱方面的投入与管理。     

WATER USE RELATIONSHIPS AND PROJECTION CORRESPONDING WITH REGIONAL GROWTH,SEATTLE REGION1

ABSTRACT: The paper outlines both the methods used and the results obtained in a study of the demand for municipal and industrial water for the Seattle region. The study was made as part of a regional water management study program, one objective of which is to “… identify, quantify, and set priorities for all current and future water uses …”. A basic concept in the study of municipal and industrial water use is that the demand for water is derived from the demand for output and the direct services that water provides. Principal characteristics of the study are: (1) Water use is studied by type - residential, commercial, industrial and public -with identification of factors affecting each; (2) Water demands are studied by season as well as on an annual basis; (3) Projections of future water use are tied directly to projections of economic change in the service area; and (4) The effects of alternative policies on water use are estimated. Water use levels are projected under alternative regional growth assumptions provided by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a regional planning agency. Thus, the water use planning is consistent with other regional planning programs in this respect. The results can be varied according to changes in specific factors affecting water use. The factors considered in the present study include: single-family residential lot size, distribution of population between single- and multi-family units, per capita water use by multi-family unit residents, and industrial and commercial water use per employee. An income elasticity of demand was estimated for single-family residential water use.     

THE USE OF LANDSAT IMAGERY IN GROUND WATER EXPLORATION1

ABSTRACT: Water supplies in Arizona are becoming increasingly limited because municipal, industrial, and agricultural consumption depletes ground water reserves by three million acre-feet annually. Additional demands are being created by electric power generation, particularly in northeastern Arizona where ground water pumpage is expected to escalate by sixfold during the next 10 years. The results of a study to determine the ease and feasibility of using satellite imagery as a tool in exploring for new sources of ground water are reported. Lineaments detected on Landsat images of two sites were mapped and correlated with well data in the two study areas by means of well centered grid model. The correlations developed between lineament density and water well data in the two study sites support the hypothesis that a relationship exists between regional geologic structure and the presence of ground water.     

Water Footprint of the Palestinians in the West Bank1

Abstract: Water in the West Bank of Palestine is a key issue due to its limited availability. Water is used from own sources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Moreover, water is consumed in its virtual form through consumption of imported goods, such as crops and livestock, the production of which used water in the country of production. In addition, wastewater in many parts of the West Bank is disposed off without treatment into the wadis, deteriorating the quality of the water resources in the area and, therefore, further reducing the quantity of good quality water available. This paper calculates the water footprint for the West Bank. The consumption component of the water footprint of the West Bank was found to be 2,791 million m³/year. Approximately 52% of this is virtual water consumed through imported goods. The West Bank per capita consumption component of the water footprint was found to be 1,116 m³/cap/year, while the global average is 1,243 m³/cap/year. Out of this number 50 m³/cap/year was withdrawn from water resources available in the area. Only 16 m³/cap/year (1.4%) was used for domestic purposes. This number is extremely low and only 28% of the global average and 21% of the Israeli domestic water use. The contamination component of the water footprint was not quantified but was believed to be many times larger than the consumption component. According to the official definition of water scarcity, the West Bank is suffering from a severe water scarcity. Therefore, there is a need for a completely new approach towards water management in the West Bank, whereby return flows are viewed as a resource and that is geared towards a conservation oriented approach of “use, treat, and reuse.”     

流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。     

基于人地关系的中国工业园区绿色发展思考

工业园区是中国乃至全球工业经济发展的重要空间载体。工业园区是我国产业发展的主阵地,但对区域环境也形成了较大压力。科学调控工业园区人地关系,推动园区绿色发展,对于工业领域生态文明建设意义重大,亟待深入研究。当前,从人地关系视角入手,多要素耦合的工业园区绿色发展研究仍较匮乏。本文提出了工业园区人地关系内涵及基本分析框架,阐述了国内外关于工业园区人地关系相关研究的概况,重点对工业园区能源、水、土地、环境等方面可持续调控典型研究进行了分析。本文对工业园区人地关系研究的主要难点进行探讨,并提出进一步研究需重点关注的三个基本问题,以期为推进园区绿色发展提供新视角。最后,建议从系统工程角度综合分析园区经济、能源、水、土地、环境等关键子系统的分异特征及相互作用,建立多目标、多属性、多要素协同的园区绿色发展路径优化调控方法,支撑管理决策。     

Industrial ecology and water utilization of the marine chemical industry: A case study of Hai Hua Group (HHG), China

The marine chemical industry is a chemical industry based on coastal advantage. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the marine industry and made it the focal point of China economy in the 12th five-year plan. Water is an important material for the marine chemical industry, but wastewater discharge could undermine the sustainable development of the marine chemical industry. Industrial ecology provides insights for industry to realize a harmonious development with the environment. This paper examined the case of water utilization practice based on industrial ecology of the Hai Hua Group (HHG) in China. The utilization of three kinds of water, i.e., underground brine, seawater and freshwater is characteristic of the industrial ecology implementation of the HHG. In this paper, the water utilization practice of the HHG was described. The relationships among the three kinds of water, the driving force of water utilization, and the challenges of water utilization in the HHG were discussed. We conclude that implementing industrial ecology is a promising choice for the water utilization of marine chemical industry. It could also achieve the coordinated development between sea farming and the marine chemical industry. For non-renewable resource driven regional industrial ecosystems, such as the Hai Hua industrial ecosystem (HHIE) in this paper, seeking a substitute approach is essential for the stable and sustainable development of the whole industrial ecosystem. We also conclude that an industrial ecosystem's operation is driven by the integration of many factors, such as government, market, policy, culture and technique in this paper. This requires us to examine an industrial ecosystem's operation from a wider perspective, which is helpful to comprehensively and systematically understand the impetus of an industrial ecosystem.     

Industrial Ecology for Sustainable Communities

Industrial ecology is a promising approach that planners can use to create more sustainable communities. This paper examines the scientific basis and planning implications of industrial ecology, which models urban systems on natural systems to increase efficiency and to reduce resource consumption and disposal. A case study of a successful eco-industrial system in Kalundborg, Denmark, demonstrates ways in which industrial ecology can promote key principles of sustainability. We conclude with lessons and directions for the role of planning in industrial ecology.