硝基苯废水的厌氧-好氧基本实验与工艺理论分析

根据含硝基苯（ Ｎ Ｂ） 废水的水质特性,利用自然驯化和诱变驯化得到的两株厌氧菌 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｄｉｓｔａｓｏｎｉｓ（ 吉氏拟杆菌） 和 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｍｅｒｄａｅ（ 屎拟杆菌） ,采用厌氧填充床－ 好氧污泥床相结合的 Ａ／ Ｏ 工艺使 Ｎ Ｂ 得到彻底降解．研究表明：利用吸附能力强的活性炭作为厌氧填充床的载体,可以在短期内使高效菌挂膜;在影响填充床厌氧处理效果中,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ和进水ｐ Ｈ 值是主要影响因素,而 Ｎ Ｂ 质量浓度ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 和θ／ ℃次之．实验结果表明：进水ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 为３００ ～８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 值为１ ５００ ～３ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,色度为１００ ～２５０ 倍,经过厌氧填充床控制ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ２４ ｈ ,硝基苯转化率大于９０ ％ , Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为２０ ％ ～３０ ％ ;在好氧污泥床中继续曝气１２ ｈ ,则总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为６０ ％ ～７０ ％ ,色度去除率大于７０ ％ ．连续９０ ｄ 用氯霉素制药厂实际废水处理运行结果亦显示本工艺的可行性．     

复合立体生物浮床技术对微污染水体氮磷的去除效果

复合立体生物浮床技术是一种有效的水体污染控制技术。利用竹子制成网格状的立体框架,安放植物、螺蚌等,同时配以弹性材料,形成复合生物浮床。选用芋头、慈姑、荸荠、水芹、蕹菜和美人蕉作为浮床植物,研究其在夏季和秋季对微污染水体中氮磷的去除效果。结果表明,在夏季试验中,蕹菜浮床美人蕉浮床、荸荠浮床、芋头浮床慈姑浮床、水芹浮床;在秋季试验中,芋头浮床慈姑浮床、美人蕉浮床、蕹菜浮床荸荠浮床、水芹浮床。在夏季、秋季试验中,芋头浮床的除氮效果一直很好,对总氮的最大去除率分别达71%和62%;而蕹菜浮床的除磷效果一直很好,对总磷的最大去除率分别达30%和81%。比较了复合立体浮床与传统平面浮床对总氮、总磷处理效果的差异,指出复合立体浮床技术在微污染水体的生态修复方面具有较好的应用前景。     

干旱区典型城市下垫面特征及其与地表热环境的关系研究

基于2011年8月11日Landsat TM遥感影像,利用混合光谱线性分解模型提取乌鲁木齐市建成区下垫面不透水面丰度和植被覆盖度信息,利用单窗算法定量反演建成区地表温度,并通过分级方法分析两个要素的空间分布特征;在此基础上,利用回归模型对乌鲁木齐市建成区不透水面丰度、植被覆盖度与地表热环境之间的关系进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)利用混合光谱线性分解方法,基于中等分辨率TM影像提取干旱区城市乌鲁木齐建成区不透水面,成本低,精度高(精度检验总体均方根RMS为0.003,远小于精度规定值0.02),且该方法可较好地区分光谱特性相似的城市建设用地和裸地,对干旱区城市用地信息提取具有一定的借鉴意义;(2)乌鲁木齐市建成区不透水面丰度与地表温度呈线性正相关,R~2为0.69,植被盖度与地表温度呈线性负相关,R~2为0.74;(3)裸地因具有极高的地表温度,形成局部的热岛中心,对干旱区城市地表热环境具有重要影响,因此减少和改变裸地对于缓解干旱区城市热岛效应,改善城市热环境具有重要意义。     

蚯蚓粪作为坪床基质对草坪草生长的影响

研究了蚓粪作为草坪草坪床基质改良剂对基质理化性状和草坪草生长的影响,以确定蚓粪作为坪床基质改良剂的可行性.在砂中添加20、40、60、80和100 g·kg-1蚓粪作为坪床基质,并与添加40g·kg-1泥炭的坪床基质进行比较,结果表明,添加蚓粪可使基质pH值下降,电导率σ值明显增加,100 g·kg-1蚓粪处理σ值比对照(未添加蚓粪或泥炭)提高了约16倍,但成坪后基质σ值明显下降,并与对照接近.添加蚓粪能够明显改良坪床基质,有利于草坪草的生长.与40g·kg-1泥炭处理相比,添加40、60、80和100 g·kg-1蚓粪处理的草坪成坪时间更短,草坪颜色较深,叶片变宽,再生速度快.蚓粪可作为一种良好的坪床基质改良剂,在20、40、60、80和100 g·kg-1蚓粪添加量条件下,蚓粪添加量越高,其对基质的改良效果越明显,但在实际应用中应注意因蚓粪含磷量较高而可能带来草坪草后期长势过快的问题.     

复合强化净化生态浮床对污水中N、P的去除效果

研究了复合强化净化生态浮床[黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)+组合填料+三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)]和传统生态浮床(仅种植黄菖蒲)对污水中N、P的去除效果.结果表明,三角帆蚌和填料附着微生物与浮床植物间存在颉颃作用,植物生长受到限制;处理30 d,复合强化净化生态浮床使污水中p(TN)和p(TP)分别由9.23和2.16mg·L-1降至0.59～ 1.32和0.83～ 1.20 mg·L-1,去除率分别达到85.70％～93.61％和44.44％ ～ 61.57％,比传统生态浮床平均提高19.86和17.90百分点,最高达24.05和24.53百分点,并且随着时间的推移,去除率保持在更稳定状态;三角帆蚌投放密度宜控制在15 ～ 28个·m-3之间,此时复合强化净化生态浮床系统具有最佳复氧和N、P去除效果.     

若尔盖湿地3种无尾两栖类不同发育阶段的生态位宽度

研究了若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区的3种无尾两栖类,高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris)、倭蛙(Nanorana pleskei)和岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanicus)的成体和亚成体在7个生境因子(牧场性质、牛粪数量、植被高度、植被盖度、距水塘距离、地表温度、地表湿度)上的生态位宽度.结果表明,岷山蟾蜍成体在牧场性质、牛粪数量、植被盖度、地表温度、地表湿度5个维度上的生态位宽度最窄,其亚成体在牧场性质、牛粪数量、植被高度、距水塘距离、地表湿度5个维度上的生态位宽度最宽;倭蛙亚成体在牧场性质、牛粪数量、地表温度、地表湿度4个维度上的生态位宽度最窄,而其成体在牛粪数量、植被高度、植被盖度、距水塘距离4个维度上的生态位宽度最宽;高原林蛙在微气候因子的两个维度上具有较大的生态位宽度值,而在水塘距离维度上的生态位宽度值则很小.当人类活动导致生境变更时,倭蛙的反应最为敏感;比较3种无尾两栖类在不同生长阶段(成体、亚成体)的生态位宽度,发现它们利用资源的策略不同.表3参16     

浮床水芹(Oenanthe javanica)的生态特性及对池塘水体环境的反馈与响应

在原位生态循环养殖池塘中构建生态浮床,研究水芹(Oenanthe javanica)的植株生长、生态特性以及对池塘水体环境的反馈和响应。结果表明,在80 d中,浮床水芹植株的平均高度、干重和单株根表面积均随种植时间的推移持续增加,50~80 d时植株总高度为23.05~38.37 cm;30~50 d内,植株根系无论是主根数、根尖数、主根直径还是一级根直径均明显增加。浮床水芹植株中氮含量随着植株质量的增加而增加,与植株干重呈高度正相关(r=0.952);但磷含量较为稳定,并未随植株质量的增加而增加。每株水芹的平均磷含量为3.45~4.14 mg,平均N/P比为2.51~6.80。与茎、叶相比,其根部N/P比为4.27~4.67,较为稳定。水芹根系具有径向泌氧特性,泌氧率为2.74~3.27μmol·h~(-1)·g~(-1),泌氧率与每克根表面积呈正相关(r=0.795)。根系泌氧导致水中Fe和Mn被氧化并被吸附于根系,形成铁锰氧化膜。水芹可稳定水温和pH值,调节DO含量,降低TN和TP含量,但对TP的去除有一定限制。     

浮床栽培蕹菜根际脱氮微生物研究

浮床栽培植物是一种利用植物根系的吸收和根际微生物作用来改善水质的生物修复技术.本研究以温棚内浮床栽培蕹菜试验为基础,采用PFU法定期监测脱氮细菌变化情况,并与水中总氮含量进行对比,分析在浮床栽培植物情况下脱氮细菌的特征及其与水中总氮含量变化的关系,结果表明:1)栽培蕹菜有利于脱氮细菌的稳定生长;2)脱氮细菌的生长与总氮的去除有良好的相关性.研究为浮床栽培植物净化水质提供了理论依据,对该技术的推广应用有一定的理论和现实意义.表5,参10.     

污泥干化芦苇床中积存污泥的氮磷变化规律

污泥干化芦苇床是近年发展起来的新型污泥处理技术,为探明污泥干化芦苇床中积存污泥的氮磷变化特征,进行为期3 a的试验研究.试验设3个单元:Ⅰ单元为对照(传统干化床),未种植植物;Ⅱ和Ⅲ单元种植芦苇(污泥干化芦苇床).Ⅰ和Ⅱ单元底部设通气装置.前2 a为负荷期,植物生长期进泥,冰封期闲置;第3年为污泥自然稳定期.试验结果表明,Ⅱ和Ⅲ单元对污泥中TN和TP的去除效果优于Ⅰ单元,其TN去除率分别为56.3％、53.2％和47.9％,TP去除率分别为18.8％、19.2％和10.3％.填料层设置通气结构有利于污泥中氮素的转化和去除,但对除磷无明显影响.至第3年末(11月),Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ单元积存污泥TN、TP平均含量分别为37.0、31.0、33.2和7.00、6.33、6.30g·kg-1.     

种植小麦与牧草对西北风蚀区秦王川灌区粉砂壤土风蚀的影响

为了探讨种植小麦和牧草对秦王川灌区农田风蚀的影响,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)和混播牧草披碱草(Elymus nutans)+苜蓿(Medicago sativa)及其下部土壤为研究对象,通过测定植被(或残茬)的盖度、高度和地上生物量及其下部地表的粗糙度、湿度、含水率和风蚀量来探索植被特征指标与土壤风蚀量的变化趋势以及它们之间的定量关系。结果表明:在整个风蚀季节,农田风蚀表现为秋末冬初风蚀较大、冬季较小、春季又明显增强的"U"形曲线模式,风蚀最严重季节为3—5月,而9—10月的风蚀危害也不容忽视;混播牧草的盖度、高度和地上生物量均显著大于单播小麦(P0.05);各处理地表粗糙度、湿度和土壤含水量大小顺序均为披碱草+苜蓿地小麦地裸地,而风蚀量正好相反;相关分析显示,地表风蚀量与植被特征指标中的地上生物量间的相关性最强(r=-0.841),其后依次为与植被盖度(r=-0.816)和与植被高度(r=-0.726)间的相关性;回归分析显示,植被的地上生物量每提高1 g·m~(-2),可使其下部土壤的风蚀量减少6.0 g·m~(-2);从风蚀最严重时间(3—5月)分析,小麦地与裸地的风蚀量相近,说明该区种植春小麦不利于降低土壤风蚀,而混播种植披碱草+苜蓿可显著降低农田风蚀危害,下降幅度可达57%。为了减弱秦王川灌区农田风蚀危害和改善兰州新区生态环境,当地应减少春播小麦的种植面积,大力推广种植多年生牧草(如披碱草+苜蓿)。     

An Approach for the Aggregation of Aerodynamic Surface Parameters in Calculating the Turbulent Fluxes over Heterogeneous Surfaces in Atmospheric Models

Experimental evidence indicates that there is a significant departure of the wind profile above the underlying surface consisting of patches of solid and liquid parts, and plant communities with different morphological from that predicted by the logarithmic relationship, which gives the values larger than those observed. This situation can seriously affect the transfer of momentum, heat and water vapor from the surface fluxes into the atmosphere.The object of this paper is to generalize the calculation of the exchange of momentum between the atmosphere and a very heterogeneous surface, find a general equation for the wind speed profile in a roughness sublayer under neutral conditions, and, then, derive aggregated roughness length and displacement height over the grid cell. The suggested expression for the wind profile is compared with some earlier approaches, using a common parameterization of aerodynamic parameters over the grid cell, and the observations obtained at an experimental site in Philadelphia, PA.     

Parameterization of the roughness length over the sea in forced and free convection

In the condition of free convection, the Charnock relation is inadequate. In this paper we extend the Charnock relation to include the effect of free convection on the roughness length. As a result, the singularity in the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory can be avoided. This paper shows two approaches to derive the roughness length formula in the forced and free convections. The first approach is based on the mixing length theory and the use of the observational data of the vertical velocity variance. We introduce a new vertical velocity scale based on the vertical velocity variance; this velocity variance is well behaved in the atmospheric boundary layer and easy to obtain from field experiments. The second approach is based on the theoretical framework of Sykes et al. (Q R Met Soc, 119: 409–421). From that framework, we develop a theory to obtain the roughness length formula. The results of these two approaches are in agreement with each other. In the past, a multiplication factor associated with free convection was considered to be a constant. This paper shows that this multiplication factor is, in fact, also dependent on the depth of the mixing height. In previous studies, experimental works were often conducted without taking into account the depth of the mixing height. Not taking into account the mixing height in the estimation of the roughness length in free convection would result in an inaccurate estimate of the roughness length and hence the drag coefficient. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Upstream Turbulence Effect on Pollution Dispersion

Experiments have been carried out to investigate turbulence at and above roof-level in an urban environment, and to predict the behaviour of street pollution from experiments using dye dispersion, for different roughness conditions and bed geometries. The flow in the boundary layer above an idealised urban environment has been simulated in a laboratory water flume. Comparisons have been made for the same model street canyon with and without the presence of upstream roughness. In the tests reported here, model street canyons were aligned perpendicular to the flow direction, and velocity measurements made within and above the model street canyons using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Flow visualisation techniques have also been used to confirm the gross flow features from streak images. Turbulence generated from the upstream roughness has a significant effect on the turbulence production and dispersion behaviour of the dye simulating pollution in street canyons.     

Relationship between the Aerodynamic Roughness Length and the Roughness Density in Cases of Low Roughness Density*

This paper presents measurements of roughness length performed in a wind tunnel for low roughness density. The experiments were performed with both compact and porous obstacles (clusters), in order to simulate the behavior of sparsely vegetated surfaces. The experimental results have been used to investigate the relationship between the ratio z₀/h and the roughness density, and the influence of an obstacle's porosity on this relationship. The experiments performed for four configurations of compact obstacles provide measurements of roughness length z₀ for roughness densities between 10^–3 and 10^–2 which are in good agreement with the only data set available until now for this range of low roughness densities. The results obtained with artificial porous obstacles suggests that the aerodynamic behavior of such roughness elements can be represented by the relationship established for compact obstacles, provided a porosity index has been used to determine the efficient roughness density (the fraction of the silhouette area actually sheltered by solid elements) rather than counting the porous object as solid. However, the experiments have been performed with relatively low porosity indices (maximum =25%) for which the porosity has a negligible influence. In this range of porosity index, representing the aerodynamic behavior of porous obstacles using the relationship established for compact obstacles, should not lead to a significant error. However, the influence of the porosity may be important for porosity indices larger than 30%.     

Wind Characteristics of Mesquite Streets in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA

Past research has shown that the most important areas for active sand movement in the northern part of the Chihuahuan Desert are mesquite-dominated desert ecosystems possessing sandy soil texture. The most active sand movement in the mesquite-dominated ecosystems has been shown to take place on elongated bare soil patches referred to as “streets”. Aerodynamic properties of mesquite streets eroded by wind should be included in explaining how mesquite streets are more emissive sand sources than surrounding desert land. To understand the effects of wind properties, we measured them at two flat mesquite sites having highly similar soil textures but very different configurations of mesquite. The differences in wind properties at the two sites were caused by differences of size, orientation, and porosity of the mesquite, along with the presence of mesquite coppice dunes (sand dunes stabilized by mesquites growing in the dune and on its surface) found only at one of the two sites. Wind direction, u_* (friction velocity), z₀ (aerodynamic roughness height) and D (zero plane displacement height) were estimated for 15-m tower and 3-m mast data. These aerodynamic data allowed us to distinguish five categories with differing potentials for sediment transport. Sediment transport for the five categories varied from unrestricted, free transport to virtually no transport caused by vegetation protection from wind forces. In addition, “steering” of winds below the level of the tops of mesquite bushes and coppice dunes allowed longer parallel wind durations and increased wind erosion for streets that aligned roughly SW–NE. U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Determination of the Manning roughness coefficient influenced by vegetation in the river Aa and Biebrza river

The aim of this study was to investigate the variation of channel bed roughness in two rivers, as important parameter in hydraulic modelling especially with regard to flood control. The universities of Ghent (UG) and Antwerp (UA) are conducting scientific research in the river Aa in Belgium and the Biebrza river in Poland in order to better understand the phenomena involved and to come to a more accurate determination of the different parameters influencing flow. In this paper, the determination of the roughness coefficient ‘n’ from the Manning equation is used. This coefficient is not easy to determine and is varying constantly. It is influenced by the meandering character of the river, the bed material and the average grain size, the channel bed forms, the channel obstructions, the geometry changes between sections and the vegetation in the channel. Furthermore, due to these parameters, the roughness of the channel is not equally distributed over the channel, the banks and the floodplains. So, using literature data does not always lead to satisfactory results, due to the different situation in the field (Werner et al. J Hydrol 314:139–157, 2005). Therefore, measurements are necessary to determine the variation of the Manning coefficient. The Manning coefficient is a function of the discharge, but will also vary over the time due to the mentioned influences. In a multidisciplinary research project on the fundamental exchange processes in river ecosystems, hydraulic measurements were performed on a regular base in the river Aa. During these measurement campaigns, velocity and discharge measurements were carried out in multiple cross-sections. Once a month, the discharge and the water levels were measured at the upstream and the downstream end of the test stretch. On the river Biebrza, similar intensive measurement campaigns took place along a 6 km stretch in the upstream part of the river. An accurate determination of the Manning coefficient according a seasonal variation is an important tool in hydraulic modelling.     

Visualization of the internal flow properties and the material exchange interface in an entraining viscous Newtonian gravity current

In order to simulate a simple entraining geophysical flow, a viscous Newtonian gravity current is released from a reservoir by a dam-break and flows along a rigid horizontal bed until it meets a layer of entrainable material of finite depth, identical to the current. The goal is to examine the entrainment mechanisms by observing the interaction between the incoming flow and the loose bed. The sole parameter varied is the initial volume of the gravity current, thus altering its height and velocity. The gravity current plunges or spills into the entrainable bed and the velocity of the flow front becomes linear with time. The bed material is directly affected: motion is generated in the fluid far downstream of, and in that lying beneath the encroaching front. Shear bands are identified, separating horizontal flow downstream from flow with a strong vertical component close to the step. Downstream of the step the flow is horizontal and stratified, with no slip on the bottom boundary and very low shear near the surface. Between these two regions may lie transitional zones with linear velocity profiles, separated by horizontal bands of high shear; the number of transitional zones in the cross-section varies with the initial volume of the dam-break.     

Similarity relations in a stable and relatively neutral surface layer in an urban area with complex topography (Tehran)

In this paper the flow and turbulent structures are investigated over the city of Tehran (an urban area located in a basin surrounded by high mountains in the north and east). A number of non-dimensional parameters are investigated in the frame work of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) using a local scaling approach. These parameters include dimensionless wind gradient, normalized standard deviations of three components of wind and dimensionless momentum fluxes. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate MOST in predicting the above parameters for the selected terrain at 15 and 105 m heights. The prevailing conditions are stable and relatively neutral, based on stability parameter using local Obukhov length. For this study, data of a PA1 SODAR with supplementary data of a 100-m tower with four 2D sonic anemometers and also a 2D sonic anemometer installed at 2 m height have been used. Our results confirm that the non-dimensional parameters could be collapsed in to the similarity expressions only at 105 m height (that lies in the inertial sub-layer) not at 15 m height (that belongs to the roughness sub-layer). It is important to note that the obtained empirical constants for all of the considered parameters show considerable differences with those reported by others for other surface types. This is attributed to the local effects for where that the topographic wave forcing may need special considerations. This robustly emphasizes the importance of MOST validation for urban area with topography as Tehran. Consequently, MOST has been successfully verified at 105 m for Tehran data set with new empirical constants.     

Enhancing transverse mixing in streams with submerged vanes

In order to maintain the water quality of moving streams, it is essential to know the process of pollutant mixing. The transverse mixing is very important which is needed to be modeled to understand mixing phenomenon. It was observed that transverse mixing is a strong function of secondary currents, thus, submerged vanes, which are aerofoil skewed at angle of 10°–40° with respect to flow, generate transverse circulations that can be utilized to induce secondary currents in the flow to enhance transverse mixing. Present study is an attempt to utilize submerged vanes as an instrument to enhance the transverse mixing by incorporating various vane configurations. In order to study the effect of vane generated circulations on transverse mixing, experimentations were conducted on three vane sizes and for various row arrangements of vanes attached to bed. An attempt is made to investigate the effect of submerged vane size and rows on transverse velocity, concentration profile and transverse mixing coefficient. It was observed by measurement of concentration profile that transverse mixing was more enhanced for submerged vanes of higher height. It was also observed that as the number of rows is proportional to the transverse mixing. By measuring the transverse velocity profile, it was observed that more and more fluid was advected in transverse direction for higher rows of vanes. By utilizing the observed transverse mixing coefficients, number of vane rows and relative height of vane, a predictor was derived to predict transverse mixing coefficient in the presence of submerged vane rows. It was observed that the derived predictor shows a fair amount of agreement in the result predicted.     

Dynamics of the head of gravity currents

The present work experimentally investigates the dynamics of unsteady gravity currents produced by lock-release of a saline mixture into a fresh water tank. Seven different experimental runs were performed by varying the density of the saline mixture in the lock and the bed roughness. Experiments were conducted in a Perspex flume, of horizontal bed and rectangular cross section, and recorded with a CCD camera. An image analysis technique was applied to visualize and characterize the current allowing thus the understanding of its general dynamics and, more specifically, of the current head dynamics. The temporal evolution of both head length and mass shows repeated stretching and breaking cycles: during the stretching phase, the head length and mass grow until reaching a limit, then the head becomes unstable and breaks. In the instants of break, the head aspect ratio shows a limit of 0.2 and the mass of the head is of the order of the initial mass in the lock. The average period of the herein called breaking events is seen to increase with bed roughness and the spatial periodicity of these events is seen to be approximately constant between runs. The rate of growth of the mass at the head is taken as a measure to assess entrainment and it is observed to occur at all stages of the current development. Entrainment rate at the head decreases in time suggesting this as a phenomenon ruled by local buoyancy and the similarity between runs shows independence from the initial reduced gravity and bed roughness.