浅谈如何做好建设项目环境影响评价与规划环境影响评价的联动

围绕建设项目环境影响评价和规划环境影响评价的特点,通过在评价思路、评价内容、评价方法等方面的比较,分析其差异,从而找到两者在评价时间、评价内容等方面的联动途径,以提高环境影响评价工作的效果和效率。     

基于模糊数学的大气环境质量综合评价

鉴于大气环境质量评价中客观存在的不确定性和模糊性,运用模糊数学方法,选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,参照大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度对乌鲁木齐市2004年至2010年大气环境质量给出客观的评价,综合评价结果表明乌鲁木齐市总体大气环境质量为轻度污染(三级),但空气质量在逐年好转,SO2和PM10依然是乌鲁木齐市空气质量的制约因子,且NO2的权重在逐年上升。模糊综合评判考虑环境空气质量评价的模糊性,根据污染物浓度对各级别的贴近度考察污染物的级别,评价结果比较直观,可以细致准确的评价环境质量等级,评价结果基本可以反映环境空气污染的情况。     

天堂河河道治理工程水质改善预测分析

河道治理工程重在改善河道的水质,以恢复河流生态系统。本文以北京市大兴区天堂河河道治理工程为例,介绍了河道治理工程环境影响评价中的水质改善预测分析,首先分析生态需水量和供氧量是否满足河流生态需水要求,后又利用地面水环评助手软件预测了河流水质,预测分析了天堂河水质目标的可达性,旨在为以后的河道治理类工程环境影响评价提供参考。     

ArcView在视觉影响评价中的应用

简要介绍了视觉影响评价的概念及常用的视觉影响评价手段与方法，说明了运用ArcView软件制作三维模型，作为一种视觉影响评价方法的可行性和科学性。以都江堰拉法基水泥厂建设为例进行视觉影响评价，表明都江堰拉法基水泥厂建设项目对世界文化遗产都江堰、龙溪一虹口国家级自然保护区为代表的区域景观整体的视觉影响是可以接受的。     

基于模糊数学的贡嘎山景区燕子沟景群旅游开发项目环境质量评价

应用模糊综合评价的方法进行环境质量评价,能较传统方法提供更多信息。本文将模糊数学的方法首次应用于贡嘎山景区燕子沟景群区环境质量综合评价,选择线性模糊分布确定隶属函数,并采用标准加权法计算权重因子,以消除评价因子实测浓度的影响。分别采用两类算子模型进行评价,结果均表明评价区总体环境质量属于清洁型。     

Fuzzy assessment of land suitability for scientific research reserves

Evaluating the characteristics of a set of sites as potential scientific research reserves is an example of land suitability assessment. Suitability in this case is based upon multiple criteria, many of which can be linguistically imprecise and often incompatible. Fuzzy logic is a useful method for characterizing imprecise suitability criteria and for combining criteria into an overall suitability rating. The Ecosystem Management Decision Support software combined a fuzzy logic knowledge base we developed to represent the assessment problem with a GIS database providing site-specific data for the assessment. Assessment of sites as a potential natural reserve for the new University of California campus at Merced demonstrates the benefits of fuzzy suitability assessment. The study was conducted in three stages of successively smaller assessment regions with increasingly fine spatial resolution and specificity of criteria. Several sites were identified that best satisfy the suitability criteria for a reserve to represent vernal pool habitat.     

社会影响评价在油气田钻井工程中的应用

本文介绍了国际石油工业环境保护协会（IPIECA）《石油天然气行业社会影响评价导则》中社会影响评价的定义、主要原则、主要内容、评价程序与方法等,并以某油气田钻井工程社会影响评价实践为例,论述了如何有效地开展油气田钻井工程社会影响评价工作。     

石油化工建设项目变更环境影响评价管理

文章分析了石油化工建设项目环境影响评价文件批准后,项目发生部分变更的主要类型,探讨了项目变更环境影响评价重点工作内容。结合实例分析,提出了项目变更环境影响评价的管理要求,对此项工作有一定的指导作用。     

安徽省矿山环境质量评价研究

建立省区一级的矿山环境评价指标体系具有重要的理论和实践意义。根据科学性和可操作性等原则，综合考虑矿山环境影响因子及其相互之间的定量关系，以安徽省县区为评价单元，探索性建立了矿山环境评价指标体系，构建了矿山环境质量评价模型。实例研究表明，所建评价指标体系和评价模型具有很好的适用性和较好可信度。     

我国海洋政策评估体系构建探讨

海洋政策评估是检验海洋政策质量的基本途径,但目前我国海洋政策评估体系尚不健全。针对当前海洋政策评估存在的问题,从评估主体、评估客体、评估标准和评估方法四个方面对海洋政策评估体系的构建进行了系统探讨,提出了完善我国海洋政策评估机制的建议。     

美国环保署农药地下水风险评估模型

在介绍美国农药环境风险评估的概念、分级、地下水农药监测情况及水资源的立法保护等基础上,重点阐述了美国环保署在农药登记管理过程中使用的2个地下水风险评估模型,即SCI-GROW和PRZM-GW模型。SCI-GROW是以好氧条件土壤半衰期和土壤有机碳分配系数为自变量的经验线性回归模型,而PRZM-GW则是描述农药在土壤中运动的一维、有限差分模型。本文通过对美国环保署这2个特点鲜明的模型的介绍,希望能为我国的农药地下水风险评估及模型的开发提供一个新视角。     

Closure of Disputes in Assessments of Climate Change in The Netherlands

2 greenhouse gases in assessment studies. For the cases studied, we identify variability in the assessment reports in the Netherlands during the pre-IPCC period. In the Netherlands arena, the assessments in this period can be seen as exponents of two different lines, a Netherlands line and an international line. We seek to identify what factors were decisive in the selection processes that resulted in the closure of visible disputes (visible in or across the assessment reports) for both cases. Our analysis reveals a remarkable difference in the adoption behavior of two Dutch assessment groups despite a large overlap in membership. We provide evidence that it is not the paradigmatic predisposition of the experts in the committee that was decisive for the closure of visible disputes, but it was the context in which the experts operated and the commitments they had made in each setting.     

基于改进PSR模型的济南市生态安全评价研究

阐述了生态安全与生态健康、生态服务功能、生态风险等概念之间的逻辑联系，指出生态安全是其中的核心内容。考察一个城市的生态安全问题可从纵横向进行分析，尝试从纵向来讨论一个城市的生态安全问题。以济南市为例，采用改进的PSR模型构建济南市生态安全评价指标体系，以及采用层次分析法、熵权法相结合的复合数学模型确定指标权重，计算出2000—2005年的济南市生态安全评价综合指数。结果显示，2000年以来济南市生态安全评价综合指数呈稳定上升的状态，但上升的加速度很小。预测分析了济南市短期生态安全状况，提出了实现济南市生态系统安全的建议。     

油气长输管道工程HSE评价技术研究

根据油气长输管道系统的结构特点和作业特性,介绍了油气长输管道工程中职工健康、安全、环境(HSE)评价技术的基本理论和内涵以及进行评价的必要性、目的和意义、特点、适应性等,提出了一种新的集安全、环境、健康于一体的评价技术,为建立油气长输管道长期有效的保障技术体系及确保管道安全、平稳、高效运行提供了理论和技术支持。该技术在油气管道风险分析中具有较高的工程实用价值。     

Biopolymer from industrial residues: Life cycle assessment of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from whey

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has turned into a powerful tool to critically and straightforward assess the holistic impact of bio-based plastics and other bio-based products. In order to assure at the same time ecological soundness and to support the economical success of a bioproduct, an early assessment already in the stage of product development is needed. This strategy helps to identify and subsequently to avoid ecological “hot spots”. Assessment by using the sustainable process index (SPI), a member of the ecological footprint family, is considered as an especially viable strategy to realize this goal. The software SPIonExcel was developed to make the assessment methodology easily applicable and operator-friendly.During the process of development for archaebacterial production of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) biopolyesters from the industrial surplus material whey, a SPI assessment was accomplished to optimize the process in terms of ecological sustainability. As the major outcome, the resulting ecological footprint was comparable with that of competing fossil plastics. Additionally, optimization potentials to further increase the ecological competitiveness were highlighted and quantified. In addition, the developed PHA production process was compared with production of whey powder as the competing, conventional application of surplus whey. Also in this case, the novel PHA production process was superior according to the SPI calculations.     

公路建设项目生态环境评价方法研究进展

本文阐述了目前国内研究和应用较广泛的公路建设项目生态环境评价方法。模糊综合法、层次分析法、生态足迹法等评价方法还处于学术理论探讨研究和应用尝试阶段;生态机理法、生产力法、生物多样性法等评价方法是目前公路建设项目生态环境评价工作中常采用的评价方法,但这些方法缺乏宏观性、综合性。定性和定量分析相结合,单项环境因子指标评价和综合评价相结合,点段相结合评价,生物个体、种群、群落、生态系统和景观相结合是今后评价公路建设项目生态环境影响的主要发展方向。     

SYSTEMATIC APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: AN EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT. Increased public awareness of the environmental effects of large-scale projects and concomittant public participation in the environmental impact assessment process demand that assessment methods and procedures fulfill a wide range of desirable characteristics. These are developed and offered as specific criteria against which currently proposed environmental assessment procedures should be judged. Such procedures as checklists, matrices, networks (stepped matrices), overlays, linear vector analyses, and nonlinear evaluation systems are presented and judged in light of the proposed criteria. It is concluded that the use of checklists, the most common assessment format used to date, does not constitute a viable assessment procedure. Use of the matrix or stepped matrix techniques in conjunction with the linear vector or nonlinear evaluation systems, with the latter modified slightly, is seen as an approach to environmental assessment that will achieve most of the established criteria.     

Treatment of risk in environmental impact assessment

Risk assessment and environmental impact assessment have developed as separate traditions. While environmental impact assessment is a broad field that includes all activities that attempt to analyze and evaluate the effects of human and related actions on the environment, risk assessment has been concerned with the relatively well-defined regulatory problems and employs formal quantitative analysis of the probability of specific undesired events, such as cancer. Risk analytic approaches, particularly the explicit treatment of uncertainty, can significantly contribute to environmental assessments. This article discusses the type and sources of uncertainty in environmental assessments, techniques for their quantification, and ways to use uncertainty estimates to calculate probabilities of effects or probabilities of exceeding environmental standards and to determine the need for mitigation or additional research.This article was presented at the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Task Force Meeting on Risk and Policy Analysis under Conditions of Uncertainty, Laxenburg, Austria, November 1985.     

浅议突发环境事件直接经济损失评估工作方法

直接经济损失评估作为确定突发环境事件级别、事故追责、刑事判罚、行政处罚的重要依据,是突发环境事件环境损害评估的一项重要工作内容。由于工作起步较晚,它目前存在缺少规范有效的工作制度、缺少工作标准依据和工作细则等问题,给评估工作造成困难。本文结合实际工作经验,讨论评估工作程序和基本方法,包括基础数据收集方法、数据整理方法、数据审核原则以及财产和生态损害评估的量化原则,设计出一套数据调查和整理表格,提出了设备、材料、人工、行政等费用的具体审核标准,并对直接经济损失评估工作的开展提出对策建议。     

Accountability,Reporting, or Management Improvement? Development of a State of the Parks Assessment System in New South Wales,Australia

Management effectiveness evaluation has been recognized as an important mechanism for both reporting on and improving protected area management. The Convention on Biological Diversity’s program of work on protected areas calls on all countries to implement such systems. In 2004, the first whole of system assessment of park management effectiveness, based on the IUCN-WCPA Management Effectiveness Evaluation Framework, was undertaken in New South Wales, Australia as part of a State of the Parks reporting requirement. This article describes the development of the State of the Parks assessment tool, its elements, and how it addresses the management effectiveness difficulties associated with assessments conducted across an extensive and diverse range of park types. The importance of engaging staff, at all levels, throughout the process is highlighted, as well as the adjustments made to the assessment tool based on staff feedback. While some results are presented, the main purpose of the article is to identify and discuss important procedural and methodological considerations. These include balancing quantitative and qualitative assessment approaches, achieving a comprehensive understanding of the management processes, and responding to any problems associated with assessments.