仪器法测定CODCr试剂配方的改进

针对仪器法测定CODCr用的专用试剂成本高，影响正常使用的问题，对测定试剂进行调整改进，降低了测试成本，经实验，检测结果符合要求。     

HACHDR／2500分光光度计测定水中的氨氮

以纳氏试剂比色法测定水中氨氮为基础，结合工作实践，阐述用HACHDR／2500分光光度计测定水中氨氮的方法和步骤．本方法分析速度快，所用试剂量少，且可直接测定浓度．     

氨氮测试预处理中滤纸洗涤方法的比较

纳氏试剂比色法或水杨酸-次氯酸盐比色法测定较清洁和稍混浊水样中的氨氮时,需用絮凝沉淀法进行预处理,在处理中要用经无氨水充分洗涤的中速滤纸过滤。滤纸中常含较多的氨和某些干扰物,需经多次洗涤将其除去,以减少对测试结果的影响。这在大批量水样测试中非常费时费事。今试验出一种“浸泡洗涤法”,取得了较好的效果。     

水杨酸—次氯酸钠光度法测定水中氨氮

环境监测分析中,应用于氨氮测定的两个常用方法:纳氏试剂比色法和苯酚一次氯酸盐比色法,其灵敏度均不高(￡′≈4.5～5×10~3)。前法虽简便快速,但显色体系稳定差,后法精密度好,但显色时间长,且苯酚试剂放置日久易变质。本文研究了亚硝酰铁氰化钠催化水杨酸光度法,结果表明不仅克服了上述方法的缺点,而且灵敏度提高两倍多。应用于水中氨氮的测定,获得了较满意的结果。     

纳氏试剂比色法测定水体中氨氮影响因素的探讨

对纳氏试剂比色法测定水中氨氮的条件进行了优化,根据实际分析工作中的经验,对实验中出现的常见问题和解决办法进行了总结.     

纳氏试剂配制小经验

水中的氨氮测定,常用纳氏试剂比色法,个别同志在纳氏试剂配制过程中,因操作不当,所配纳氏试剂无效而报废。其主要原因是控制二氯化汞的溶解温度、     

流动注射法测定水和废水中挥发酚

采用流动注射法在线测定水和废水中挥发酚,优化了仪器测试条件,试验了铁氰化钾缓冲液的稳定性.该方法在0 μg/L～200 μg/L线性关系良好,检出限为0.7 μg/L,精密度和准确度均能满足要求,而且分析速度快,试剂消耗量少,适用于大批量饮用水、地表水、生活和工业排放废水中挥发酚的测定.     

用1.3.5—三硝基苯比色法测定大气中微量二氧化硫

盐酸副玫瑰苯胺比色法是目前测定大气中二氧化硫的常用方法,该方法灵敏,选择性强,但吸收液毒性较大,使用时,对温度、pH和试剂纯度要求比较严格。钍试剂比色法所用吸收液无毒,但灵敏度较低,采样体积较大,不适宜大气中微量二氧化硫的测定。 本文根据二氧化硫与水形成亚硫酸根后能与1.3.5—三硝基苯(TNB)形成TNB—SO_3~-加成络合物,提出了用TNB比色测定大气中微量二氧化硫的方法。该方法的特点是显色迅速、稳定、空白低、灵敏准确,不仅适宜大     

纳氏试剂比色法测定水体中氨氮常见问题与解决办法

纳氏试剂光度法是测定水中氨氮的国家标准方法,该法具有操作简单、灵敏的优点。但在实际工作中有许多因素影响纳氏试剂光度法对水中氨氮的测定结果,根据实际工作经验,对试剂等可能影响氨氮测定结果的有关因素及注意事项进行了研究和探讨,并提出了相应的解决方法。只要切实做好监测过程中的每一个环节,严格按照程序进行,就能保证纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮分析结果的准确性。     

化学需氧量两种分析方法成本核算对比

目前 ,一般都采用滴定法测定化学需氧量 ,因所用试剂量大 ,分析时间较长 ,上海市嘉定区环境监测站后改用ＨＡＣＨ公司的化学需氧量反应器和分光光度计来测定化学需氧量。通过 3年来 ,用光度法对污染源化学需氧量的监测分析 ,将这两种方法从分析成本核算的角度进行了统计和对比。1　准确度用两种方法对中国环境监测总站两个ＣＯＤ标样进行测定。标样保证值为 (1 0 3± 7)ｍｇ/Ｌ ,光度法测定结果为 1 0 5ｍｇ/Ｌ ,滴定法为 1 0 3ｍｇ/Ｌ ;标样保证值为 (82 6± 4 48)ｍｇ/Ｌ ,光度法测定结果为 84 1ｍｇ/Ｌ ,滴定法为 83 7ｍｇ/Ｌ。两种方…     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.