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INTRODUCTION: The Airline Lifesaver (AL) is a 13.3 cm x 9.8 cm card any passenger can deliver to the attendant of a commercial airline in order to prompt the delivery of an important safety message. In particular, the AL requests the following safety--belt reminder be added to the regular announcements given at the end of the flight-"Now that you have worn a seat belt for the safest part of your trip, the flight crew would like to remind you to buckle-up during your ground transportation." METHOD: The AL card was handed to 1,258 flight attendants over a 17-year period and compliance with the request for the safety message was systematically tracked. Slightly more than one-third of the AL cards (n=460) included an incentive for making the announcement. RESULTS: Without the incentive, compliance to give the buckle-up reminder was 35.5% of 798 flights. With the incentive, compliance was significantly higher (i.e., 53.3%). IMPACT: The validity of the AL intervention is discussed with regard to its: (a) relevance to cognitive dissonance and consistency theory, and (b) broad-based applicability as a component of community-wide efforts to facilitate a safety-focused culture. The 17-year study also demonstrated a practical and cost-effective application of a behavior-based incentive program. 相似文献
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建筑火灾区域模拟竖孔流动的计算 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文根据建筑火灾双层区域模拟思想,给出其常微分控制方程组,并分析了其压力求解方法,然后,运用伯努力利方程推导了相邻房间通过矩形竖孔(门或窗)的质量流率计算公式,还讨论了竖孔流动中性面产生条件。在此基础上,结合一两房间、两孔建筑中烟气运动实例,运用C.W.Gear刚性稳定算法对火灾发展及烟气流动过程进行了数值模拟;给出各竖孔中性面位置、数量和各主环境之间通过竖孔的质量流率;还给出各房间气体平均温升、 相似文献
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Bo Hedberg 《组织行为杂志》1984,5(1):53-69
Recent organizational design efforts to provide more attractive jobs, including most attempts to apply socio-technical system principles, have failed to account for the dynamic nature of the environment. The practice of socio-technical design should respond to this failing by accommodating both environmental change and workers' confidence to cope with it. An attempt to make this accommodation, in a design for a model future steelworks, is described. The design incorporates principles such as anticipatory learning, a “tent” organization culture, a task oriented plant layout, a democratic governance system, local information systems, and dialectical decision making. It offers one answer to how careers within organizations, and organizations surrounding careers, can each influence the other while remaining adaptive to external change. The problems raised by dynamic environments can be met by putting learning and exploration back into workers' careers. 相似文献
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The current research analyzed employee perceptions of the completeness of a self-report, point-factor job evaluation system. Complementary qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to identify characteristics of jobs, characteristics of employees, and characteristics of the job evaluation procedure that affected employee perceptions of the system. Analyses indicated that the job evaluation instrument might describe some classes of jobs more completely than others. Situations where job evaluation is particularly problematic are identified and discussed. 相似文献
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Ibrahim Adham Taib Andrew S McIntosh Carlo Caponecchia Melissa T. Baysari 《Safety Science》2012,50(9):1801-1805
Medical error taxonomies are used to report and analyse patient safety incidents. Medical error taxonomies can be generic or domain-specific. In comparing generic and domain-specific medical error taxonomies, the literature compares the information both type of taxonomies classify. There is little evidence the taxonomies have been compared in terms of usability and reliability. Twenty nurses and 21 pharmacists participated in a study comparing the usability and reliability of a generic medical error taxonomy and a medication error taxonomy. The medical error taxonomies utilized were the Patient Safety Event Taxonomy and the NCC MERP Taxonomy of Medication Error. The study found no significant difference in the usability ratings of both taxonomies. The taxonomies required different amount of time to classify patient safety incidents and had significantly different reliability levels. The reliability of the NCC MERP Taxonomy of Medication Error was significantly different when used by nurses and pharmacists. The taxonomy was also preferred by the majority of participants. Some recommendations are made about the design of future medical error taxonomies. 相似文献
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This paper numerically modeled previous experimental results and quantitatively revealed the attenuation effect of a barrier material on a blast wave. Four fluids were considered in the present study: the detonation products, water, foamed polystyrene, and air. These fluids were modeled by Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL), stiffened gas, and ideal gas equations of state. A mixture of water and foamed polystyrene was used as a barrier to encircle a 0.1 kg mass of spherical pentolite, and the interface problem between the barrier and the blast wave was investigated. The simulation parameters were the radius and the water volume fraction of the barrier. To elucidate the effect of the barrier, we conducted two series of numerical simulations; one without a barrier, and another with a barrier of 50 or 100 mm in outer radius and 0–1 in the water volume fraction. Peak overpressure, positive impulse, and pressure history all agreed well with the previous experimental results. We focused on the energy transfer from high-pressure detonation products to other fluids. The sum of the kinetic energies of the detonation products and the barrier induced by the blast wave could quantitatively estimate the attenuation effect of the blast wave and was minimized when the water volume fraction was 0.5, as was the case in the previous experiment. 相似文献
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为了解尺寸对球形容器连接管道甲烷-空气混合物爆炸的影响规律,利用Fluent软件,采用κ-ε湍流模型、涡耗散模型(简称EDC模型)、壁面热耗散、热辐射模型及SIMPLE算法,建立了球形容器连接管道内甲烷-空气混合物爆炸的数值模型,对容器与管道内甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸的尺寸效应进行了数值模拟。结果表明:随管道内径增大,球形容器内最大爆炸压力逐渐增大,管道末端最大爆炸压力变化无明显规律;而随管道长度增加,球形容器内最大爆炸压力逐渐减小;改变管道内径,较大体积球形容器内最大爆炸压力均大于较小体积球形容器内最大爆炸压力,最大爆炸压力上升速率的规律则相反,容器体积对管道末端最大爆炸压力的影响无明显规律。 相似文献
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《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2003,16(1):61-72
This paper presents a simple, accurate model for determining the amount and composition of a liquid-vapor release from a pressurized tank that develops a large break above the level of the liquid. Most models commonly used by the chemical industry assume that there is thermal- and mechanical-equilibrium between the liquid- and the vapor-phase (homogeneous equilibrium models, HEM). While this assumption is valid for releases though long pipes and nozzles, we found that it overestimates the total amount released during rapid discharges through large breaks in a vessel when there is insufficient time for the mixture to become homogeneous. We derived an analytical non-homogeneous, thermal equilibrium model that accurately determines the void fraction of the mixture at the time of the release, and the quantity of a release from a pressurized container. Our model is based on equations describing the transfer of interfacial momentum between the liquid- and the vapor- phases that develop during the quick depressurization of a vessel. The model’s predictions are verified by comparing them with actual measurements of the void fraction, and with the results of the RELAP5 model. Also, our model is used to determine emissions of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid in an actual rupture of a railcar tank. The results agreed with actual observations, whereas a homogeneous equilibrium model gave erroneous predictions. 相似文献
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A historical analysis with statistical investigation on accidental events in the oil industry from the beginning of the XX century till now, was performed in order to identify historical trend and go deeper into accident causes. The classification methodology was developed referring to three headings, namely plant/process, environment and organization and trying to go deeper into the analysis of the causes of the accidents reported and understand more of what is probably behind the accidents. The accident types and severity were studied, plotting the accumulated frequency–fatality curve for each item. In the subsequent applicative phase, we applied a similar classification approach to near-misses directly collected over nine years observation in a large downstream oil firm. The historical analysis was extended on each section of the refinery, paying a careful attention to all causes and consequences of the event. Data were structured for analyzing trends and identifying possible precursors of unwanted events. According to the step-by-step approach we try to evidence how immediate causes of a near-miss could be linked in some kind of causal chain to underlying causes that should be controlled by middle or higher management, or are part of the corporate safety culture. 相似文献
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AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to examine the medical conditions of 2 commercial drivers and the effects of physical barriers to occupant egress in a crash involving a tractor trailer and a motorcoach in order to assess and identify the factors that caused the crash and had a significant effect on occupant extrication.Methods: Physical evidence from the scene, video evidence, commercial driver information, phone records, toxicology findings, autopsy results, and personal medical information were reviewed.Results: On October 23, 2016, at 5:16 a.m., a motorcoach carrying a driver and 42 passengers struck the rear of a stopped semitrailer occupied by its driver in the center-right lane of Interstate 10 at highway speed outside Palm Springs, California. The motorcoach driver and 12 passengers died; 11 passengers were seriously injured.All traffic had been stopped on I-10 early that morning to allow electrical lines to be strung over the highway. Security camera footage showed that the truck arrived at the end of a traffic queue 2?min before traffic flow resumed. Physical evidence indicated that the truck’s parking brake was still engaged at the time of the collision about 2?min later. The truck driver had a body mass index (BMI) between 45.6 and 50?kg/m2, which placed him at very high risk of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea; he also inaccurately recalled that he had been stopped for 20–25?min and had placed the vehicle in gear just before the collision.The motorcoach driver was on the return leg of an overnight trip to a casino. Based on his phone records, known driving time, and security camera footage, at the time of the collision he had had 4?h of sleep opportunity in the preceding 35?h. There was no evidence that the motorcoach driver attempted any evasive action before the collision. In addition, postmortem testing revealed a hemoglobin A1C of 11.4%, indicating poorly controlled diabetes; this was apparently undiagnosed prior to the crash.The motorcoach was equipped with a single loading door at the front of the vehicle; it was rendered inoperable by the collision. Emergency egress was initially carried out through the emergency exit windows, but they repeatedly swung shut, impeding passengers’ efforts to exit. Emergency responders eventually cut open the bus wall to create a larger means of egress. Overall, it took almost 3?h to extricate the occupants from the vehicle.Conclusions: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the accident was the truck driver’s falling asleep, most likely due to undiagnosed moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea, and the motorcoach driver’s failure to identify the stopped truck as a hazard requiring evasive action, most likely as the result of fatigue. Additional easy-to-use emergency exits would have decreased the time to extricate the occupants. 相似文献
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《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2007,85(3):256-259
The accident consequence estimation for a particular hazardous installation consists of source term estimation, dispersion simulation, and an assessment of the effects on the people, buildings and equipment. In the article the typical range of the uncertainty of each separate step is assessed and then combined and analysed with the view to understand their cumulative influence on the uncertainty surrounding the resulting consequence value. Certain assumptions and a simple error calculation formula have been applied to produce the analysis of influence of individual error estimates on the final consequence assessment. The data used are partially taken from past benchmarking exercises conducted by the Major Accident Hazards Bureau (MAHB) of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, and partially from literature sources. The methodology for combining the separate uncertainty values together and the results of the analysis of the combined influence of the uncertainties associated with each step are described. 相似文献
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Nora E. Munguía Vega Vania S. Flores Borboa David S. Zepeda Quintana 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2019,25(4):587-596
In 2015, the United Nations defined sustainable industrialization as one of 17 sustainable development goals. In this article, an analysis is performed to assess the opportunities for ergonomics to contribute toward sustainability in the manufacturing industry. To that effect, a case study was carried out in a maquiladora of electronic components in the northwestern region of Mexico. The investigation was developed in four stages: (a) diagnosis; (b) planning; (c) implementations; (d) verification of results. Barriers found during each stage are presented. Finally, a discussion of the obtained results is provided, and areas of opportunity for programs or actions to prevent health risks are identified. 相似文献
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The basis of the manSievert as a unit for collective radiation dose is discussed and previous recommendations are considered for how much should be spent to avert a collective dose of 1 manSv. New calculations are given using the J-value method. It is shown that the value to be assigned to averting a manSievert depends on the duration of averted exposure as well as on the net discount rate and the loan rate thought to be appropriate. Different figures will result depending on whether the exposed group consists of workers or the general public. The variation with dose duration is so large that it is not possible to recommend a single figure for the value of a manSievert. Instead, tables are given at two conservative, loan and net discount rates for the value of a manSievert as a function of exposure time. The base data for the J-value method need to be updated annually, and this means that the values given in the tables will increase over time as people live longer and become richer. 相似文献