氮肥对旱地土壤甲烷氧化能力的影响

甲烷是重要的温室气体之一，对全球变暖的贡献率是20％。大气中甲烷浓度的迅速增加与甲烷的源和汇的不平衡有关。土壤中存在甲烷氧化菌，在一定条件下可以氧化大气中的甲烷。不过土壤对甲烷的氧化能力受一些农业生产活动的影响。氮肥的施用对土壤甲烷氧化有一定的影响。长期定位施肥实验的结果表明氮肥对土壤甲烷氧化的影响主要来源于铵态氮而不是硝态氮，因为氨对甲烷氧化有着竞争性抑制作用。此外，长期施用氮肥还改变了土壤微生物的区系及其活性，从而降低甲烷的氧化速率。氮肥施用的短期效应则与土壤的耕作管理历史、土壤性质、氮肥施用量等因素有关。有机肥对土壤甲烷氧化的影响比化肥要低得多，其物理化学性质及施用方法的不同都会影响到土壤对甲烷的氧化。     

稻田甲烷氧化与铵氧化关系研究进展

稻田生态系统中存在着好氧微域，其中同时发生甲烷氧化和铵氧化。甲烷和铵氧化过程具有极为相似的微生物机理。稻田土壤中的甲烷可能影响铵氧化过程；施用铵态氮肥对甲烷的氧化也有强烈影响。本文对稻田土壤中甲烷氧化与铵氧化关系做一简要综述。     

稻田甲烷氧化与铵氧化关系研究进展

稻田生态系统中存在着好氧微域,其中同时发生甲烷氧化和铵氧化。甲烷和铵氧化过程具有极为相似的微生物机理。稻田土壤中的甲烷可能影响铵氧化过程;施用铵态氮肥对甲烷的氧化也有强烈影响。本文对稻田土壤中甲烷氧化与铵氧化关系做一简要综述。     

森林土壤氧化（吸收）甲烷研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖的贡献仅次于CO2,约为25%。大气甲烷可以被土壤中甲烷氧化细菌在有氧条件下吸收利用,陆地生态系统森林土壤氧化吸收甲烷的研究已有大量报道。甲烷氧化菌是以甲烷作为唯一的碳源和能源的一类细菌的总称。但森林土壤在全球甲烷核算中具有一定的不确定性,取决于产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的相对活性。甲烷氧化菌的研究集中在环境对氧化能力的影响和自身氧化能力上。大气甲烷氧化过程为高氧化能力低亲力氧化,受到一些因子,如土壤温度、土壤通气状况、pH、氮肥等的影响,具体机理的研究还有待进一步深入。土壤通气状况受土壤质地与土壤水分影响,土地利用类型可能改变土壤容重、土壤结构和土壤水分,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化。植物可以通过自身对生境的作用或化感作用影响土壤甲烷氧化。土壤动物的研究则相对较少,目前排放清单中仅有白蚁是全球甲烷核算所包括的。从甲烷氧化菌的分类出发,对甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷的机理、菌的生态分布及甲烷氧化的影响因素、时空异质性、观测方法等作出了综述,为正确认识和准确预测森林土壤在一定气候和土地利用类型条件下的甲烷氧化强度提供理论依据。     

氮肥对土壤氧化大气甲烷影响的机制

综合评述了氮素对土壤氧化甲烷的抑制机制。包括 :( 1)竞争甲烷单氧化酶的竞争抑制机制 ,( 2 )代谢产物的毒害抑制机制 ,( 3)外源盐引起的微生物生理缺水抑制机制和 ( 4)氮素周转作用引起的抑制机制。提出了氧化菌竞争利用土壤空气有限O2 的竞争抑制机制 ,即氨氧化菌利用更多的土壤有限氧气→产生优势氨氧化菌→形成优势菌群→限制甲烷氧化菌繁殖和功能发挥的氨长期抑制土壤氧化大气甲烷的机制 ,并认为这种抑制作用是不可逆的     

氮肥对土壤氧化大气甲烷影响的机制

综合评述了氮氧化甲烷的抑制机制。包括：（1）竞争甲烷单氧化酶的竞争抑制机制,（2）代谢产物的毒害抑制机制,（3）外源盐引起的微生物生理缺水抑制机制和（4）氮素周围作用引起的抑制机制。提出了氧化菌竞争利用土壤空气有限O2的竞争抑制机制,即氨氧化菌利用更多的土壤有限氧气→产生优势氨氧化菌→形成优势菌群→限制甲烷氧化菌繁殖和功能发挥的氨长期抑土壤化大气甲烷的机制,并认为这种抑制作用是不可逆的。     

土壤对甲烷氧化作用的研究进展

综述了８０年代以来土地ＣＨ４氧化作用的研究进展，包括土壤氧化甲烷的概况、 ，以臁氧的供应、Ｎ的供应，土壤水分状况、土壤温度、土壤ＰＨ、土壤质地等因素对土壤氧化ＣＨ４的影响。     

土壤对甲烷氧化作用的研究进展

综述了８０年代以来土壤对ＣＨ４氧化作用的研究进展，包括土壤氧化甲烷的概况、机理，以及氧的供应、Ｎ的供应、土壤水分状况、土壤温度、土壤ｐＨ、土壤质地等因素对土壤氧化ＣＨ４的影响。     

水稻土甲烷氧化菌对镉胁迫的响应

重金属污染影响土壤微生物群落结构与活性,间接影响土壤碳（如CO2、CH4）的生物地球化学循环和全球气候变化。甲烷氧化菌氧化消耗CH4,降低大气中CH4含量,在缓解由温室气体导致的全球温暖化方面起着重要作用。本研究通过短期土壤培养实验,比较研究了不同强度重金属镉（Cd）胁迫下,水稻土中甲烷氧化菌的多度、群落组成及其氧化CH4潜势的差异。结果表明,添加Cd含量越大,水稻土氧化CH4潜势越弱,甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因拷贝数显著减少;甲烷氧化菌多度与水稻土氧化CH4潜势之间存在显著正相关关系（P〈0.001）。群落组成分析发现,在相对低含量Cd（1 mg.kg-1）条件下,有新的甲烷氧化菌菌属出现,而添加较高含量Cd（10 mg.kg-1）时甲烷氧化菌种类减少。总之,Cd胁迫降低水稻土中甲烷氧化菌多样性及其氧化CH4潜势,可能导致原位CH4消耗减少,从而增加稻田CH4排放。     

不同栽培措施对水稻田甲烷释放、甲烷产生菌和甲烷氧化菌的影响

本文报导不同栽培措施下水稻田甲烷释放的特性和甲烷产生菌、甲烷氧化菌的数量、种类。结果表明,水稻田的甲烷释放,无论是早稻还是晚稻,成活期每天的释放量较少,随着生长逐渐增加,至分蘖期达到最高,随后又逐渐减少,长期淹水和施用高量氮肥或有机肥可以明显地增加水稻田的甲烷释放量。水稻田土壤中产甲烷细菌的数量湿灌溉少氮处理少于其他各处理,其他各处理间无明显差异。早稻生长前期较后期土壤中的产甲烷菌数量低2—3个数量,晚稻生长中期略高于生长前期和后期。甲烷氧化菌数量在早稻生长期间从10~3～10~4/g干土增加到生长后期的10~8/g干土。在晚稻生长期间维持在10~8/g干土。产甲烷细菌的种类主要为甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)和甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)的种。甲烷氧化菌主要为杆状,除甲烷外还能利用其他基质的兼性异养型甲基营养型细菌。     

Interaction and independence on methane oxidation of landfill cover soil among three impact factors: water, oxygen and ammonium

To understand the influence patterns and interactions of three important environmental factors, i.e. soil water content, oxygen concentration, and ammonium addition, on methane oxidation, the soils from landfill cover layers were incubated under full factorial parameter settings. In addition to the methane oxidation rate, the quantities and community structures of methanotrophs were analyzed to determine the methane oxidation capacity of the soils. Canonical correspondence analysis was utilized to distinguish the important impact factors. Water content was found to be the most important factor influencing the methane oxidation rate and Type II methanotrophs, and the optimum value was 15% (w/w), which induced methane oxidation rates 10- and 6- times greater than those observed at 5% (w/w) and 20% (w/w), respectively. Ambient oxygen conditions were more suitable for methane oxidation than 3% oxygen. The addition of 100 mg-N·kg _drysoil ^?1 of ammonium induced different effects on methane oxidation capacity when conducted at low or high water content. With regard to the methanotrophs, Type II was sensitive to the changes of water content, while Type I was influenced by oxygen content. Furthermore, the methanotrophic acidophile, Verrucomicrobia, was detected in soils with a pH of 4.9, which extended their known living environments.     

Equation for isotope accumulation in products and biomass as a way to reveal the pathways in mesophilic methanol methanization by microbial community

Isotope-labelling of substrate is used to reveal the methabolic pathways of substrate transformation by microbial community. In this paper, in order to describe the batch mesophilic anaerobic methanization of ¹³C-labelled methanol and microbial ecology analysis (Li et al., 2008), an equation for the isotope accumulation in products and biomass was included into the basic mathematical model based on stoichiometric chemical reactions. The higher was the isotope level in substrate, the larger fraction of ¹³C accumulated in products and biomass. Acetate, total organic and inorganic carbon (TOC, TIC) concentrations and methane production were used for the model calibration, whereas ¹³C enrichment of acetate, TIC and biomass were used for model validation. In the model, chemical transformations including methanol and acetate oxidation, homoacetogenesis, hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic methanogenesis were considered. The rate-limiting reactions were methanol and acetate consumption. According to the model, homoacetogens performing acetate formation and oxidation were competed with hydrogenotrophic methanogens for hydrogen. Biphasic methane production was due to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the first phase and due to acetiticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis following acetate oxidation in the second phase.     

水稻田烤田期间甲烷排放规律研究

报道了在镇江丘陵区水稻生产中的烤田期间不同处理的甲烷排放特点及其与土壤水分、氧化还原电位的关系。结果表明,在烤田初期有一个甲烷排放高峰,然后很快下降,烤田后期甲烷排放接近于零;前茬施用稻草,对烤田期间甲烷排放有显著的促进作用;不同氮肥用量对甲烷排放的影响规律不明显;烤田期间甲烷排放占水稻全生育期排放量的比例,在３．８６％～１３．９２％范围内变化。     

Interrelationships between sulfate reducing and methane producing bacteria in coastal sediments with intense sulfide production

Coastal sediments receiving different amounts of organic carbon through sedimentation were investigated with respect to sulfate reduction and methanogenic activity. Sampling was carried out at sediment temperatures of 7° and 15°C. Sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria were found at all depths. Sulfate reduction decreased with depth and the highest sulfide concentrations were found a few centimeters below the sediment surface, up to 15 mM at 15°C and pH 7.1. In the same segments a maximum in the methane concentration was also found, 0.91 mM. The high sulfide concentration inhibited the methane formation from acetate but not from carbon dioxide. In the organic rich sediment sulfate reduction was limited by the diffusion of SO ₄ ⁺ into the sediment and methane production from acetate by sulfide diffusion out of the sediment. When electron acceptor concentration limits sulfate reduction, thermodynamic calculations show that the utilization of electron donors more reduced than acetate is favored. In the sediment with the high carbon-input, acetate predominated at 15°C whereas in the low carbon-input sediment hardly any short chain organic acids were detected. The possibility of a shift in sulfate reduction from acetate oxidation to acetate production is discussed.     

Physiological and immunological evidence for two distinct C1-utilizing pathways in Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), a dual endosymbiotic mussel from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The existence of endosymbiotic sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria associating with marine mytilid mussels has previously been inferred by 16S rDNA analysis in Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis Von Cosel et al. 1994, a hydrothermal vent mussel from a site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In mussels collected in June 1993, we found evidence of enzymes diagnostic of two distinct C₁ assimilation pathways in this symbiosis. Assays for the utilization of radiolabelled methane and for immunodetection of methanol dehydrogenase were positive, indicating that oxidation and incorporation of this substrate are occurring in this symbiosis. Sulfide or thiosulfate had no detectable stimulatory effect on CO₂ incorporation, and assays for the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), an enzyme diagnostic for the Calvin–Benson cycle, were negative. RubisCO was detected in all samples examined by immunoblot analysis, indicating this enzyme is expressed in the B. puteoserpentis symbiosis. Stable isotope data showed that carbon isotope values were in agreement with previously reported values, and nitrogen isotope values were among the most depleted ever reported for bivalve symbioses. The carbon isotope values do not preclude the utilization of vent-derived methane. These data could be explained by the presence of two metabolically distinct bacterial symbionts or a Type X methanotrophic symbiont. Received: 3 October 1997 / Accepted: 23 July 1998