生物脱氮好氧阶段不同反应过程N2O产量

在成功实现生活污水短程生物脱氮的基础上,采用体积为3 L的小试反应器,利用在线DO监测手段控制DO=1.0 mg·L-1,通过投加NaNO2的方式控制系统初始NO2--N=40 mg·L-1,以丙烯基硫脲（ATU）抑制NH4+-N的氧化过程,考察了生物脱氮好氧阶段不同反应过程中N2O的产生量。结果表明,除缺氧反硝化细菌的反硝化过程外,好氧条件下,氨氧化菌（AOB）能够以NH4+-N作为电子供体,NO2--N作为电子受体,进行反硝化脱氮过程,其反硝化产物为N2O。生物脱氮好氧阶段AOB的好氧反硝化和异养菌的缺氧反硝化反应中,N2O的产量分别占分别占进水总氮（NH4+-N+NO2--N）的7.23%和7.80%。好氧阶段NH4+-N和NO2-的氧化过程中,几乎没有N2O的产生。     

连续流间歇生化反应器反硝化过程释磷规律

为了考察高进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)时连续流间歇生化反应器(CIBR)中反硝化过程释磷现象,以NaAc为碳源,采用进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)为800∶30和1 200∶30进行缺氧实验,探究反硝化过程释磷规律、机制和pH的指示作用。结果表明,2种进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)下反硝化和释磷作用均同时发生,且先慢速释磷后快速释磷;碳源质量平衡分析得出反硝化过程中实际释磷量远小于理论释磷量,表明聚磷菌活性被抑制,部分碳源能被其他异养菌利用。反硝化过程出现释磷现象是菌群竞争碳源能力差异和反硝化中间产物抑制聚磷菌活性2个方面作用的结果;异氧菌群竞争碳源的能力顺序为反硝化菌聚磷菌其他异养菌,且进水碳源浓度越高,对缺氧阶段碳源利用效率越不利;pH曲线的"凸点"可指示反硝化结束,但pH无法指示释磷发生过程。该研究可为反硝化过程除磷提供初步的碳源控制依据。     

连续流反应器污水硝化过程中的N2O释放

污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮(NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L)浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2-N)浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。     

连续流反应器污水硝化过程中的N_2O释放

污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮（N2O）的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮（NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L）浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐（NO2-N）浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。     

改性生物炭固定异养硝化菌对水中低浓度氨氮的去除

为探究改性生物炭固定异养硝化菌对水中低质量浓度氨氮(约10 mg/L)的去除效果,从污水处理厂污泥中筛选一株异养硝化菌,分别以未改性稻壳生物炭(BC)、NaOH和H2O2改性BC为载体,用吸附法制备生物炭基微生物固定化体(分别记为BC+N3、NaOH-BC+N3和H2O2-BC+N3),开展生物炭和生物炭基微生物固定化...     

碳源和COD/N对短程反硝化处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液产N2O的影响与调控

采用短程硝化反硝化工艺处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液厌氧出水,研究反硝化过程中碳源种类（乙酸钠、甲醇、葡萄糖）和碳氮比（1.5、2.5、3.5、5.0）对N2O产生的影响,以实现N2O的高效产生。结果表明,反硝化系统中N2O的产生受外加碳源种类和碳氮比影响较大。在反硝化所需碳氮比（COD/N=5.0）条件下,高效产N2O的碳源种类为乙酸钠,N2O转化率为6.9%。以乙酸钠为碳源,在碳氮比为3.5时N2O产量最大,N2O转化率可达15%。通过最佳产N2O条件下微生物群落分析发现,一些有助于N2O产生的反硝化菌得到富集。因此,通过碳源和COD/N等参数的调控,能够实现垃圾焚烧渗沥液反硝化段N2O的高效产生。     

C/N和pH值对高温好氧反硝化菌产N2O的影响研究

以50℃高温、好氧条件下能进行高效好氧反硝化的菌株TAD1为研究对象,在不同C/N和pH值培养条件下,对其24 h的反硝化效率和反硝化过程中N2O的逸出量进行了研究。结果显示,C/N和pH值对菌株TAD1的反硝化效率和N2O产生量有明显影响.菌株TAD1最适宜的C/N为9,pH值为7,此时反硝化效率达到99.12%,N2O产生量仅为3.35×10-2 mg/L,N2 O转化率为0.045%,反硝化产物以氮气为主。另外,菌株TAD1不适宜在酸性条件下生长,pH值为6时反硝化效率为83.18%,N2O产生量为13.88×10-2 mg/L,是pH值为7时的4.14倍,是pH值为8时的5.07倍。     

同步硝化反硝化工艺中DO浓度对N2O产生量的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）,在连续曝气全程好氧的运行条件下,考察不同溶解氧浓度对同步硝化反硝化脱氮性能及N2O产量的影响。控制溶解氧浓度恒定在1、2、2.5和3 mg/L。结果表明,DO为2 mg/L和2.5 mg/L时,氨氮去除率分别为97.9%和98.5%,同步硝化反硝化率均为99%。DO为2 mg/L时,系统中N2O产生量最低,为0.423 mg/L,占氨氮去除量的1.4%;DO为3 mg/L时N2O的产生量最高,为2.01 mg/L,是DO为2 mg/L时的4.75倍。系统中亚硝酸盐的存在可能是高溶解氧条件下N2O产量增加的主要原因,同步过程中没有NOx-的积累即稳定的SND系统有利于降低生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生量。     

智能化曝气控制A/O工艺处理低C/N生活污水有效性及其脱氮机制

将新型智能化曝气控制系统（automatic oxygen supply device,AOSD）应用于A/O工艺中,研究AOSD系统曝气模式控制下的A/O工艺（I-A/O）与持续曝气模式的A/O工艺（C-A/O）对低C/N生活污水处理能力的有效性,并从系统活性污泥特性的角度探究I-A/O系统反硝化菌在脱氮过程中对碳素的摄取、利用途径。结果表明：低进水碳源负荷下,I-A/O与C-A/O系统对COD、NH4+-N的平均去除率稳定且均达80%以上;I-A/O系统对TN去除率高出C-A/O系统25.97%,其对TN具有明显的去除优势;2套系统对TP均无去除效果。I-A/O系统活性污泥好氧异养菌产率系数YH为0.142 mg·mg-1,活性污泥衰减系数Kd为0.018 d-1,均低于C-A/O系统;在进水低C/N水平下,I-A/O系统活性污泥可通过更强的吸附贮存碳源能力、较低的好氧异养菌竞争压力、溶胞作用为反硝化菌提供更多的碳源以便脱氮反应。C/N是I-A/O系统曝气总量节省率重要影响因素之一,相比于C-A/O系统,其处理低C/N生活污水可节约曝气系统约52%的曝气量。     

曝气量对短程硝化过程中N2O产量的影响

采用敞开式SBR,分别研究曝气量为20、40、60和80 L·h-1工况下,短程硝化过程中溶解态N2O的逸出规律及N2O总产量。研究结果表明：曝气过程中溶解态N2O释放速率与曝气量及溶解态N2O浓度正相关,随着曝气量的增大,N2O释放速率-溶解态N2O浓度变化系数分别为0.001 5、0.002 4、0.003 5和0.004 3 s-1;在各种曝气量下的亚硝化过程中,溶解态N2O浓度呈先增加后减少现象变化;短程硝化反应时间随曝气量的增长而明显缩短;在亚硝化反应过程中溶解态N2O最大值及N2O总产量随着曝气量的增大而明显减小;曝气量由低到高,亚硝化率逐步降低,分别为99.6%、94.9%、92.2%和85.5%,N2O总产量分别为21.3、9.4、6.8和3.7 mg·L-1。低曝气量（20 L·h-1）下,N2O的产量远高于高曝气量（80 L·h-1）下的产量。中等强度曝气量（40 L·h-1、60 L·h-1）下,亚硝化过程既可以维持较高的亚硝化率,又可以有效地减少N2O总产量。     

The population dynamics of nitrifiers in ammonium-rich systems

Non-optimal pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, the presence of toxic substances, or the influence of grazers are known to cause disturbances in nitrification. Because activated sludge is a mixture of different organisms, bacteria, and higher organisms, the stability of processes such as carbon removal, nitrification, denitrification, and dephosphatation depends on a range of interactions. These interactions occur both between and within trophic levels. Understanding of the ecology of microorganisms involved in bioprocesses is essential for effective control of startup and operation of a particular process. The aim of the study was to gain further insight into the dynamics of nitrifiers in activated sludge at various sludge ages while treating higher concentrations of ammonium. The results confirmed the importance of Nitrosococcus mobilis and Nitrobacter sp. as the dominant nitrifiers responsible for nitritation and nitratation, respectively, in the presence of unlimited ammonium. The size of the dominant bacteria colony was larger compared to the other species present and reached 25 microm. Problems with nitrification occurred in all high-ammonium loaded reactors. The dynamics of nitrifier population was monitored by oxygen uptake rate (OUR) using a test enabling the OUR measurement separately for ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The results reveal the hypersensitivity of nitrifiers to the substrate and products of incomplete nitrification.     

SBBR工艺硝化过程中DO对N2O产生量的影响

利用生物膜序批式反应器(SBBR),考察不同溶解氧(DO)条件下硝化过程中N2O产生及释放过程。研究结果表明:DO浓度增大有利于控制系统中N2O的产生;DO浓度分别为(1.92±0.14)mg/L、(2.34±0.11)mg/L和(2.70±0.11)mg/L时,硝化过程中N2O释放因子(N2O总产量与NH4+-N转化量的比值)分别为5.47%、5.36%和4.77%。分析其原因主要是DO浓度的减小使DO对生物膜的穿透力降低,氧传递能力减弱后生物膜系统内易发生以N2O为产物的氨氧化细菌(AOB)反硝化反应。同时,在研究的3种不同的DO条件下,低DO运行条件更有利于SBBR实现亚硝酸盐型同步硝化反硝化。     

异养硝化及其在污水脱氮中的作用

通过与传统自养硝化作用的比较，异养硝化作用不仅是客观存在的过程，而且某些特殊的异养菌，可以同步进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化，对于污水脱氮具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

Quantifying the contribution of nitrification and denitrification to the nitrous oxide flux using 15N tracers

Microbial transformations of nitrification and denitrification are the main sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. Relative contributions of both processes to N2O emissions were estimated on an agricultural soil using 15N isotope tracers (15NH4+ or 15NO3-), for a 10-day batch experiment. Under unsaturated and saturated conditions, both processes were significantly involved in N2O production. Under unsaturated conditions, 60% of N-N2O came from nitrification, while denitrification contributed around 85-90% under saturated conditions. Estimated nitrification rates were not significantly different whatever the soil moisture content, whereas the proportion of nitrified N emitted as N2O changed from 0.13 to 2.32%. In coherence with previous studies, we interpreted this high value as resulting from the decrease in O2 availability through the increase in soil moisture content. It thus appears that, under limiting aeration conditions, some values for N2O emissions through nitrification could be underestimated.     

污水生物脱氮过程硝化阶段N2O动力学模型

通过耦合导致N2O产生的亚硝酰基（NOH）化学分解和氨氧化细菌（AOB）反硝化途径,构建了一种包含10个组分和7个生化过程的硝化阶段N2O动力学模型。与此同时,利用MATLAB和Excel软件工具,完成了对所有动力学参数的相对灵敏度分析,并在此前提下实现了对模型关键参数的拟合,完成了对模型的模拟与验证过程,进而确定了一种不同于已有活性污泥模型计算软件的模型计算方法。并且通过对模型数据和实验数据之间相关系数（R2）的考察,证明本模型不仅对硝化阶段含氮组分具有良好的模拟效果,同时也与机理研究相符。     

基于溶解氧和缺氧时长调控的间歇曝气策略对短程硝化脱氮工艺的影响

短程硝化的实现可推动能源节约型脱氮工艺的应用。通过阐述间歇曝气策略实现短程硝化的机理,分析了应用间歇曝气策略实例中的运行参数,总结了DO协同缺氧时长分别在单独短程硝化工艺、短程硝化-反硝化(PN/D)工艺以及短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)工艺中的影响效果,如对功能菌活性和系统脱氮效率的影响;提出了以功能菌种、污泥存在形式等影响途径作为依据,基于DO协同缺氧时长的调控策略,并对各脱氮工艺中的运行参数进行优化,以期为各工艺系统实现最佳运行效果提供参考。     

Determination of the nitrous oxide emission potential of deammonification under anoxic conditions

Various studies have been performed to determine nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from conventional biological nitrogen removal processes in wastewater treatment like nitrification and denitrification in the main stream. However, with respect to the overall emissions of a wastewater treatment plant, part-stream treatment for high-strength wastewater (e.g., sludge liquor) is also expected to hold a significant emission potential because of high concentrations and extreme boundary conditions. This paper presents results from a laboratory-scale study on nitrous oxide production by biomass from a deammonification process (nitritation + anammox) under anoxic conditions. It was discovered that N2O formation results from incomplete endogenous denitrification rather than anammox and is dependent on substrate availability. Based on direct measurements of the dissolved N2O concentrations in a sequencing batch reactor, the dynamic behavior of N2O production is characterized in more detail. The results show that, during anoxic conditions, the N2O emission potential of deammonification is significantly lower than from conventional denitrification.     

低COD/N-NH_4比废水的同时硝化反硝化生物处理策略

从生化反应计量学出发 ,提出了对低 COD/ N- NH4比废水可以通过控制营养配比、调控溶解氧浓度和控制生物硝化及生物反硝化 ,经过 NO- 2 途径进行同时硝化反硝化的生物处理策略。对香港低 COD/ N- NH4比的垃圾渗漏水用同时硝化反硝化处理的成功实例进行了讨论     

Unraveling the source of nitric oxide emission during nitrification.

Nitric oxide production was measured during nitrification in a laboratory-scale bioreactor, operated at conditions relevant to municipal nitrifying wastewater treatment plants. This study aims to determine which type of microorganism and which metabolic pathway is responsible for nitric oxide emission during nitrification. Simulation studies were used to identify which pathway is the main source of nitric oxide emission, based on the following three hypothetical pathways for nitric oxide emission: (a) nitrification, (b) denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria with ammonium as electron donor, and (c) heterotrophic denitrification. The results of the study suggest that, in a nitrifying reactor treating wastewater containing solely ammonium and nutrients, denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria is the main nitric-oxide-producing pathway. During the experiments, 0.025% of the treated ammonium is emitted as nitric oxide, independent of the aeration rate imposed. Nitrite presence and oxygen limitation were found to increase the nitric oxide emission.