东江源柑桔果园肥料、农药投入及潜在环境影响分析

采用入户调查方式分析了东江源柑桔果园肥料、农药投人状况及潜在环境影响.调查结果表明,温柑栽培的肥料、农药使用量低于脐橙;猪-沼-果、单一果树、有机栽培模式间肥料投人差异很大;农户仅凭经验施肥、施药的现象普遍存在,50%以上农户施肥过量,大部分农户年平均用药12-13次,给环境,尤其是水环境带来较大的污染风险.认为加强对果农的培训和技术指导,科学使用肥料与农药,调整果园品种结构,采用生态补偿机制促进有机栽培,是有效减少东江源柑桔果园对环境污染的重要举措.     

珠江三角洲冲积平原种植热带果树的土壤条件探讨

以广州市番禺区万顷沙十五涌的土壤为例，探讨珠江三角洲冲积平原种植热带果树的土壤条件。该地土壤位于珠江三角洲冲积平原，是由工人围海造田而成的，有关部门计划在此大面积种植木瓜、杨桃、番石榴等热带果树。通过在种植果树前进行土壤本底调查，摸清土壤养分含量状况，找出土壤存在问题，并结合果树生长的需要，提出土壤利用改良意见。降低地下水位，合理施肥，建立合理的间套作制度，是提高和稳定土壤肥力的基本措施。     

广东省稻田肥料施用现状及其合理性评估

分析了近十几年来广东省稻田肥料的施用量以及施肥对水稻产量、土壤有机质和养分的影响,并就肥料品种搭配、养分数量及配比、施肥时期、施肥方法、肥料利用率等方面对肥料施用的合理性进行了评估。通过与国内外有关资料的对比分析.结果表明,广东省稻田肥料施用仍有较大的潜力,有必要采取措施进一步发挥,以促进农作物优质高产。     

土壤动物对紫色土施肥方式的响应

对紫色土长期施肥定位试验地7种不同施肥方式下的土壤动物进行鉴定与分析,研究紫色土土壤动物群落类群及其指示值对施肥的响应.共获得农田土壤动物16 127头,分属于6门、15纲、23目、64类.结果表明,有机物料与化肥NPK配施(OMNPK、RSDNPK)下土壤动物群落多样性和均匀度较高,且显著高于无肥对照小区(CK);通过计算土壤动物类群指示值可知,不同施肥方式对土壤动物类群的指示值有显著影响,OMNPK施肥方式下的大蚓类和RSDNPK施肥方式下的土壤线虫动物门的指示值达到了70%以上,对施肥方式的反映较为敏感,可作为不同施肥方式下土壤质量或肥力变化的特征性指示类群.     

上海地区果树根癌病发生与土壤环境的关系

果树根癌病(致病菌为根癌土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens)目前在上海地区大面积发生,严重危害桃(Amygdalus persicaL.)、梨(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)、苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)等果树的生长。本文采用化学分析及微生物培养等方法,研究了上海地区桃树和梨树根癌病的发生与土壤因子(土壤含水量、pH值、有机质含量),土壤细菌以及与不同果树品种之间的关系。结果表明:土壤含水量、pH值、有机质含量、土壤中微生物的多样性和微生物总体数目与病害的发生没有显著的相关性,但是土壤中存在的个别菌种对病害的发生有显著的影响,初步分析显示Agrobacterium sp.和Bacillus sp.对根癌病的发生具有抑制作用,而Psuedomonas sp.对根癌病的发生可能具有一定的促进作用。同时不同果树品种的病害发生率之间有显著性的差异。     

不同施氮量对饲料稻糙米蛋白质含量的影响及其机理

采用田间小区试验探讨了"氮中量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为190,90,100 kg·hm-2)、"氮高量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为210,90,100 kg-hm-2)、"氮低量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为170,90,100kg·hm-2)对饲料稻威优198糙米蛋白质质量分数的影响及其机理.结果表明,与氮高量施肥法和氮低量施肥法相比,氮中量施肥法能明显促进孕穗期、乳熟期水稻旗叶中硝酸还原酶,乳熟期旗叶中蛋白水解酶活性,齐穗期旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶以及齐穗期和乳熟期籽粒中谷氮酰胺合成酶活性,明显促进水稻对氮素营养的吸收与转运,显著提高糙米中蛋白质质量分数和蛋白质质量分数.氮中量施肥法处理糙米蛋白质质量分数分别比氮高量施肥法处理和氮低量施肥法处理提高了 1.39%和17.93%,籽粒产量分别提高了 12.02%和8.47%,糙米蛋白质产量分别提高了12.54%和18.32%.研究表明,氮中量施肥法能满足饲料稻高蛋白高产栽培的需要.     

夜间增温和施肥对亚高山针叶林土壤呼吸的短期影响

开展土壤呼吸对全球气候变化的响应研究对预测全球碳循环具有重要作用.采用红外辐射加热器模拟增温结合外施氮肥的方法,研究川西亚高山针叶林两种主要树种幼苗——云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abiesfaxoniana)土壤呼吸动态变化对增温和施肥的短期响应.结果表明:在试验处理期间(2008年9月～2009年7月),空气平均温度和5 cm土壤平均温度分别比对照提高了2.03℃和4.10℃.两种幼苗样地土壤呼吸速率在各处理下都表现出明显的季节和日动态.增温对两种幼苗土壤呼吸速率的影响总体表现为促进作用,而施肥处理则表现为抑制效应.但两种幼苗土壤呼吸对增温和施肥处理的响应又存在一定的差异,且与季节密切相关.增温使云杉幼苗土壤呼吸年通量在非施肥和施肥条件下分别增加了22.30%和8.82%,而使冷杉土壤呼吸速率年通量分别仅增加了4.85%和4.45%.两种幼苗在各处理下土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度之间具有显著的指数关系.增温和施肥处理均提高了两种幼苗土壤呼吸速率的Q10值,但云杉幼苗土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应比冷杉更为敏感.总之,不同树种土壤呼吸特征对全球气候变化的响应差异进一步增加了对该区森林碳源/汇功能预测的不确定和复杂性,其内在机理有待进一步深入研究.     

试论我国烟草的营养与施肥

本文从烟草的养分吸收规律、生长的土壤环境、施肥效应、施肥量和施肥方法等五个方面系统地探讨了我国烟草的营养与施肥,并在此基础上指出专用复混肥是我国烟草肥料的发展方向。     

梅州金柚高产优质的土壤与施肥管理技术

通过对柚园的土壤、作物营养与施肥试验研究,结合当地生产实际,总结出梅州金柚种植实现高产优质的土壤改良、培肥地力和施肥的一系列技术措施.     

施肥及秸秆还田处理下玉米季温室气体的排放

以华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,在玉米整个生长季,运用静态箱法针对正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田处理进行了为期3年N2O排放通量的连续观测,并开展了1季CO2和CH4交换通量的研究.在玉米整个生长过程中施肥阶段N2O的排放量占到了总排放量的83%—96%,表明现有化肥的使用明显导致了农田N2O排放增加.与控制地相比,施肥和耕种可导致玉米田CO2排放明显增加,且正常施肥及秸秆还田样地CO2排放主要集中在苗期至吐丝期.控制地、正常施肥样地及施肥结合秸秆还田样地CH4的累积排放量均为负值,说明旱地土壤是CH4的一个汇.秸秆还田在一定程度上增加了玉米季N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的吸收有所抑制.正常施肥样地和秸秆还田样地全球净增温潜势分别为-1392.8 kg C.hm-2和-179.2 kg C.hm-2,表明华北农田在现有耕作方式下是大气温室气体的一种重要汇.     

钾对龙眼产量和品质的影响

为了提高龙眼产量，提高钾肥的施肥效益，于1993～1995年进行龙眼果园不同钾肥用量的施肥试验．结果表明，龙眼在施用氮碗肥及补充土壤缺乏的中微量元素养分的基础上，增施钾肥可增大果型、提高单果重，显著增加果实产量，并可改善果实品质；龙眼增施钾肥有明显的经济效益．提出龙眼适宜的施钾量为：每株每产50kg鲜果树面年施K2O1.2kg．     

Relationship between fruit growth and peduncle cross-sectional area in durian (Durio zibethinus Murray)

The relationship between fruit growth and peduncle cross-sectional area in the tropical tree Durio zibethinus Murray growing in an experimental field of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), was examined. Fruit dry mass was allometrically related to the product of lateral and longitudinal fruit diameters by a power function, and the mass growth rate of the fruits was linearly related to the peduncle cross-sectional area. This linear relationship indicates that the specific fruit growth rate, defined as the fruit mass growth rate per unit cross-sectional area of peduncle, is constant. On the basis of previous findings of proportionality between the fruit growth rate and the rate of translocation of photosynthates into the fruit through the peduncle, it was concluded that fruit growth rate, translocation rate and peduncle cross-sectional area are proportional to each other.     

Interactions among Frugivores and Fleshy Fruit Trees in a Philippine Submontane Rainforest

Abstract: We assessed the potential effect of frugivore extinctions on forest regeneration in the North Negros Forest Reserve, a forest fragment that is one of the last remaining wet tropical rainforest ecosystems in the biogeographic region of the central Philippine Islands. We evaluated foraging observations of 19 species of birds, fruit bats, and other mammals in three successional habitats and identified tree species that are potentially at risk because their seeds are dispersed by frugivores that are seriously endangered. The relative abundance of zoochorous trees in this forest community was exceptionally high (80%), suggesting that the process of forest regeneration will change drastically if endangered frugivores are hunted to extinction. We grouped 45 tree species as early-, mid-, or late-successional species based on their population structure and we demonstrated that early-successional tree species were visited by a wide spectrum of frugivores, whereas mid- and late-successional species were visited mostly by hornbills (Bucerotidae) and fruit pigeons (Columbidae). Late-successional tree species were most specialized with respect to dispersers and could therefore be susceptible to extinction. We recommend tree species that could be useful for assisted natural regeneration projects in the reserve because they are visited by a variety of frugivores. Of those, we recommend early-successional trees for open-field plantations and mid-successional tree species for enrichment plantings.     

Effects of Local Disturbance of Tropical Forests on Frugivores and Seed Removal of a Small-Seeded Afrotropical Tree

Abstract:  Small-scale, local disturbance of tropical forests, for example from selective logging, is widespread, but its effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function have rarely been studied. In 3 East African tropical rainforests, we investigated the effect of different levels of local forest disturbance on the frugivore community and on tree visitation and fruit removal rates of the small-seeded tree Celtis durandii. We quantified birds and primates in little and heavily disturbed sites, distinguishing between forest specialists, forest generalists, and forest visitors. We quantified frugivorous tree visitors and seed removal rates of C. durandii trees in the same sites. Forest disturbance reduced the species richness and density of the frugivore community and of forest specialists. Frugivorous species and individuals visiting the study trees were reduced significantly, which led to a marginally significant decline in fruit removal by all frugivores and a significant reduction in removal by forest specialists. Reduction in fruit removal by forest specialists was not compensated for by increases in removal by forest generalists or visitors. Results did not differ among the 3 rainforests, which suggests they were consistent at a regional scale. So local forest disturbance led to a loss of frugivores and their seed removal services. This suggests that large-seeded tree species and trees with small fruits are losing seed dispersers. Thus, local forest disturbance appears to have a more general negative impact on frugivores and their seed dispersal services than anticipated previously.     

树体自动滴输微肥对果树生理和果实品质的影响

研究了树体自动滴输技术在苹果树、核桃树及柿树上的应用．结果表明：通过输施微肥可以促进树体营养生长和发育，提高核桃树花粉生活力及坐果率．节果树经输施后，果实着色显著增加，微量元素含量显著提高，铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)元素可分别比对照提高13．28％～22．90％、42．54％～43．22％，处理果实中硒(Se)及锗(Ge)的增幅较大，分别是对照的9．545倍及4．7173倍．该技术是提高我国果树生产力和改善苹果营养价值的有效方法．图1表7参18     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅶ.丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中水流阻力的变化及其分布规律

依据田间实测资料,运用水流的电模拟原理,定且分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树（荔枝、芒果和龙眼）-大气连续体中水流阻力各分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性．结果表明,连续体中的水流阻力主要分布于从叶气孔腔到大气的扩散过程,荔枝、芒果、龙眼叶-气系统的水流阻力Rla占连续体水流总阻力Rsa的比例分别为93.65％～98.03、95.68％～99.03％、90.13％～98.71％;果树植株体的水流阻力Rp居其次,占Rsa的比例分别为1．97％～6．35％、0.97％～4.32％、0．08％～9．87％：土壤阻力Rs最小,占Rsa的比例小到可忽略不计,故叶-气系统的水流阻力是决定连缤体中水流速率的重要因素．     

KClO3对龙眼产期的调控效应

以自行配制、主要有效成份为KClO3的龙眼产期调控剂进行田间试验．结果表明：催花土壤施用剂量以每平方米树冠面积180g效果最佳；不同品种龙眼对药物的敏感程度不同，以石硖、储良龙眼最为敏感，平均抽花率可达80％以上．不同季节和不同梢期施药，龙眼抽花率存在显著差别；药剂干施回泥后淋水、干施淋水后回泥和拌水淋施这3种土壤给药方式的促花效果差异不显著；反季节与正造栽培收获的龙眼相比，果实质量存在一定差异，春季收获的果实个大肉厚，外观较佳，但糖份含量等品质指标则较差．KClO3调控龙眼产期的效果明显，配合相应的树体管理和土壤水分养分调控措施，可实现龙眼产期的人工合理控制．表7参20     

Simulation of wetlands forest vegetation dynamics

A computer program, SWAMP, was designed to simulate the effects of flood frequency and depth to water table on southern wetlands forest vegetation dynamics. By incorporating these hydrologic characteristics into the model, forest vegetation and vegetation dynamics can be simulated. The model, based on data from the White River National Wildlife Refuge near De Witt, Arkansas, “grows” individual trees on a 20 x 20-m plot taking into account effects on the tree growth of flooding, depth to water table, shade tolerance, overtopping and crowding, and probability of death and reproduction. A potential application of the model is illustrated with simulations of tree fruit production following flood-control implementation and lumbering.     

Effects of Pioneer Tree Species Hyperabundance on Forest Fragments in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: Despite many studies on fragmentation of tropical forests, the extent to which plant and animal communities are altered in small, isolated forest fragments remains obscure if not controversial. We examined the hypothesis that fragmentation alters the relative abundance of tree species with different vegetative and reproductive traits. In a fragmented landscape (670 km²) of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, we categorized 4056 trees of 182 species by leafing pattern, reproductive phenology, and morphology of seeds and fruit. We calculated relative abundance of traits in 50 1‐ha plots in three types of forest configurations: forest edges, small forest fragments (3.4–83.6 ha), and interior of the largest forest fragment (3500 ha, old growth). Although evergreen species were the most abundant across all configurations, forest edges and small fragments had more deciduous and semideciduous species than interior forest. Edges lacked supra‐annual flowering and fruiting species and had more species and stems with drupes and small seeds than small forest fragments and forest interior areas. In an ordination of species similarity and life‐history traits, the three types of configurations formed clearly segregated clusters. Furthermore, the differences in the taxonomic and functional (i.e., trait‐based) composition of tree assemblages we documented were driven primarily by the higher abundance of pioneer species in the forest edge and small forest fragments. Our work provides strong evidence that long‐term transitions in phenology and seed and fruit morphology of tree functional groups are occurring in fragmented tropical forests. Our results also suggest that edge‐induced shifts in tree assemblages of tropical forests can be larger than previously documented.     

Evidence of dispersal limitation in soil microorganisms: isolation reduces species richness on mycorrhizal tree islands

Dispersal limitation plays an important role in a number of equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories about community ecology. In this study we use the framework of island biogeography to look for evidence of dispersal limitation in ectomycorrhizal fungal assemblages on "tree islands," patches of host trees located in a non-host vegetation matrix. Because of the potentially strong effects of island area on species richness and immigration, we chose to control island size by sampling tree islands consisting of a single host individual. Richness on tree islands was high, with estimates ranging up to 42 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi associating with a single host individual. Species richness decreased significantly with increasing isolation of tree islands, with our regression predicting a 50% decrease in species richness when tree islands are located distances of approximately 1 km from large patches of contiguous forests. Despite the fact that fungal fruit bodies produce large numbers of spores with high potential for long-distance travel, these results suggest that dispersal limitation is significant in ectomycorrhizal assemblages. There were no discernible effects of isolation or environment on the species identity of tree island fungal colonists. In contrast to the highly predictable patterns of tree island colonization we observed in a previous study on early successional forests, we suggest that over longer time periods the community assembly process becomes more dominated by stochastic immigration and local extinction events.