基于多同位素的不同土地利用区域水体硝酸盐源解析

不同的土地利用类型对所在流域内的水质产生不同的影响.本研究选取典型城市河流（京杭运河杭州段）和典型山林农业区河流（余英溪）为研究对象,利用多同位素技术（δD-H₂O,δ¹⁸O-H₂O,δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）结合稳定同位素（stable isotope analysis in R,SIAR）模型,对运河和余英溪的硝酸盐来源进行了识别并计算了各污染源的贡献率.结果表明,运河和余英溪均存在不同程度的氮污染,运河以NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N为主,余英溪以NO₃^--N为主.运河和余英溪水的氢氧同位素（δD-H₂O,δ¹⁸O-H₂O）沿当地大气降水线分布,两者存在明显线性关系（R²=0.78）,表明降水是这两条河流的主要补给源.运河和余英溪水体NO₃^-的氮同位素值（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-）均小于15‰,说明这两条河流中主要存在硝化作用.部分运河水样NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-/δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值介于1.3~2.1之间且伴随着低浓度的DO和NO₂^-,可见部分运河水体存在反硝化作用.运河水样δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-值（均值：6.1‰）明显高于余英溪水体δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-值（均值：2.3‰）.各NO₃^-源对运河的贡献率：生活污水/粪肥（37.0%） > 土壤氮（35.7%） > 化学肥料（19.1%） > 降水（8.2%）;对余英溪的贡献率：化学肥料（46.1%） > 土壤氮（22.8%） > 降水（17.3%） > 生活污水/粪肥（13.8%）.在人类活动强度大的城市区域的河流（运河）中由于生活污水的零星排放和城市降雨径流的汇入导致生活污水/粪肥类氮源的污染明显加剧.化学肥料不可避免地成为山林农业区河流（余英溪）的主要污染源,可见农业面源污染带给所在区域水体的氮污染已非常严重.人类活动强度大的区域,降水对于水体NO₃^-的贡献降低.反硝化作用产生的同位素分馏对利用SIAR模型计算各NO₃^-源的贡献率产生不同程度的影响,其中对生活污水/粪肥和化学肥料的影响很大,对土壤氮的影响其次,对降水的影响最低.     

城市污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物脲酶活性及硝化潜力分析

为探究城市污水厂尾水排放对河流沉积物氮素滞留的影响,在合肥市的南淝河、十五里河、塘西河、板桥河和廿埠河各选取一个河段,分3个季节采集尾水排放口上、下游一定范围的河道表层沉积物,解析沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力及其变化特征,并对沉积物脲酶活性对外源碳的响应开展定量化分析.结果表明,5个尾水受纳河段排放口下游河道沉积物TN、NH₄⁺-N含量都不同程度的低于上游对照点,多数受纳河段沉积物NO₃^--N和OM含量下降,TP则大都不同程度的升高.绝大多数受纳河段尾水排放口下游沉积物脲酶活性低于上游对照点,甚至离尾水排放口距离越近的采样点位脲酶活性越低.5个尾水受纳河段不同程度表现出沉积物脲酶活性随外源碳浓度梯度增大的特点,表明河段沉积物脲酶活性存在一定的碳限制性.南淝河、十五里河和塘西河河段尾水排放口下游所有采样点沉积物硝化速率均高于上游对照点,而板桥河、 廿埠河河段则相反.总体上,各尾水受纳河段排放口上游对照点与下游采样点的沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力和硝化活性差异性不显著.     

干湿交替对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率的影响

以川中丘陵区自然沟渠沉积物为研究对象,设置低强度、中强度、高强度的干湿交替频率和长期淹水对照处理,运用室内原状土柱-乙炔抑制培养法和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了干湿交替对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及相关功能基因的影响.结果表明：在试验模拟过程中,干湿交替显著降低了沉积物中NH₄⁺-N和DOC含量,沉积物中NO₃^--N含量则表现为先增加后减少的趋势.沉积物反硝化速率均值表现为中强度（266.42 μg·m^-2·h^-1） > 高强度（199.10 μg·m^-2·h^-1） > 低强度（152.93 μg·m^-2·h^-1） > 长期淹水（9.57 μg·m^-2·h^-1）.干湿交替增加了反硝化功能基因的拷贝数（p<0.05）,nosZ基因拷贝数在实验前后无显著差异;低强度和中强度处理的nirK基因拷贝数在实验前后差异显著,中强度处理的nirS基因拷贝数在实验前后差异显著.Pearson相关分析结果表明,沉积物的反硝化速率与NO₃^--N含量、ORP和nirK基因拷贝数呈显著正相关（p<0.05）.干湿交替可能主要通过改变沉积物的NO₃^--N含量、ORP和nirK基因拷贝数影响沉积物反硝化速率.     

异养硝化细菌Acinetobacter junii WZ17的脱氮特性及动力学研究

异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌Acinetobacter junii WZ17脱氮效果良好,为确定其脱氮特性及动力学过程,利用“样条插值法”研究了菌株生长阶段,并采用Logistic模型和修正的Gompertz模型对菌株生长及氮素去除过程进行拟合,结合反硝化过程中间产物,分析菌株脱氮途径.结果显示,菌株WZ17以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N唯一氮源时,生长适应期分别为2.89、3.13和3.13 h,最大去除速率分别为8.47、5.76和5.18 mg·L^-1·h^-1,生长和底物去除过程分别符合Logistic模型（R²>0.9）和修正的Gompertz模型（R²>0.9）.硝化过程中,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N的积累量仅为0.13和0.14 mg·L^-1,反硝化过程中,NO₂^--N的积累量为1.55 mg·L^-1.“样条插值法”的运用可以准确地划分菌株WZ17的生长阶段,菌株WZ17对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N均具有较好的去除效果,反硝化途径为NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N→N_xO_y.     

密云水库入库河流微生物群落演替对氮素形态转化的影响

密云水库是北京市重要的地表饮用水源地,但近年来,密云水库库区及入库河流中的总氮（TN）浓度呈现连年上升的趋势.以密云水库上游典型入库河流牤牛河为例,考察各形态氮素变化的空间分布规律,并从微生物群落组成和功能预测的视角,解析氮素形态的转化,以期为密云水库的氮污染治理提供科学依据.结果表明,密云水库上游除TN外,其余水质理化指标均满足我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的Ⅱ类标准.入库河流TN浓度显著高于库区（P<0.05）,且以NO₃^--N为主,占比为77.7%~92.9%.半城子水库库区的C/N较高,有助于反硝化脱氮的发生,表现出一定自净能力.牤牛河水体和底质中微生物群落结构具有显著差异,呈现一定的空间分布特征,高NO₃^--N浓度是影响微生物群落结构演替的主要环境因子.牤牛河中存在大量硝化和反硝化功能微生物,反硝化菌相对丰度高于硝化菌,且均呈现出底质略高于水体的特点.牤牛河优势硝化菌和反硝化菌分别为Nitrosopumilus和Pseudomonas.PICRUSt2功能预测结果表明,牤牛河微生物氮代谢以NO₃^--N还原模块为主,且主要发生于水体中;硝化过程的功能基因在水体中的丰度最高,主要为narGH;而参与NO₃^--N还原反应的主要功能基因为底质中的异养反硝化菌（DNRA）所携带的nirBD,而反硝化模块的功能基因主要为nirK.     

不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探究不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构的差异,于2019年5~11月对北京市北运河水系和永定河水系7条河流进行逐月采样调查,分析不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征,并采用相关性分析和冗余分析（RDA）探究浮游植物群落与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,7条河流共监测到9门127种浮游植物,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为优势种群,分别占种类总数的40.94%、34.65%和10.24%.浮游植物密度介于（0.24~169.14）×10⁶ cell·L^-1之间,均值为38.20×10⁶ cell·L^-1,生物量介于0.21~78.50 mg·L^-1之间,均值为16.49 mg·L^-1.浮游植物种类、密度和生物量均表现为：混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组>无再生水补给组.浮游植物生物多样性指数H''均值介于1.56~2.18之间,均匀度指数J均值介于0.47~0.67之间,H''和J均表现为：无再生水补给组>混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组.RDA排序结果表明,影响混合水源补给组浮游植物优势种的主要环境因子为DOC、pH、Chla、DO和TP,影响无再生水补给组和完全再生水补给组优势种的主要环境因子为TN、NH₄⁺-N、N/P和ORP.     

岩溶槽谷区地下河硝酸盐来源及其环境效应:以重庆龙凤槽谷地下河系统为例

以重庆典型岩溶槽谷龙凤槽谷地下河系统为研究对象,于2017年5月~2018年4月收集大气干、湿沉降和两条地下河（凤凰河、龙车河）水样,利用水化学、δ¹⁵ N（NO₃^-）、δ¹⁸ O（NO₃^-）、δ¹⁸ O（H₂O）和δ¹³C（DIC）同位素等数据来探讨岩溶地下河水NO₃^-来源及其环境效应.结果表明：①两条地下河水化学类型均属于HCO₃-Ca型,NO₃^-浓度变化范围在17.58~32.58 mg·L^-1之间,平均值为24.02 mg·L^-1,雨季略高于旱季,存在明显污染迹象;②两条地下河水δ¹⁵ N（NO₃^-）、δ¹⁸ O（NO₃^-）值变化于-3.14‰~12.67‰和-0.77‰~12.05‰之间,均值分别为7.45‰和2.90‰,表现为旱季偏正、雨季偏负的特点,且两条地下河水NO₃^-来源无明显差异,动物排泄物和生活污水是全年稳定来源,降雨、化肥和土壤氮是雨季地下河水NO₃^-的主要来源,硝化过程是地下河系统氮的主要转化过程;③两条地下河水（Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺）/HCO₃^-的量比介于0.65~0.82之间,凤凰河均值为0.75,龙车河均值为0.70,δ¹³C（DIC）在-12.46‰~-9.20‰之间,凤凰河均值为-10.72‰,龙车河均值为-11.10‰,说明各个来源的HNO₃和NH₄⁺硝化形成的HNO₃参与了碳酸盐岩的风化过程;④地下河水中8%的DIC来源于HNO₃溶蚀碳酸盐岩,凤凰河、龙车河分别为9%和7%.     

汉江流域金水河与淇河潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因的影响因子

河流是地表连接陆地和海洋生态系统生源要素的关键通道,河流生态系统中包括硝化作用在内的氮转化过程对全球氮循环具有重要影响.本研究选择位于秦岭南坡流域内人为干扰强度低的金水河及人为干扰强度高的淇河进行比较研究,探讨人为干扰强度对河流潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因丰度的影响.结果表明,同时期的淇河潜在硝化速率显著高于金水河（P<0.05）.金水河和淇河的AOA-amoA基因丰度都显著高于AOB-amoA（P<0.05）,但枯水期淇河的AOB-amoA基因丰度显著高于金水河,金水河与淇河AOA-amoA基因丰度无显著差异.潜在硝化速率与水温、pH、水体NO₃^-和沉积物NO₃^-浓度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）.硝化功能基因丰度与水温、pH、水体及沉积物NO₃^-、NH₄⁺及有机碳浓度相关性显著（P<0.05）.潜在硝化速率与AOA-amoA基因丰度无显著相关性,但与AOB-amoA基因丰度呈负相关.本研究表明人为干扰强度高的河流具有更高的潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因丰度,潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因丰度与河流水体及沉积物的理化因子显著相关.本研究对于河流生态系统氮素迁移转化过程有重要意义.     

不同基质对黄菖蒲光合特性及净化能力的影响

选择5种基质,采用盆钵实验研究了不同基质对黄菖蒲光合速率、 蒸腾速率和SPAD值的影响及其与污水净化能力之间的相互关系.结果表明,不同基质影响了黄菖蒲的净光合速率与蒸腾速率,其中土壤上黄菖蒲的净光合速率与蒸腾速率最高,分别为11.67 μmol·(m²·s)^-1和9.18 mmol·(m²·s)^-1,而沙子上黄菖蒲的净光合速率与蒸腾速率最低,分别为8.38 μmol·(m²·s)^-1和4.55 mmol·(m²·s)^-1,且黄菖蒲的净光合速率、 蒸腾速率与高锰酸盐指数、NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N的去除率呈显著正相关（p﹤0.05）.不同基质上黄菖蒲的SPAD值存在差异,以土壤上黄菖蒲的SPAD值最高（58.92）,有机质+沙+土其次,而沙子上黄菖蒲的SPAD值最低（51.14）;黄菖蒲的SPAD值与净光合速率和蒸腾速率呈显著正相关（p﹤0.05）,且与NH⁺₄-N的去除率也呈显著正相关（p﹤0.05）.不同基质上黄菖蒲的SPAD值存在差异,可以用SPAD仪快速监控人工湿地氮的去除.     

不同光强下光催化降解对氯苯甲酸钠动力学

以对氯苯甲酸钠为模型污染物,研究了不同光强条件下的光催化降解动力学.结果表明对氯苯甲酸钠的光催化降解动力学可以用Langmuir-Hinshelwood模式来描述,但其中的动力学参数与光强有关.速率常数k_r随入射光强的升高而增加,而表观吸附常数K_s却随入射光强的升高而降低.k_r和K_s^-1近似与光强呈幂函数的关系.说明提高光强虽然可以增加光催化降解速率但会降低其能量利用效率,如何使用低光强照射可能是提高光催化氧化反应器能量利用效率的重要因素之一.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.