粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫

开发了粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫技术.在流化床内加入惰性粗媒体颗粒,改善脱硫剂与烟气的接触,延长脱硫剂在床内的停留时间,促进脱硫反应进行,提高脱硫效率和脱硫剂利用率.以工业用石灰石为脱硫剂,实验研究了粗媒体颗粒的加入量及其他操作条件对此过程脱硫效率的影响.结果表明:随着粗媒体颗粒粒径减小及床内加入量增加,烟气脱硫效率提高;随着Ca/S增大、饱和接近度降低、空速及脱硫剂颗粒粒径减小,脱硫效率提高.当粗媒体颗粒的静止床高为122 mm,饱和接近度为15～18℃、空速为2850 h-1、钙硫比为1.0～1.1、脱硫剂粒径为64μm时,脱硫效率可达90%以上.     

粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫

开发了粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫技术。在流化床内加入惰性粗媒体颗粒，改善脱硫剂与烟气的接触。延长脱硫剂在床内的停留时间，促进脱硫反应进行，提高脱硫效率和脱硫剂利用率。以工业用石灰石为脱硫剂，实验研究了粗媒体颗粒的加入量及其他操作条件对此过程脱硫效率的影响。结果表明：随着粗媒体颗粒粒径减小及床内加入量增加，烟气脱硫效率提高；随着Ca／S增大、饱和接近度降低、空速及脱硫剂颗粒粒径减小，脱硫效率提高。当粗媒体颗粒的静止床高为122mm，饱和接近度为15～18℃、空速为2850h^-1、钙硫比为1．0—1．1、脱硫剂粒径为64μm时，脱硫效率可达90％以上。     

添加剂促进亚硫酸钙氧化的实验研究

在湿式石灰石-石膏法脱硫工艺中,副产物--亚硫酸钙的氧化是其中重要的化学过程.利用自行设计的实验室规模的反应装置,通过改变pH、亚硫酸钙浓度、空气流量、催化剂浓度和温度等条件,实验研究了多种添加剂对亚硫酸钙氧化的促进作用.实验结果可为湿法脱硫工艺的设计提供有益的参考.     

鼓泡塔中有机酸强化粗颗粒石灰石新型烟气脱硫

对传统石灰石湿法烟气脱硫进行了改进,提出了一种新型烟气脱硫方法,即在鼓泡塔中添加有机酸,采用大颗粒石灰石(210 μm)代替传统的细颗粒石灰石(5～20 μm)进行脱硫.实验在鼓泡搅拌吸收反应器中对比研究了新老两种脱硫工艺.结果表明,当210 μm石灰石浆液中醋酸摩尔浓度达10～30 mmol/L,其脱硫率和石灰石利用率分别为95%和93.5%,均达到甚至优于传统石灰石脱硫结果.实验研究了影响脱硫率的各种因素:添加醋酸浓度、入口SO2浓度、石灰石浆液浓度、气体停留时间以及温度等,并提出添加醋酸促进SO2吸收的机理.运用该新型烟气脱硫方法,可降低电厂的基础投资和运行费用,大大加强系统的稳定性和抗击烟气中SO2波动的能力.     

石灰石高温煤气脱硫的试验研究

采用天然石灰石做脱硫剂,在固定床上进行硫化氢高温脱除的试验研究,考察了脱硫剂粒径、反应温度、气速及高温煤气中H2对石灰石脱硫性能的影响,同时还用热重分析(TG)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)等测试手段对脱硫剂的物相组成和结构等进行了表征。结果表明,脱硫剂的粒径对脱硫效果的影响很大,0.38～0.83 mm的石灰石脱硫效果最佳;温度对脱硫效果的影响比较复杂,最佳的操作温度为850℃;气速对脱硫效果的影响较明显,脱硫剂的穿透时间随气速的减小而加长;H₂对脱硫过程起阻碍作用,气速越小,这种阻碍作用越明显。     

型煤燃烧过程中石灰石固硫的试验研究（Ⅱ）

采用石灰石作固硫剂，考察其加入量和空气流量对北宿型煤固硫的影响，研究了固硫型煤矿析出特性和石灰石对不同煤的固硫能力。研究表明：石灰石的最佳固硫温度为８００℃、Ｃａ／Ｓ＝２：１；石灰石中所含的杂质对低温固硫有利，煤中所含钙基组分对固硫有利，石灰石对低灰熔点煤高温固硫不利。     

添加剂促进亚硫酸钙氧化的实验研究

在湿式石灰石-石膏法脱硫工艺中，副产物——亚硫酸钙的氧化是其中重要的化学过程。利用自行设计的实验室规模的反应装置，通过改变pH、亚硫酸钙浓度、空气流量、催化剂浓度和温度等条件，实验研究了多种添加剂对亚硫酸钙氧化的促进作用。实验结果可为湿法脱硫工艺的设计提供有益的参考。     

改性糠醛渣吸附脱硫废水中钙离子

石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫技术中石灰石利用率低导致钙流失严重,为实现脱硫废水中Ca2+的资源化利用,进行糠醛渣改性和Ca2+的吸附特性研究。实验结果表明,利用H3PO4改性后的糠醛渣对脱硫废水中Ca2+具有较高的吸附率;在振荡的前30 min吸附率上升极快,至90 min时基本达到平衡吸附量;对Ca2+浓度对吸附率影响研究结果表明,平衡吸附量与平衡浓度关系符合Langmuir等温吸附方程;在初始Ca2+浓度为300 mg/L的溶液中加入3 g吸附剂,温度30℃条件下振荡90 min,平衡吸附量为8.41 mg/g。     

浅析电石渣固硫

研究了用电石渣作为固硫剂,探讨了最佳固硫的燃烧温度、电石渣用量和粒径,并掺入适量的 Ｆｅ_２Ｏ_３对电石渣进行改性,发现用电石渣固硫与其他钙基因硫剂相当,具有良好的应用前景。     

钙基矿物固硫剂对不同煤种固硫效果的影响研究

对肥城煤(FC)、淮南煤(HN)和大同煤(DT)3种典型的高中低硫煤作了煤岩学分析,利用DTA、XRD、SEM、光学显微镜和粒度分析仪对钙基矿物添加剂及其固硫灰渣进行了矿物学研究.主要研究了温度、钙硫比、矿物添加剂等因素对煤种固硫率的影响.实验表明,相同的燃烧条件下,不同煤种对碳酸钙适应性有很大差异,淮南煤和肥城煤对碳酸钙的适应性明显好于大同煤,高硫煤更有利于950℃和1050℃下固硫;煤样自身固硫能力较差,碳酸钙固硫效果显著,当Ca/S=4,燃烧温度分别为1050、850和950℃时,肥城煤、大同煤和淮南煤固硫率分别达到最高值(89%、72%和89%);膨润土促进大同煤固硫,却降低了肥城煤和淮南煤固硫率;钙基矿物添加剂协同作用能更有效地提高低硫煤的固硫效果,在1050℃时,可将固硫率由51%提高到74%.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.