金昌市郊农田土壤Cu,Zn,Ni形态分布特征与生物有效性评价

通过野外调查和室内测试分析,研究了金昌市郊农田土壤重金属Cu,Zn和Ni的形态特征,并以麦粒中重金属含量为重点进行了Cu,Zn和Ni的生物有效性评价.结果表明,研究区域土壤重金属Cu和Ni污染严重;Cu的主要存在形态为有机结合态,Zn的主要存在形态为残渣态,而Ni的主要存在形态为潜在可利用态;三种元素的生物有效性大小顺序为NiZnCu.对麦粒中重金属健康风险进行评价反映出麦粒中Ni含量对人体健康风险较大,而Cu和Zn对人体健康风险较小.逐步回归分析结果表明,农田土壤中Cu可交换态和碳酸盐结合态对麦粒中Cu含量贡献最大,而对麦粒吸收Zn和Ni贡献最大的形态分别为Zn的碳酸盐结合态和Ni的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态和有机结合态.土壤重金属Cu,Zn和Ni各形态分配系数较总量和各形态含量更适合表征本研究区域土壤重金属的生物有效性.     

以设计精准修复方案为目标的土壤重金属形态分布研究

农田土壤原位钝化/稳定化修复是通过向土壤中添加化学药剂以降低重金属活性、抑制土壤重金属向农作物迁移进而降低重金属风险的一种修复技术。针对河南省某重金属污染农田土壤,为制定精准的原位稳定化修复方案,采集32个表层土壤样品测定其Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 7种元素全量,并利用BCR连续提取法测定弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态4种形态含量。结果表明:土壤Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr含量的平均值分别为1.90、144.91、7.33、32.24、91.40、28.80和19.76 mg·kg-1,Cd和Pb含量分别超过HJ/T 332—2006《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》的3.17和1.81倍。BCR形态分析表明,弱酸提取态Cd含量占全量比例较高,平均值为24.06%;土壤80.35%的Pb以可还原态存在,其余5种元素主要以残渣态存在。基于不同元素的弱酸提取态含量与全量建立回归分析模型,结果显示各元素的弱酸提取态含量随全量呈线性变化且两者的正相关关系显著;根据Cd、Pb 2种元素全量与弱酸提取态含量的空间分布差异对研究区域进行分区,基于土壤全量Cd和弱酸提取态Cd含量的分区结果有一定差异,而基于弱酸提取态Cd与弱酸提取态Pb含量的分区结果大致相同,能够为设计精准的修复方案提供依据。最后,分别以重金属全量与有效态含量为出发点对研究区域重金属的污染程度与存在风险给予评价,Hakanson风险评价结果表明土壤Cd存在极强的潜在生态风险,风险评价编码法评价结果则显示Cd为中等风险,两者之间的差异提示土壤重金属修复需综合考虑不同评价方法的评价结果,这为重金属的修复评价奠定基础。     

土壤重金属的形态分布特征及其影响因素

土壤重金属元素在介质中的存在形态是衡量其环境效应的关键参数.选择长江三角洲地区的江苏省昆山市为研究区,采集了126个土壤表层样品,通过欧共体标准司提出的BCR 3步提取法对土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Co、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属元素的形态分布特征进行了分析,并采用逐步回归法探讨了影响重金属化学形态的影响因素.研究结果表明,Cd主要以可还原态存在,Pb主要以有机结合态存在,而Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Co 5种元素主要以残渣态存在,不同重金属元素的次生相态所占总量百分比由大到小的顺序为Cd、Pb、Co、Cu、zn、Ni、Cr.重金属总量是影响重金属形态含量的最主要因素,其次为有机质和pH值,FeOx含量是影响残渣态含量的主要因素,粘粒含量是影响Zn各形态的主要因素,MnOx含量是影响Pb各形态的主要因素.     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.     

天津市郊农田土壤重金属积累特征及评价

以天津市郊农田土壤为研究对象,采集东丽、西青、津南和北辰4区水浇地、旱地和园地3种土地利用类型的327个土壤表层(0～20 cm)样品,分析测定土壤中As、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni 5种重金属含量。结果表明,天津市郊农田土壤重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni平均含量依次为10.01、33.71、0.32、56.95和33.50 mg·kg~(-1),除Cr含量外其他重金属元素含量均高于天津市土壤环境背景值,呈现一定的积累特征。以GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》为评价标准,As、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni 5种重金属元素中仅Pb、Cd和As超标,超标率分别为3.06%、14.07%和0.31%,表明天津市郊一些农田土壤存在Cd污染,个别农田土壤存在Pb和As污染,其余重金属元素对农田土壤造成污染的风险很低。采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对农田土壤重金属污染程度进行评价,结果表明,天津市郊土壤Cd污染处于警戒限水平,按区域划分,Cd在东丽区存在一定污染,按不同土地利用类型划分,Cd在园地存在一定污染,其余重金属元素均处于安全水平。总体而言,天津市郊农田土壤除了存在一定程度的Cd污染外,其他各重金属污染风险较低。     

小清河污灌区农田土壤重金属形态分析及风险评价

选取小清河污灌区农田为研究区域,采集31个表层土壤样品,测定了土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As和Pb)含量,采用改进的BCR顺序提取法对土壤重金属的形态进行分析,并基于潜在生态风险指数法和风险编码法(RAC)对土壤中重金属的生态风险进行评估.结果表明,小清河污灌区土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Pb平均含量分别是0.37、51.61、32.62、68.49、34.12、40.77、32.26 mg·kg~(-1).土壤中Cr、Zn、Ni、As以残渣态占绝对优势,Cu以残渣态和可氧化态为主,Pb则以可还原态为主,而Cd表现出了形态多样的分布特征;重金属生物活性大小排序为:Cd Pb Cu Zn As Ni Cr;潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,Cd处于中度-很强风险水平,As处于轻微-中度风险水平,其他重金属为轻微风险水平.综合潜在生态风险指数RI值在51.23—199.33,处于轻微-中等风险水平,Cd、As是土壤重金属的主要风险源,其对综合潜在生态风险指数的贡献率分别为57%、31%;RAC评价结果表明,土壤Cd处于中度-高风险水平,Zn处于低-中度风险水平,其他重金属为低风险水平.     

徐州农田土壤重金属空间分布及来源分析

采集徐州89个农田表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品并测试土壤中Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn和Ni 8种重金属含量,运用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法研究土壤重金属主要来源,并探讨土壤重金属空间分布规律。结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属含量均未超过GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中水旱轮作农田土壤风险筛选值,满足耕作要求。Hg、Pb、Cu和Cr平均含量高于徐州/江苏土壤背景值,存在一定富集趋势。从土壤种植类型角度分析,发现水稻种植土壤中Cd、As、Cr、Zn和Ni含量相对较高。不同类型土壤中暗棕壤Hg含量相对较低,黄壤Pb含量较高。土壤中Cd、As、Cu、Zn和Ni含量受母质影响较大,Pb和Hg含量主要受人为活动影响较大。As、Zn、Cr和Ni含量峰值在铜山区和沛县北部及贾汪区西部地区分布较多,Pb、Cd和Cu含量峰值出现在邳州地区,Hg含量峰值分布与城区人类活动有关。     

天津近郊农田土壤重金属风险评价及空间主成分分析

以天津市近郊西青区主要农产品生产基地表层土壤(0—20 cm)作为研究对象,分析了V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Pb共9种重金属含量及空间分布特征.分别采用地累积指数法及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法,对农田土壤重金属污染程度及生态风险进行评价;同时利用多元统计分析方法,揭示了研究区农田土壤重金属各元素之间的相关性及污染来源.结果表明,研究区农田土壤各重金属含量偏低,呈轻度污染;但在靠近居住区、高速公路、铁路或小型畜牧厂(已关停)的部分点位中Zn或Cr存在明显富集,污染等级为中度或严重;各元素的生态危害指数大小依次为E_R(As)E_R(Cu)E_R(Pb)E_R(Zn)E_R(Ni)E_R(Cr)E_R(V),生态危害程度均为轻微;多元统计分析结果显示,灌溉水对As和Pb的影响较显著,农作物对As的影响较显著;Cr和Ni来源相似,主要受成土母质的影响;Pb、Zn、Cu等3种元素来源相似,主要来自于附近公路交通所排放的污染物;V和As的来源主要与历史工业污染的积累相关.     

贵阳市城市广场地表灰尘重金属水平及影响因素分析

以贵阳市9个广场为研究区域,采集地表灰尘并分析其As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,同时记录广场周围环境的数据,探讨周围环境因素对地表灰尘重金属的影响.结果表明,贵阳市城市广场地表灰尘中As含量与贵州省土壤背景值相近,Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量均高于相应元素的土壤背景值.广场土壤Pb含量与地表灰尘Pb含量具有显著正相关关系.非临水广场灰尘Cd、Cu和Pb含量均显著高于临水广场.城市广场地表灰尘重金属含量是受多种环境因素共同影响的结果.     

期施用有机肥对棕壤中主要重金属积累的影响

以沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验地为研究对象,分别选取不同年限CK、M_2、M4、N_4P_2、M_4+N_4P_2等10个处理的0～20 cm土壤,测定土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量.结果表明:随着年限的增长,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均呈现增加的趋势,以施用有机肥M4和Mz及有机肥化肥配施M_4+N_4P_2对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量影响最为明显,而在无肥对照CK和单施化肥N_4P_2处理下四种元素均有少量增加;几种重金属元素增长的相对大小为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中目前Cu含量还未达到国家二级环境质量标准,Cd含量超标应引起足够重视.几种元素的相关分析表明,Cu、Zn之间具有极显著相关性,表明它们的来源具有一定的相关性. u、zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量.结果表明:随着年限的增长,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均呈现增加的趋势,以施用有机肥M4和Mz及有机肥化肥配施M_4+N_4P_2对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量影响最为明显,而在无肥对照CK和单施化肥N_4P_2处理下四种元素均有少量增加;几种重金属元素增长的相对大小为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中 前Cu含量还未达到国家二级环境质量标准,Cd含量超标应引起足够重视.几种元素的相关分析表明,     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.