不同形态镍盐对生物的毒性效应研究

镍通过提取、加工和使用被释放到环境中,当土壤中镍的含量超过一定值时,就会抑制植物的生长。镍通过有机物产生的络合作用可以提高土壤植物修复的能力。土壤中积滞过量的镍不仅会阻碍植物的生长和发育,同时也威胁到土壤无脊椎动物（如蚯蚓、线虫和跳虫等）和微生物的繁衍与增殖。土壤中重金属的不同形态对植物的毒性效应也有所不同,如Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb等重金属。以往重金属镍土壤污染研究中,人为添加的镍盐各不相同,有的研究使用氯化镍,有的研究使用硫酸镍或硝酸镍等,均假设毒性相当,其实,阴离子不同,镍盐的毒性也会有差异。     

紫色土锌镉复合污染效应与机理研究

采用盆栽试验结合野外调查，研究紫色土锌镉复合污染对莴笋、蕃茄、甘兰、小麦等的作物效应与原因。结果表明，锌镉复合污染加剧锌的毒害作用，但缓解镉毒性，其原因在于：低浓度镉促进锌吸收、高浓度锌抑制镉吸收。土壤锌镉复合对二价离子的竞争效应也影响其生态效应。     

砷在三种紫色土中的化学行为及其与作物效应的关系

通过水稻在不同砷浓度处理过的三种紫色土的盆栽试验,研究了砷的吸附特征,形态变化及其与砷的作物效应的关系,揭示了砷在不同土壤中对水稻毒害和在水稻体内累积程度不一样的原因是由于不同土壤的性质影响到砷的吸附和形态变化。其中砷在土壤中的形态变化是最重要的因素之一。在诸形态中,以A-As和Ca-As最为重要。土壤的碳酸盐体系可能是影响三种紫色土砷的化学行为及其生态效应的一个重要因素。     

土壤Mehlich-3可浸提态镍对大麦根伸长的毒性

本研究选择我国具有代表性的11种外源添加镍（水溶性镍盐）污染土壤样品,在模拟田间人工降水（淋洗和非淋洗）处理后,研究了Mehlich-3单次或连续3次浸提态镍对大麦根伸长的毒性.结果发现：结合重要影响因素土壤pH值,Mehlich-3可浸提态镍和外源添加镍具有显著相关关系;基于Mehlich-3可浸提态镍的植物毒性阈值也显著受土壤性质影响（半抑制浓度可相差38倍以上）.通过回归分析发现土壤性质对Mehlich-3浸提镍的生物毒性的影响与Mehlich-3浸提次数有关,主要影响因子分别是铁铝锰氧化物和粘粒含量（单次浸提）或土壤pH值和有机质（3次浸提）.研究建立了基于可浸提态镍对大麦根伸长的毒性阈值预测模型.研究结果证明了重金属的化学浸提态代替全量作为风险评价标准的可行性,为提高土壤中镍的生态风险评估的准确性和科学性提供支撑.     

土壤-植物系统中铬的环境行为及其毒性评价

由于铬及其化合物的使用和含铬废弃物的大量排放,空气、土壤、水和食品都不同程度地受到了铬污染.对于铬污染,尤其是与人体健康密切相关的土壤系统铬污染的研究,已成为国内外相关领域的热点.其中铬在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化规律备受关注.本文详细介绍了铬的基础化学、土壤-植物系统中铬迁移转化的影响因素(土壤理化性质、铬的供给形态、浓度、植物种类等)以及该系统中铬的生态毒性,总结了通过综合分析土壤-植物系统中植物、土壤微生物、土壤动物的生态毒理数据来评估土壤-植物系统中铬生态风险的方法,并指出了这一领域研究工作的不足之处,对今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

三峡库区消落带4种典型植物根际土壤养分与氮素赋存形态

三峡水库消落带土壤N循环受到植被覆盖和季节性淹水的影响,对三峡水库水质具有潜在的不利影响,进行消落带植被恢复和提高土壤N保持能力成为保护库区水环境的重要措施.选择三峡库区一级支流澎溪河消落带为研究对象,分别在冲积潮土、紫色土和水稻土分布区采集狗牙根、香附子、苍耳以及玉米这4种典型植物根际、非根际土壤,分析了根际与非根际土壤理化性质与N赋存形态特征,并比较了不同植物类型根际富集效果,初步探究不同植物根际效应对消落带土壤N循环的影响.结果表明,所有植物根际土壤p H均低于非根际,有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮均高于非根际,且根际富集率表现为香附子狗牙根玉米苍耳;不同植物根际对土壤全钾、有效磷、速效钾影响作用不一致;植物根际土壤中可转化态氮TF-N及其不同赋存形态离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)、铁锰氧化态氮(IMOF-N)和有机态和硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)均高于非根际土壤,植物根际效应能够改变土壤N赋存形态及其对N循环的贡献率,但狗牙根和香附子根际土壤中TF-N占TN的比率低于非根际,而玉米和苍耳相反,表明消落带玉米和苍耳覆盖加快了N素向TF-N转化,不利于土壤N素保持;消落带土壤有机质、总磷和有效磷含量与可转化态N形态显著相关,是土壤N形态转化的主要因素.研究表明,消落带狗牙根和香附子覆盖对土壤N素的保持优于玉米和苍耳,植物根际效应对消落带土壤N循环的影响为消落带植被恢复中植物选择提供了参考.     

石灰性土壤中有效砷提取剂的选择

目前，已有不少关于砷毒性临界值的研究报道，但几乎均以土壤全砷含量来表示。由于不同土壤理化性质不同，对有毒物质固定、净化能力不同，其生物活性亦有差异。因而用全砷含量表达作物受害临界值在不同土壤之间差异较大。而用土壤有效砷含量表达作物受害临界值则能在不同土壤上取得较一致的结果。因此，测定土壤有效砷含量对砷毒性研究更有意义。土壤中砷的形态以水溶性砷和吸附性砷易被植物吸收，因而一般将这两部分砷总称为可给态砷或者有效性砷。对于土壤中有效性砷测定，目前应用较广的仍然是选择浸提剂法，如用lmol／LNH4Cl、0．5mo…     

降尘、酸雨及其复合污染对蔬菜产量和品质的影响

盆栽试验结果表明，降尘、酸雨可降低酸性紫色土莴笋茎、叶鲜重３．９％—１４．４％；复合污染对莴笋的减产量增大，且以酸性紫色土为高，降尘、酸雨对蔬菜的促长作用使莴笋早衰减产、小白菜增产。酸性紫色土各处理较对照明显提高两种蔬菜叶细胞透性（电导值、Ｋ~＋外渗增量达９．５％—１２７．７％），作物种类间变化规律不同。复合污染明显使两种蔬菜Ｖ_ｃ和水溶性氨基酸降低、莴笋硝酸盐增高，蔬菜品质变劣。，酸性土ｒ＝０．９６４６－０．９７３９）。同产量结果相似，酸性紫色土上蔬菜的根重绝对量大大低于石灰性紫色土。可见在ｐＨ５．２的酸性紫色土上不宜种植抗逆（酸）性差的蔬菜作物，尤其是在降尘－酸雨复合污染条件下更是如此。否则，必将形成一个典型的逆境农业生态系统。２．３降尘、酸雨及其复合污染对蔬菜叶片细胞透性的影响降尘、酸雨各处理使酸性紫色土上莴笋叶片电导值、Ｋ＋浓度较ＣＫ分别提高２７．７％—５９．０％和９．１％—２７．３％（表５），表明叶细胞膜可能受到不同程度损伤，膜内物质容易外渗［１２］，影响植物正常生长、降低产量，石灰性紫色土虽３个处理植株叶片电导值也明显高于ＣＫ８．４％—５９．７％，但Ｋ＋浓度下降８．０％—２５．０％（Ａ处理除外），     

农地土壤重金属Pb和Cd有效性测定方法的筛选与评价

作物重金属累积主要受土壤中重金属有效性的制约,由于土壤种类和污染特征的差异,目前尚无公认的有效态测定方法.为筛选建立适宜土壤铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）有效性评价的方法,本文选择重庆市4种性质差异较大的典型农地土壤：酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性黄壤和钙质紫色土,系统比较了氯化钙（CaCl₂）、醋酸铵（NH₄OAc）、盐酸（HCl）、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐（EDTA）和二乙基三胺五乙酸（DTPA）这5种化学提取方法与梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）对供试土壤Pb和Cd的提取能力,并以黑麦草为指示植物开展盆栽试验,探讨不同提取剂提取量与植物Pb和Cd累积能力的相关性,进而综合评价不同方法的适宜性.结果表明,不同提取方法对Pb和Cd的提取量存在明显差异：酸性紫色土和石灰性黄壤中以HCl-Pb提取态含量最高,中性紫色土和钙质紫色土中则以EDTA-Pb提取态含量最高;除钙质紫色土以EDTA-Cd提取态含量最高外,其余3种土壤则是以HCl-Cd提取态含量最高.考虑提取量与植物吸收量之间的相关关系,在相同类型土壤上,可选择除CaCl₂外的5种提取方法作为Pb的评价方法,Cd则是6种提取方法均较适合.在不同类型土壤中,EDTA-Pb提取态和DGT-Cd提取态含量与黑麦草地上部Pb和Cd含量相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.941和0.919,说明EDTA提取适用于不同类型土壤间Pb生物有效性的比较与评价,而Cd则以DGT技术最好,化学提取剂中以HCl较为适宜.     

西南地区典型土壤酸化特征及其与重金属形态活性的耦合关系

采用空间代替时间的方法,采集了西南地区主要类型和不同酸化阶段的土壤样品,分析了土壤理化性质特征、酸缓冲性能和重金属赋存形态,结合小白菜盆栽生物试验,探讨土壤酸化和重金属形态活性变化的耦合关系.结果表明,紫色土和黄壤随着土壤酸化程度增加,土壤交换性盐基离子降低,由交换性Ca²⁺流失引起.不同酸化阶段紫色土和黄壤对酸敏感性差异较大,紫色土在pH>7.50和pH<4.50时,酸缓冲容量较大;黄壤酸缓冲容量和土壤交换性盐基离子含量呈较强的相关性,且随着酸添加量增加,酸缓冲容量的增大倍数和土壤盐基离子消耗速率有关.重金属Cd和Pb在土壤中的赋存形态和土壤类型、酸化程度紧密相关,紫色土与黄壤中Cd和Pb主要以可交换态和残渣态为主,且随土壤酸化程度增加交换态占比增加,残渣态占比减少;红壤中以残渣态和Fe-Mn结合态为主,Cd的Fe-Mn结合态分别是紫色土和黄壤的2.15倍和1.73倍,Pb的Fe-Mn结合态是紫色土与黄壤的4.30倍和3.91倍,与红壤铁含量较高有关.盆栽试验表明土壤酸化一定程度上抑制小白菜的生长量,酸化严重的黄壤(pH<5.70)中小白菜生物...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.