海水、大气化学演化对沉积矿床形成、演化的制约

本文重点探讨了海水、大气化学演化与沉积矿床的形成和演化的关系。依据模拟实验结果提出了大气的化学组成制约着风化淋滤作用的性质和向海盆提供矿质的能力；海水pH、Eh值的波动演化规律制约着海水中矿后的富集、分异和沉淀成矿的过程；海水化学环境的波动制约着沉积作用的旋回性和成矿作用的继承性；关于地史中海水、大气的化学环境变化与大型和超大型沉积扩床成矿的关系以及在一个盆地中为什么形成了这种矿床而不是另一种矿床，不仅与成矿本身的火山-沉积旋回有直接关系，还与成矿前的一系列火山-沉积旋回有直接关系。海水、大气化学环境的历史演化过程还控制着沉积矿床的成矿类型和成矿规模的演变，因此用海水、大气化学演化规律不但可以认识各种矿床的成因，还可以结合其他地质资料对很多类型的沉积矿床进行预测。     

广东白垩纪-新近纪断陷盆地形成演化及其含矿性

广东白垩纪、古近纪、新近纪位处大陆边缘活动带发展阶段,在伸展的构造作用下,发展形成一系列线型展布的断陷盆地,并伴随有中酸性及中基性火山活动。三水盆地、河源盆地是其典型代表。矿产除与沉积有关的褐煤、油页岩、蒸发相石膏、岩盐矿床外,还有与火山热液有关的金、银、钼、铜、铀及萤石、重晶石、风化壳型膨润土等矿床。     

火山断陷盆地的边缘成矿论

火山断陷盆地是构造-岩浆-地热体系的最活跃场所。大中型热液矿床往往赋存于盆地边缘。高渗透构造破碎带、基底和火山盖层建造的相应组合、多阶段次火山岩的侵入、配套的水文地质环境构成了盆边热源、矿源、水源、矿质沉淀空间的最佳匹配条件。因此．盆地边缘作为矿床预测和靶区优选的显著目标值得找矿者的高度重视。     

沉积盆地古地温与油气形成演化(摘要)

<正> 沉积盆地古地温的研究对研究盆地油气形成与演化及盆地地质成因都具有重要意义。为了研究沉积盆地(尤其是象准噶尔盆地这样的老盆地)的古地温与热历史,笔者应用镜煤反射率拟合计算古地温、矿物流体包裹体测温及磷灰石裂变径迹等多种方法以研究恢复准噶尔盆地古地温,并且通过与大港油田歧口凹陷的对比研究,深入地讨论了地温与油气形成演化的关系。 依据镜煤反射率拟合计算沉积盆地古地温是目前普遍应用的一种方法。     

西昆仑山构造格架与成矿堆积环境

本文在对西昆仑山广布的岩浆岩尤其是花岗岩研究取得的成果基础上 ,结合区域构造、沉积建造等其它地质特征 ,再造了西昆仑山地质构造发展历程 ,进而研究了区内成矿堆积环境及其矿床地质特征。结果表明 ,西昆仑山经历了复杂的地质构造演化 ,是一条由北而南分别由加里东造山带、华力西造山带和燕山早期造山带组成的复合型造山带。区内存在以下 5种主要成矿堆积环境 :洋脊 (蛇绿岩 )成矿堆积环境 (塞浦路斯型含铜黄铁矿矿床 ,豆荚状铬、镍矿床 ) ,被动陆缘成矿堆积环境 (MVT铅锌矿床 ,Sedex型铅铜矿床 ) ,火山弧成矿堆积环境 (斑岩型铜矿床 ,黑矿型铜锌铅矿床 ,矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床 ) ,弧后盆地成矿堆积环境 (海底火山喷发沉积型铁铜金矿床 ,气液充填型铜金铁矿床 )和同碰撞成矿堆积环境 (伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床 ,伟晶岩型多金属银矿床 )     

江西潭坑铅锌(银)矿床特征及成因分析

江西省潭坑铅锌(银)矿区位于北武夷铅锌银成矿带内,本文系统阐述了矿区地质和矿床特征,并对矿床的成因进行了探讨。认为本区铅锌(银)矿床,经历了火山喷发沉积和后期热液充填两大成矿期,与次火山岩体(流纹斑岩)有密切的关系,属次火山热液矿床。     

康滇地区某些铁矿浆矿床的矿物特征

<正> 康滇地区产于前震旦纪火山岩系中的富铁矿,对其成因一直是一个有争议的问题。如云南大红山铁矿,曾提出过变质-热液富化火山矿床、火山沉积变质-热液交代矿床、火山喷溢溶浆矿床等:位于金沙江北岸的四川莱园子铁矿,产于会理群力马河组更长磁铁玄武岩中,是一个小而富的磁铁矿床。也提出过沉积变质、火山沉积和接触交代等成因论述。通过对这     

新疆乌恰地区中新生代盆地寻找热卤水成因的超大型铅锌矿床的地球化学证据

采用微量元素地球化学方法 ,系统研究了新疆乌恰中新生代沉积盆地的成矿地球化学背景、区域化探异常特征、成矿过程中元素的再分配特征等 ,认为“三色”岩层和富含Pb、Zn、Ag、Cu、Sr等成矿及伴生元素的基底是形成热卤水成因的大型—超大型铅锌矿床的物质前提。成矿过程中微量元素的再分配特征更进一步证实了本区存在大规模的热卤水活动。与金顶铅锌矿床对比 ,二者的基底都富含金属元素 ,矿石物质组分和成矿元素相同、水系沉积物异常的元素组合类似。这些特征是本区寻找热卤水成因的大型—超大型铅锌矿床的十分重要的地球化学证据。乌拉根铅锌矿床和新发现的铅锌矿化点 (带 )均有规模大、强度高的Pb、Zn、Sr组合异常与之对应 ,预示本区有良好的找矿前景     

云南易门狮山铜矿床的喷气沉积成因

本文讨论了云南易门狮山铜矿床的地质背景、含矿建造、火山岩及矿床地质地球化学特征。成矿地质背景为中元古代后期的裂陷槽。含矿建造为火山沉积黑色页岩碳酸盐含铜建造。胶状、变胶状黄铁矿及黄铜矿砂状碎屑构造是矿床同生成因的新证据。建立了海底喷气沉积矿床成因模式,论述了狮山铜矿床的成矿作用。     

江西永丰-崇仁盆地晚白垩世构造-沉积演化

本文分析了江西永丰-崇仁盆地上白垩统河口组、塘边组和莲荷组的沉积特征及沉积环境,认为其主要为一套洪冲积扇-辫状河-滨浅湖相沉积;研究了永丰-崇仁盆地晚白垩世沉积与构造的耦合过程,识别出3个构造-沉积演化期,即河口期、塘边期及莲荷期。河口期在剧烈断陷拉张作用下发育河流-冲积扇相沉积;塘边期构造相对稳定,断陷拉张作用减弱,发育河流-湖泊相沉积;莲荷期构造以盆地西北侧地层相对隆升为主,发育河流-冲积扇相沉积。本文认为永丰-崇仁红盆的形成和演化明显受到构造运动、气候及物源的控制。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.