世界自然遗产黄龙的可持续发展研究

1992年,黄龙风景名胜区作为自然遗产被联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会列入《世界遗产名录》,黄龙风景区以其特有的彩池、滩流、雪山、峡谷、古寺、民俗“六绝”而闻名于世,具有独特珍贵的地貌科研价值和景观美学价值.通过对黄龙风景名胜区的旅游资源分析,对比四川省的世界自然遗产,探讨其旅游发展的优势和机遇,对内部存在的问题做出了深入分析,提出为保护世界自然遗产黄龙风景名胜区的发展对策.     

陈飞让中国人重提菜篮子

给全村人送竹篮子楠溪江全长约150公里,由北向南流淌在永嘉县境内,是1988年国务院第二批公布的国家级重点风景名胜区,以水秀、岩奇、瀑多、村古、滩林美而著名。1956年,陈飞出生在楠溪江边的浙江省永嘉县渠口乡珠岸村。     

中国国家级风景名胜区旅游客流空间格局初探

国家级风景名胜区是我国旅游业发展的主要物质依托。运用标准差、变异系数和游客密度指数等指标,对我国国家级风景名胜区旅游客流的空间格局进行了刻画和测度。结果显示,我国国家级风景名胜区旅游流的空间分布格局很不均衡。针对以上状况,提出了一些对策与建议。     

重视重庆市旅游资源的可持续利用

减少旅游景区内接待设施建设 重庆应科学地规划旅游景区的土地利用,区分风景名胜区与旅游接待区的功能,借鉴世界旅游组织为四川省等省编制的地方旅游发展规划,拆除一些风景名胜区的旅游接待设施。在风景名胜区附近的县市驻地、乡镇驻地或村落,建设旅游接待中心。 发挥市县城区、乡镇等的旅游集散地功能．扩大旅游服务功能的辐射范围,依托已有的基础设施,可取得事半功倍的效果。即使是与旅游风景区相隔离的服务接待地, 也应科学规划,建设风格应与景区一致。可以利用旅游景区内原有乡十民居,改造成为小型家庭旅舍和青年旅舍,室内现…     

猛洞河风景名胜区旅游循环经济发展研究

在分析了猛洞河风景区发展旅游循环经济的现实基础、风景区资源概况、环境制约、优势及主要障碍的基础上,提出了猛洞河风景名胜区发展旅游循环经济的模式,包括旅游企业、旅游行业和区域旅游循环经济发展模式。运用旅游经济学、循环经济学、生态经济学有关理论对猛洞河风景名胜区发展旅游循环经济模式进行了探索与实践。     

九华山旅游竞争力提升研究

九华山是我国以佛教为主要特色兼有自然山岳风光的国家级重点风景名胜区。近几年来,九华山旅游业发展迅速,在资源、生态、区位和宗教旅游方面具有一定的旅游竞争优势,但在市场营销、旅游形象、基础设施、服务质量、景区景点开发等方面仍存在不少问题。要提升九华山旅游竞争力,就必须打造品牌形象、提高知名度、改善基础设施、加强人才培养、创新旅游项目和整合旅游资源等。     

武陵源风景名胜区生态环境建设现状及对策

风景名胜区的开发存在的主要问题是:有限的资源面临着旅游市场迅速扩张的巨大压力;而重复建设和盲目粗放式开发更加重了资源供需失衡.正确处理自然生态资源的保护与开发的关系就成为风景区可持续发展的基础.本文试就这些问题,以武陵源风景名胜区的生态环境建设为例来探讨旅游资源的合理开发、保护和利用的正确途径.     

拜水都江堰 问道青城山

世界遗产青城山——都江堰位于成都平原西北部,是“国家级重点风景名胜区”、“国家AAAAA级旅游区”、“全国重点文物保护单位”、“国家级文明风景名胜区”、“全国爱国主义教育示范基地”。     

井冈山风景名胜区旅游资源开发初探

井冈山风景名胜区作为全国44个国家重点风景名胜区之一，名列中国旅游胜地40佳之列，旅游业在井冈山市的国民经济中具有举足轻重的地位。要大力发展井冈山的旅游业，充分挖掘井冈山的旅游资源潜力，必须立足于其资源的综合性，采取科学的空间总体布局战略，改善旅游产品的结构，设计合理的旅游线路，强化“革命摇篮、避暑胜地”的主题形象。     

兴文：石海洞乡等

兴文：石海洞乡 　　地处四川盆地南缘的兴文县,是一个旅游资源十分丰富的地方,拥有“石海洞乡”和“博望山”两个省级风景名胜区。在这两个风景名胜区内,有世界最大规模的大漏斗——“天下第一大漏斗”;有“发育最完整、剖面最清晰、规模最宏大”的喀斯特景观——“石海大峡谷”;有中国唯一的瀑布奇观——“唤雨岩”瀑布;以及最长的石膏花长廊——天泉洞第四层景观“天堂之路”;最长的溶洞——“天泉洞”等。兴文县也是四川省最大的苗族聚居县,苗乡风情淳厚浓郁。据悉,石海洞乡已被上报国务院待批国家级风景名胜区,并可望在今年内获得批准。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.