豆腐废水廉价培养制备微生物絮凝剂的研究

从活性污泥中筛选出一株有高效絮凝活性的菌株,经鉴定为酵母属(Saccharomyces sp).以豆腐废水为廉价培养基培养高效菌产生微生物絮凝剂,含有絮凝活性物质的发酵液的上清液对4g/L高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达95.6%.正交实验表明,产生微生物絮凝剂的优化培养条件为:豆腐废水体积分数25%,初始pH值5.0,摇床速度160r/min,温度30℃.培养产生的微生物絮凝剂最佳收获时间为48 h.微生物絮凝剂在酸性和碱性环境中均有较好的适应性和热稳定性.     

一株微生物絮凝剂产生菌的培养条件优化研究

从沈阳市浑河河水底泥中筛选出一株高效稳定的微生物絮凝剂产生菌BS-5.考察了碳源、氮源、培养时间、培养温度、初始pH值、摇床转速等因素对BS-5所产絮凝剂的影响.结果表明,可溶性淀粉是其良好的碳源,NaNO3位最佳氮源,最适宜培养时间为32 h,培养温度为30℃,初始pH值为6～7,摇床转速为150 r/min.在此条件下,对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝效率可高达97.5%.和其他微生物产生菌培养基相比较,BS-5培养基组成成分简单,价格低廉,培养时间短,可以减少生产时间和生产费用,可解决微生物絮凝剂生产成本较高的问题.     

微生物絮凝剂处理造纸中段废水的实验研究

实验从土壤中分离筛选出1株絮凝活性较高的絮凝剂产生菌,经鉴定为1株黑曲霉.采用其产生的微生物絮凝剂M-2处理造纸中段废水,对絮凝条件进行了优化,在最佳絮凝条件下,M-2对造纸中段废水的CODcr去除率可达70.6%,浊度去除率可达91.7%,其絮凝效果优于传统的絮凝剂.     

一株高效絮凝剂产生菌的分离鉴定与絮凝特性研究

采用富集培养及平板分离方法从成都某污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选出一株具有絮凝活性的菌株SNUX-1,经形态特征及16S rRNA鉴定该菌株为约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii).对该菌株絮凝活性分布及在不同生长条件下所产絮凝剂的絮凝率进行了研究,并对其絮凝剂成分进行了分析.结果表明,该菌株所产微生物絮凝剂为胞外产物,显色剂显色结果表明,该絮凝剂不含蛋白质成分,含有糖类成分;在以蔗糖为碳源、培养基初始pH值为8、以氯化铜为助凝剂的条件下培养12 h,该菌株所产微生物絮凝剂的絮凝率最高,达96.71％,可作为治理环境污染的菌种资源.     

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离选育微生物絮凝剂的研究

采用倒平板与接种培养方法从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到了具有活性的7株微生物菌株,根据絮凝效果对其进行了选育与筛选,得到了3株对城市生活污水和啤酒厂生产废水有较好处理效果的微生物絮凝剂.结果表明,从污水处理厂污泥分离出来的3株活性菌均为革兰氏阳性细菌,其中球形、菌落特征呈不规则边缘特征的MBF-1活性最强;微生物生长曲线显示出其生长最佳时间约为30h.单独使用MBF-1微生物菌株所产生的微生物絮凝剂对所选3种污水的絮凝率分别为99.3%、88.7%、92.1%,其对COD的处理效率分别为90.8%、88.2%和87.9%;3种絮凝微生物在污水处理中的处理效果上相互间无协同作用,絮凝过程是相对独立的.     

高效絮凝剂产生菌的分离筛选及培养条件优化

从活性污泥中分离得到两株高效的微生物絮凝剂产生菌MBP-31和MBG-15.通过培养条件优化,考察各种因素,如碳源、氮源、pH值、碳氮比、培养时间、絮凝剂投加量对絮凝效果的影响.结果表明,MBP-31对高岭土悬浊液的最佳絮凝条件为:碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为尿素,pH值为7.0～8.0,碳氮比为25,培养时间为48 h,絮凝剂投加量为1 mL.MBG-15对高岭土悬浊液的最佳絮凝条件为: 碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨,pH值为7.0～8.0,碳氮比为25,培养时间为96 h,絮凝剂投加量为2 mL.在最佳絮凝条件下进行絮凝试验,MBP-31、MBG-15对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率分别达到89.87%、91.25%.对两菌株所产微生物絮凝剂的活性分布、热稳定性进行了研究,两种微生物絮凝剂均分布在发酵液离心后的上清液中,MBG-15有较好的热稳定性.     

两株微生物絮凝剂产生菌的絮凝条件优化及鉴定

以絮凝菌A9和BS-5及其产生的絮凝剂为研究对象,通过改变碳源、氮源及初始pH值等因素研究絮凝菌的适宜培养条件,采用紫外扫描、Molish、蒽酮呈色反应和红外光谱等方法对这两种絮凝剂的成分进行检测,采用分子生物学等方法对菌株A9和BS-5进行菌种鉴定.结果表明,菌株A9和BS-5产生絮凝剂的适宜碳源均为可溶性淀粉,适宜氮源分别为酵母膏和NaNO3,适宜初始pH值分别为9.0和6.0,在此条件下产生的絮凝剂的絮凝率均达到95％以上.紫外扫描和红外检测等结果表明,菌株A9所产絮凝剂的主要成分为多糖类物质,菌株BS-5所产絮凝剂的主要成分为多糖类物质和少量蛋白质.系统发育树分析结果表明,絮凝菌A9属于类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.),絮凝菌BS-5属于代尔夫特食酸菌(Delftia acidovorans).     

产絮凝剂细菌的筛选及其培养条件研究

从活性污泥、农药厂土壤中分离筛选到8株产絮凝剂细菌,经过复筛得到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌NT-1.该菌产絮凝剂的适宜碳源为蔗糖,适宜氮源为酵母膏,初始pH值7.0～8.0,装液量45～75 mL/150 mL,接种量3%～6%,摇床转数为150 r/min,32 ℃培养36～72 h;产生具有高效稳定絮凝活性的絮凝剂,对高岭土悬液的絮凝率均在90%以上.     

一株石化废水中脱氮产微生物絮凝剂菌株的鉴定与性能

筛选出了一株适用于石化污水处理的异养硝化-好氧反硝化产微生物絮凝剂菌株HAD-2,鉴定其为门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina),考察了其最佳硝化条件、反硝化性能及在模拟污水中的脱氮能力。菌株为耐热菌,偏碱性(pH=8.5)和高碳氮比(25∶1)时硝化性能最佳。在异养硝化体系中,12 h时菌株对氨氮的去除率达到92.29%,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐积累少;在反硝化体系中,12 h时菌株对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的去除率分别达到86.40%和84.92%;在模拟废水中,48 h时菌株对氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的降解率分别达到95.25%、65.47%和72.40%。菌株在多种培养基中可产微生物絮凝剂,在葡萄糖培养基中絮凝能力最佳,絮凝率为94%。     

生活污水絮凝微生物筛选及其培养条件的优化

为获得絮凝微生物和提高其絮凝效率并降低生产成本,以江苏碧程环保工程有限公司生活污水旁50 cm内10 cm深处土壤为絮凝微生物的菌源,采用选择培养基和平板划线方法分离纯化出31株菌株,分离纯化的31株菌株经30℃、160 r/min振荡培养72 h后,用发酵液处理质量分数为0.4％的高岭土悬浊液前后的OD550值的变化来表征絮凝率的大小.筛选出4株具有较高絮凝活性的菌株(T1、T2、T3、T4),将这4株具有较高絮凝活性的菌株自由组合、随机复配,筛选出絮凝率最大的复合菌群为T1+ T2+ T4.以T1+ T2+ T4为研究对象,研究其培养条件(温度、接种量、培养时间、pH值等)对絮凝效果的影响,并通过单因素和正交试验,以絮凝率为指标,确定复合微生物絮凝菌群的最佳培养条件.结果表明,培养条件的改变可以影响复合微生物絮凝菌群的絮凝效果,各培养条件对复合微生物絮凝菌群絮凝率的影响程度不同.复合絮凝菌群T1 +T2+ T4絮凝率最高的培养条件为培养温度30℃、pH=7,培养时间60 h;T1、T2、T4的种子液体积比为0.6:0.9∶0.3,装液量为90 mL/250 mL,接种量为4.5 mL/90 mL.研究表明,在最优条件下复合微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效率高达81.01％,可以克服单一菌种絮凝效率不稳定的缺点.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。