砂滤/超滤回用处理校园景观水

在连续式65d运行过程中,采用砂滤/超滤回用处理校园景观水,对校园景观水中高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和浊度的去除效果进行了研究。结果表明:(1)生物滤池对高锰酸盐指数去除率为1.5%～37.0%,平均去除率为18.7%;超滤膜对高锰酸盐指数去除率为40.5%～93.7%,平均去除率为67.5%。(2)生物滤池对氨氮去除率为1.0%～77.6%。(3)砂滤/超滤工艺对浊度的去除率为24.6%～100.0%。(4)生物滤池内生物相以菌胶团和后生动物为主,利用后生动物对有机颗粒等的吞噬,使系统具有良好反堵塞自我调节作用。(5)利用10%(质量分数)NaOH对膜清洗效果要优于10%(质量分数)HCl。     

溶剂法提取含油泥砂中原油工艺研究

原油脱水罐、贮油罐、污油灌等底部沉积的含油泥砂含油量高达50%(质量分数,下同)以上,用一般方法难以彻底分离.在对原油组分沥青质、胶质、石蜡处理时,先将氯仿与含油泥砂(质量比为0.33)混合,于60℃在提取器高压作用下挤出大部分原油.再连续通氯仿与含油泥砂(质量比1.1左右)加压洗提,可使泥砂中含油量≤0.3%,符合直接排放的要求.     

中试厌氧膜生物反应器处理养猪废水

猪场养殖废水是一类有机污染物浓度高、悬浮物多、性质复杂的废水,在传统厌氧处理中存在消化污泥流失及处理效率低等问题。本研究采用中试规模外部浸没式厌氧膜生物反应器处理猪场实际废水,设计处理水量为1 m³·d^-1,在HRT分别为8、5、3d的3个阶段连续运行4个多月,考察了厌氧膜生物反应器的沼气产量、运行稳定性、污染物去除效果及膜组件运行性能和清洗效果。结果表明,系统运行期间ORP在-486～-545 mV;随着HRT缩短,有机负荷由0.5～1.88 kg·(m³·d)^-1升高到5 kg·(m³·d)^-1,沼气产量逐渐增大,产率为0.38～0.45 m³·kg^-1。在整个运行过程中,VFA/ALK始终小于0.1,系统运行稳定。对TCOD、溶解性COD、氨氮、TN、TP去除率分别达到74%～86%、48%～68%、7%～12.8%、4.6%～16.7%、5%,其中溶解性COD去除率占总COD去除率的55%左右。系统运行期...     

工业化规模生物堆修复焦化类PAHs污染土壤的效果

现场建立处理能力为450 m3工业化规模的生物堆对焦化类PAHs污染土壤进行为期8个月的修复,运行过程中控制土壤C∶N∶P=100∶10∶1、水分10%～20%(质量百分比)、堆内氧气不低于7%(体积百分比)。结果表明:O2与CO2浓度呈负相关。系统连续运行时,微生物数量增加至107数量级,高出自然状态下土壤中微生物数量1～2个数量级。除NO3-在运行后期显著增加外,其余土壤因子均无明显变化。PAHs的降解主要出现在前6个月,之后进入"拖尾"阶段,土壤中各PAH浓度基本不再降低。运行结束后,堆体0.5 m处土壤中含2、3、4、5和6个苯环PAHs的降解率分别介于56.3%～99.5%、34.8%～71.6%、30.7%～40.6%、28.6%～39.2%和39.3%,16种PAHs的平均去除率为65.1%。1.5 m处土壤中含2、3、4、5和6个苯环PAHs的降解率分别介于50.9%～99.8%、57.7%～60.9%、55.9%～63.0%、27.3%～57.1%和52.2%,16种PAHs的平均去除率为71.4%。     

热化学清洗与溶剂萃取法处理页岩油泥

对吉林桦甸页岩油泥采用热化学清洗、溶剂萃取、热化学清洗-溶剂萃取组合3种方法进行处理,回收页岩油。萃取液浓缩后进行气相色谱-质谱分析(GC-MS),油泥进行电镜扫描(SEM)。结果表明,热化学清洗获得最佳工况为搅拌频率250 r/min、清洗温度80℃、液固比为8∶1、清洗时间30 min、浓度6 g/L,在此工况下Na2Si O3和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)可使油泥残油率降为26%和27.6%。二甲苯萃取脱油效果优于热化学清洗。组合处理阶段,Na2Si O3清洗对后续萃取起促进作用,可获得96.3%的脱油率,而SDS清洗对后续萃取起抑制作用,仅获得42.7%的脱油率。SEM分析知经Na2Si O3清洗后油泥呈分散结构,增大了后续萃取油泥与溶剂接触面积。GC-MS分析知,Na2Si O3清洗对于后续二甲苯萃取轻质烃、重质烃溶出行为均起促进作用,而SDS清洗对后续二甲苯萃取轻质烃溶出行为起抑制作用。Na2Si O3清洗-二甲苯萃取是一种很好的油回收方法,具有经济价值,同时可减少石油烃对环境污染。     

A/O系统处理低C/N奶牛场废水中的抗生素

为处理奶牛场废水中常检出抗生素,考察了小试规模缺氧/好氧(A/O)系统对低C/N奶牛场废水中常规污染物和抗生素的处理效果。当进水COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷分别在1 242～4 350、830～1 367、818～1 291和6～12 mg·L~(-1), A池和O池水力停留时间(HRT)分别为3～4 d和2.05～5.4 d时,系统出水COD400 mg·L~(-1)、氨氮10 mg·L~(-1)、总氮去除率为40%～60%(无外加碳源)、总磷基本没有去除;通过调节硝化液回流比(1.0∶1～1.3∶1)可在进水COD/总氮≥3.1时实现碱度的自给自足;对11种磺胺类和8种β-内酰胺类抗生素研究发现,共检出9种磺胺类和1种β-内酰胺类抗生素(总浓度为5.89～17.31μg·L~(-1)),系统对抗生素的总去除率大于93%;先后2次向进水中人为添加8种磺胺类抗生素(每种浓度先后为50μg·L~(-1)和200μg·L~(-1))不会影响系统运行的稳定性,且抗生素的总去除率大于90%,A池和O池的抗生素去除率分别为15.0%～34.2%和69.1%～91.4%;在O池中的HRT降低50%时,系统对抗生素的总去除率基本不变。除甲氧苄啶外,其余7种磺胺类抗生素主要在O池中均得到去除,这与其分子结构中的S—N键有关。以上结果对奶牛场废水处理后还田具有重要的参考价值。     

SBR工艺去除模拟城市污水中双酚A的研究

依次改变SBR系统(厌氧-好氧-缺氧模式)的水力停留时间(HRT)、好氧-缺氧段时间比以及污泥龄(SRT),并采用液相色谱法对系统双酚A(BPA)浓度进行了检测,从BPA去除的角度对SBR工艺进行了评估,同时对部分工艺运行参数进行了优化.结果表明,SBR工艺对BPA有较好的去除能力;在温度为20 ℃、充水比(SBR工艺1个周期中进入反应器的污水量与反应器有效容积之比)为50%的条件下,最佳的工艺运行参数为总HRT=480 min,SRT=25 d,厌氧、好氧、缺氧段HRT分别为90、150、180 min;好氧-缺氧段时间比为0.83,此时COD、TN和PO43--P的总去除率分别达到89%、69%和95%,BPA总去除率达到99%,其中厌氧、好氧、缺氧段BPA去除率分别占BPA总去除率的66%、32%和1%.BPA在上述SBR系统中的去除主要是通过厌氧段污泥吸附和好氧段的生物降解实现的.     

电脱盐废水电絮凝破乳分离机制及工艺优化

为降低电脱盐废水污染物含量并去除顽固有机物,采用Fe和Al电极对电脱盐废水进行电絮凝预处理,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEMs)和共存离子检测等方法对电絮凝破乳分离机制进行分析,利用响应曲面方法 (RSM)对电絮凝处理工艺进行优化。结果表明,电絮凝处理电脱盐废水15 min后,几乎检测不到碳数>11的有机物;反应20 min后,电脱盐废水在266 nm处紫外特征吸收值降低了55%,而电脱盐废水的2个特征荧光峰并未明显改变;反应20～25 min时,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-的去除率达到最高,但Cl-浓度随后又有所升高,显示出体系中发生了氧化还原反应;采用Fe电极处理电脱盐废水时,化学需氧量(COD)去除率和总油去除率均与反应时间、电流密度符合二次回归模型,电流密度对污染物去除率的影响更为显著;电絮凝处理电脱盐废水的最优反应条件为电流密度4.2 mA·cm^-2、反应时间25.4 min,此时COD去除率与总油去除率的模型预测值分别为80....     

包埋固定化微生物法处理含油废水研究

本研究通过包埋固定化微生物法固定除油(Y1#菌),用于处理含油废水,并以水体中乳化油去除率为指标考察了影响乳化油降解的各种因素.选用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-海藻酸钠(SA)复配作为包埋固定化载体材料,制备成固定化微生物小球(IMB),通过实验优化了IMB制备的工艺条件.连续批次除油实验结果表明,在25～40℃,固液比1∶10,HRT为6 h的条件下,进水油含量在20～50 mg/L,乳化油去除率可达85%～90%,出水油含量低于5 mg/L.     

不同类型清洗剂对含聚油泥清洗效果及界面性质的影响

为解决聚驱采出液中产生的大量含聚油泥造成石油资源浪费和环境污染问题,选用化学清洗法对含聚油泥进行处理。不同类型化学清洗剂对含聚油泥清洗效果的规律是:无机型和非离子型清洗剂对含聚油泥清洗效果最好,阴离子型清洗剂次之,阳离子型清洗剂最差。优化了无机清洗剂Na2SiO3和非离子型清洗剂EL100的脱油条件,脱油率分别达到91.12%和85.59%。不同类型清洗剂清洗含聚油泥的脱油率与油水界面性质具有明显的关联性,即脱油率越高,水相电导率越小,油滴Zeta电位绝对值越小,油滴中值粒径越大,油水界面张力越小。     

城市污泥热解中试系统集成一体化研究及运行效果评估

为了促进城市污泥热解工艺的工程化应用,组建了污泥热解系统、热解产物分离回收利用系统、废气净化排放系统于一体较完整的热解中试装置,在实现污泥有效处置的同时也实现了高值能源回收利用。中试工况优化,较好工况为：热解时间30-40 min,热解终温450-500℃,在此条件下,干化污泥（含水率5%）减量率为50%;热值为33.8 MJ/kg的热解油产率为17.1%左右。通过对中试运行效果的评估,得出热解油和热解气两者能量或污泥炭自身能量可供干化污泥热解本身所需能量,从而为推动污水污泥热解工艺的工程化利用提供了支持。     

Oily wastewater treatment using a novel hybrid PBR-UASB system

In this study, anaerobic treatability of oily wastewater was investigated in a hybrid reactor system consisting of a packed bed reactor (PBR) followed by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at 35 degrees C. The system was operated using real pet food wastewater at different hydraulic retention times and loading rates for 165 d. The PBR was packed with sol-gel/alginate beads containing immobilized enzyme which hydrolyzed the oil and grease (O&G) into free long chain fatty acids, that were biodegraded by the UASB. The hybrid system was operated up to an oil loading rate of 4.9 kg O&Gm(-3)d(-1) (to the PBR) without any operational problems for a period of 100 d, with COD and O&G removal efficiencies above 90% and no sludge flotation was observed in the UASB. Beads supplement to the PBR was less than 2 g d(-1) and the relative activity was about 70%. Further increment in O&G loading to 18.7 kg O&Gm(-3)d(-1) caused destabilization of the system with 0.35% (v float/v feed) sludge float removed from the UASB.     

炼厂"三泥"的生物处理研究

从大港油田筛选和分离出3株以原油为碳源的石油降解菌,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),用这3株菌混合处理某炼厂的"三泥",在适宜的降解条件下,仅需投加混合菌液,无需添加营养物(N,P),可使含油污泥A的残油量从67g/kg降至7.7g/kg,混合油泥试样AB的残油量从19.7g/kg降至3.1g/kg,平均去除率为84%以上,可以实现含油污泥的较为经济的、有效的处理.经生物处理后含油污泥的恶臭味完全消失.     

含油污泥中油水含量的 3 种测定方法比较简

利用索氏提取-减量法、减量法和自行开发的高效抽提法,对一系列已知组成的含油污泥进行了油、水含量的测定。测定结果表明,高效抽提法在油、水含量的测定精度方面优于其他2种方法,对于不同组成的含油污泥,由其测定的油含量与含油污泥样品实际油含量的相对偏差均小于5%,由其测定的水含量与含油污泥样品实际水含量的相对偏差均小于7%。在测定效率方面,高效抽提法也优于其他2种方法,40 min即可完成10 g油-水-固质量比为3：2：5含油污泥中油、水含量的测定。     

含油污泥中油水含量的3种测定方法比较

利用索氏提取一减量法、减量法和自行开发的高效抽提法,对一系列已知组成的含油污泥进行了油、水含量的测定。测定结果表明,高效抽提法在油、水含量的测定精度方面优于其他2种方法,对于不同组成的含油污泥,由其测定的油含量与含油污泥样品实际油含量的相对偏差均小于5％,由其测定的水含量与含油污泥样品实际水含量的相对偏差均小于7％。在测定效率方面,高效抽提法也优于其他2种方法,40min即可完成10g油一水一固质量比为3：2：5含油污泥中油、水含量的测定。     

Removal of DEHP in composting and aeration of sewage sludge

The potential of composting and aeration to remove bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from municipal sewage sludge was studied with two dewatered sludges: raw sludge and anaerobically digested sludge. Composting removed 58% of the DEHP content of the raw sludge and 34% of that of the anaerobically digested sludge during 85 days stabilisation in compost bins. A similar removal for the anaerobically digested sludge was achieved in a rotary drum in 28 days. Less than 1% of DEHP was removed with the compost leachate. Although DEHP removal was greater from raw sludge compost than anaerobically digested sludge compost, the total and volatile solids removals were on the same level in the two composts. In the aeration of raw sludge at 20 degrees C the DEHP removals were 33-41% and 50-62% in 7 and 28 days, respectively. Both composting and aeration are concluded to have the potential to reduce the DEHP contents typically found in sewage sludges to levels acceptable for agricultural use.     

Characterization of top phase oil obtained from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust

To research the impact of adding sawdust on top phase oil, a sewage sludge and poplar sawdust co-pyrolysis experiment was performed in a fixed bed. Gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze the component distribution of top phase oil. Higher heating value, viscosity, water content, and pH of the top phase oil product were determined. The highest top phase oil yield (5.13 wt%) was obtained from the mixture containing 15 % poplar sawdust, while the highest oil yield (16.51 wt%) was obtained from 20 % poplar sawdust. Top phase oil collected from the 15 % mixture also has the largest amount of aliphatics and the highest higher heating value (28.6 MJ/kg). Possible reaction pathways were proposed to explain the increase in the types of phenols present in the top phase oil as the proportion of poplar sawdust used in the mixture increased. It can be concluded that synergetic reactions occurred during co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust. The results indicate that the high ash content of the sewage sludge may be responsible for the characteristic change in the top phase oil obtained from the mixtures containing different proportions of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust. Consequently, co-pyrolysis of the mixture containing 15 % poplar sawdust can increase the yield and the higher heating value of top phase oil.     

Assessment of the importance of sorption for steroid estrogens removal during activated sludge treatment

Distribution coefficients (K(d)) between water and activated sludge particles (f(oc)=27.7+/-0.1%) were measured for the steroid estrogens (SE), estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in batch experiments. Experimental concentration levels ranged from environmentally realistic low ng/l to the high microg/l. In this range K(d)s were independent of their water concentration. The experimentally obtained K(d)s (with 95% confidence intervals) were 402+/-126 l/kg, 476+/-192 l/kg and 584+/-136 l/kg for E1, E2 and EE2, respectively. K(d)s were used to estimate the fraction of the total SE concentration that is expected to be sorbed in the activated sludge treatment tanks of a typical STP assuming equilibrium conditions. Assuming a suspended solids concentration of 4 g/l dissolved solids (ds), it was estimated that 61+/-9%, 66+/-13% and 70+/-6% of the total concentration of E1, E2 and EE2, respectively, would be sorbed during activated sludge treatment. The fraction of the SEs that was expected to be sorbed to suspended sludge particles in the effluents from a typical Danish STP was estimated to be only 0.20+/-0.06%, 0.24+/-0.10% and 0.29+/-0.07% of the total concentration of E1, E2 and EE2, respectively, at a suspended solids concentration of 5 mg/lds. For a typical STP the removal of steroid estrogens with excess sludge was estimated to be only 1.5-1.8% of the total loading if equilibrium conditions exists. Sorption is therefore not important for the fate of SEs in STPs compared to biodegradation.     

含油污泥焦化液相油收率影响因素研究

油田产生的高含油污泥,采用催化焦化的方法进行处理,回收其中的原油,分析了影响含油污泥焦化液相油收率的主要因素,采用正交和单因素实验方法对各因素进行考察,确定了高液相油收率的含油污泥焦化操作条件;处理后的焦化固体产物能够达到农用污泥标准。     

代谢表面活性剂菌处理含油污泥的研究

试验采用异位生物修复技术堆肥法,对某炼厂油泥进行生物修复处理研究.用微生物代谢的表面活性剂对油泥进行预处理,洗脱油泥中部分油分后进行堆肥试验,投加从油田含油土壤中获得的以石油为唯一碳源、代谢高效生物表面活性剂的微生物C-2菌、F-2菌以及无机营养物和疏松剂(锯末),降解油泥中的石油污染物.经过外源微生物和内源微生物共同作用120 d,油泥中的石油烃总量由22 910 mg/kg下降到3 000 mg/kg以下.试验利用色谱-质谱联用方法分析了降解前后石油组分的变化.菌株经传统方法鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌.