泉州湾重金属污染生态地球化学预警

水中的重金属元素易附着于表面积较大的悬浮颗粒物上而进入水底沉积物中,当外界条件改变时,又会重新释放到水体中而形成二次污染。因此,沉积物是水中重金属污染物的集蚋器,是研究湖泊、河口和港湾污染现状和污染历史的最可靠的采样介质。对接受了漂染、制革等工业废水污染源的福建省泉州湾沉积物和沉积柱进行生态地球化学调查取样,用原子荧光法（AFS）和质谱法（ICP—MS）测试了样品中的重金属元素As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量。并进行了沉积柱^210Pb测年分析。通过数学法和增长趋势线法对海湾沉积物和沉积柱中重金属污染分别进行了生态地球化学预警,结果表明：八种重金属元素除Pb外,其它各重金属元素运用两种预警方法所得的顸警结果基本一致,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn五种重金属含量有逐年增大的趋势,未采20～30年内将会对泉州湾生态环境产生巨大负面影响,在沉积过程中,Hg和Cd的含量基本上不变化或出现了负增长。但也对泉州湾生态环境造成一定的影响。     

烟台四十里湾柱状沉积物氮形态地球化学特征

采用连续浸取法首次对烟台四十里湾柱状沉积物不同形态的氮进行分离,并对其垂直地球化学特征和影响因素进行分析研究.可转化态氮分为离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、弱酸浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、强碱浸取态氮(SAEF-N)、强氧化剂浸取态氮(SOEF-N).结果表明,在沉积物表层(0～10 cm)可转化态氮占总氮的26.14%,并随着深度的增加而含量降低.各形态氮占可转化态氮比例平均大小顺序为SOEF-N(89.7%)>IEF-N(7.97%)>WAEF-N(1.19%)>SAEF-N(1.14%),说明SOEF-N是可转化态氮中的绝对优势态.不同形态氮与沉积物地球化学参数之间的相关关系分析表明,沉积物含水率、总有机碳、pH值、氧化还原电位、粒度组成等因素在一定程度上影响各形态氮含量,但各站位柱状样因其沉积物特征不同受各参数影响程度也不同.     

北海湾海水中溶解性Si的地球化学特征

根据1998－10至1999－08对北海湾的调查研究资料，对海水中溶解性Si的含量分布、相关因素及Si：N：P值进行了分析。结果表明：本湾Si主要以陆源输入为主，其中夏季秋呈明显的保守性；春、夏、耿三季度月均以物理过程为主要影响因素，生物活动和物理化学作用也占有重要地位；P是本湾浮游植物的主要控制因子，N次之，Si是本湾最丰富的营养盐。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖海域沉积物中氮的地球化学形态分配特征

对哑铃湾养殖网箱下沉积物、养殖区和非养殖区沉积物中氮的地球化学形态分配特征做了4个季度的比较研究。结果表明:除NNEX以外,其他形态氮的含量都是养殖网箱下沉积物>养殖区沉积物>非养殖区沉积物,并且随着养殖年限的增加,这一规律越明显;但各形态氮之间的比例在三类海域沉积物中有所不同,w(NO) w(NT),w(NEX) w(NI),w(NH+4-N) w(NEX)都是养殖网箱下沉积物>养殖区沉积物>非养殖区沉积物,养殖历史最长的S6站点养殖网箱下沉积物比例最高,网箱养殖明显增大了NO,NEX和NH+3-N) 4-N的含量,而w(NI) w(NT),w(NNEX) w(NI),w(NO-w(NEX),w(NO-2-N) w(NEX)则呈相反的规律;各形态氮之间及其与有机质之间的相关性在三类海域沉积物中也不尽相同,养殖网箱下沉积物中,w(NH+4-N)与w(NT),w(NO),w(NI)及有机质与w(NT),w(NO)都存在显著的正相关关系。      

泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及来源解析

稀土元素因其特殊的地球化学特性,具有一定的示踪性质.为了研究泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及其来源,在泉州市不同功能区以及潜在源区共采集降尘样品34份,对REE组成特征、配分模式、特征参数进行了分析并结合三角图和特征参数关系图解揭示了其来源.结果表明,泉州市大气降尘的ΣREE空间分布差异较大,由高到低顺序为工业区交通繁忙区商业区居住区农业区.居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区的ΣREE变异系数均较小,显示其来源的一致性.降尘和潜在源样品中稀土元素的配分曲线均为右倾,轻稀土相对重稀土富集,具有明显的Eu负异常,表明研究区大气降尘具有较明显的陆源属性.各功能区降尘与潜在源的部分REE特征参数平均值较接近,未能揭示空间差异的成因.LaCeV三角图解表明居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区降尘中REE主要受交通源和土壤尘的影响,其次为燃煤源.δEu-ΣREE和HREEN/MREEN-LaN关系图解进一步说明汽车尾气排放是交通繁忙区和商业区降尘中REE的主要来源.所有功能区的稀土元素受钢铁厂排放物和水泥尘的影响较小,且农业区和工业区的稀土来源与其他功能区存在差异.     

福建省泉州湾大气降尘中的重金属元素的沉降特征

2004年7月-2005年7月分季度对泉州湾大气降尘样品进行采集.利用ICP-AES对降尘中重金属元素含量进行了测定并利用ICP-MS对样品中Pb同位素组成进行了分析.通过对不同重金属元素的年沉降通量的计算及与国内外其他研究区的对比发现,泉州地区大气降尘已经受到一定程度的重金属污染,但与国内经济发达地区相比空气质量相对较好.Pb同位素研究表明,人们的生产活动可能是大气沉降中Pb污染的主要来源.富集因子的计算表明,Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr,Cu和Ni明显受到人为活动的影响.人们的生产活动、化石燃料的燃烧、污染土壤风化过程等可能是大气降尘中重金属的主要来源.      

泉州湾沉积物重金属分布特征及环境质量评价

利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了泉州湾48个表层沉积物样品中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等元素的含量,其平均值分别为47.66、52.2、30.86、111.6、5.29、0.399和50.3μg/g.表层沉积物中各元素分布特征显示Cd、Pb、Zn和As元素主要来源于晋江径流;Cr元素主要来源于海湾周边输入;Ni和Cu元素既有晋江河流输入也有海湾周边输入.多元潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示,除Cd元素为强污染强潜在生态风险外,其他元素污染指数在中度污染左右,潜在生态风险轻微;泉州湾表层沉积物综合污染和潜在生态风险程度在中等以上,主要的污染和生态风险重金属是Ni和Cd;高污染区域与高潜在生态风险程度区域一致,位于晋江与洛阳江入海口交汇处.泉州湾表层沉积物中重金属污染仍然严重,应继续加强控制与治理.     

新疆主要金矿床地质和地球化学特征

新疆地处中国西北部，矿产丰富，尤其是近10年来，在金矿地质科研和开采提炼方法的研究有了新的突破，使得新疆成为中国最重要的矿金地之一，新疆位于西伯利亚板块和印度板块之间，主要由若干个地块和褶皱造山带组成，迄今为止，已发现岩金矿床40余处，依据主要金矿床的构造背景，矿床地质和地球化学特征，可以得到下列认识；（1）金矿化作用主要发生于前寒武纪和华力西期；（2）产于华力西褶皱造山带中的主要金矿床类型有：浊积岩型，火山岩和韧性剪切带型；（3）金矿床具备良好的成矿地质条件，金在高背景区通过活化，迁移并富集于适宜的断裂活动带中，形成大而富的金矿床；（4）金矿床的主要控矿因素是地层，岩浆岩和构造，尤其是韧性剪切带；（5）通过成矿作用物理化学条件研究，金矿化作用是在浅成，中低温，低盐度和强还原环境下进行的；（6）稳定同位素资料显示，金矿床的成矿期在245－359Ma并主要集中于270Ma，（7）围岩蚀变主要有硅化，黄铁绢英岩化，黄铁矿化，钾化，钠化等，其中黄铁矿化，黄铁绢英岩化和玉髓化是良好的找矿标志；（8）根据S、C、Si,Sr,Pb同位素资料，成矿物质主要来源于下地壳和上地幔，并受到地壳混染；（9）依据H、O同位素资料，早期成矿过程中成矿流体以岩浆水和变质水为主，中晚期成矿过程中则以天水为主。     

三江平原湿地汞的地球化学特征

三江平原典型湿地土壤、植物、地表水中的总汞含量较高，表层土壤汞含量平均为88．4ng/g，高于本地区耕地土壤，并具有从上到下逐渐减少的趋势；在草根层和泥炭层土壤中，总汞含量为毛果苔草沼泽＞乌拉苔草沼泽＞小叶樟沼泽，与积水条件一致；湿地开垦以后总汞含量明显减少，耕地土壤在开垦初期降低速率很快。湿地植物汞含量较高，湿地水中的总汞含量春季为58．4－131．6ng/L。初步认为三江平原湿地汞的主要来源为大气沉降，湿地是河流和水库中汞的重要来源，人类活动增强了湿地中汞的迁移。     

福建省泉州湾表层沉积物中重金属的含量与分布

于2004年7月在泉州湾采集了表层沉积物样品,分析了8种重金属的含量和分布。泉州湾表层沉积物中的重金属基本呈现出由河流入海口向湾内及湾口逐渐降低的趋势。据潜在生态风险评价,泉州湾表层沉积物重金属的生态危害程度都较小。     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration(24.19 μg/m3), which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse's workstations, the wards, and the doctor's offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways(16.30 μg/m3). Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (< 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, > 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the Σ6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (<2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, >10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges( 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

泉州湾沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

用GC-ECD内标法测定了泉州湾沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的含量.通过研究有机氯农药在沉积物柱样中的垂直分布特征,探讨了有机氯农药在泉州湾的污染历史.该柱样中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为(0.00～5.61)×10-9、(1.18～50.65)×10-9.研究表明该区沉积物未受到HCHs的明显污染,但已受到DDTs的轻微污染.有机氯农药的垂直变化基本反映了它在我国及福建的生产使用历史.在近年泉州湾仍有新的DDT输入.     

泉州湾表层沉积物中残留DDTs污染现状及风险评价

运用GC／ECD对泉州湾表层沉积物下、上层共24个样品DDTs进行分析,结果表明：沉积物上层内湾、秀涂一石湖一线、外湾总DDTs浓度范围分别为3．23～25．23ng／g、4．13～10．36ng／g、0．03～0．84ng／g,平均浓度依次为13．88ng／g、7．78ng／g、1．72ng／g;下层分别为2．30～6．92ng／g、3．83～17．50ng／g、0．57～14．88ng／g,平均浓度依次为4．60ng／g、8．17ng／g、4．1lng／g。（DDD＋DDE）／DDTs比值为0．1l～1．00．上层沉积物DDE／DDTs比值远小于1。DDE／DDD表明降解主要处于厌氧环境下．污染物主要来自污水直接排放。风险评价表明,沉残留有机污染物毒性风险已经大于75％．会对泉州湾海产养殖产生一定影响。     

住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对天津市13户家庭住宅冬季和夏季26个室内降尘样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP)进行提取分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱定量分析,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯污染变化特征和暴露风险.结果表明,冬夏两季,室内降尘样品均以DEHP 浓度最大,DBP第二,且DBP 和DEHP之和占ΣPAEs 的比例达到80.0%以上;冬季,各采样点6种邻苯二甲酸酯总含量(∑PAEs)浓度在1.498~32.587μg/g之间,平均浓度为(6.772±8.154)μg/g;夏季,∑PAEs浓度在1.981~40.041μg/g之间,平均浓度为(13.406±12.911) μg/g;PAEs浓度季节变化差异显著,夏季降尘样品中PAEs浓度高于冬季.暴露评价显示儿童和成人的夏季邻苯二甲酸酯总暴露量均大于冬季;经口暴露水平大于皮肤;平均儿童的暴露水平是成人的10倍左右;成人和儿童对4种物质(DBP、DEHP、DEP、BBP)的总暴露量最大值均出现在夏季;天津室内降尘暴露量与我国6城市室内降尘总暴露水平相当(除DEHP外),与德国和美国的暴露水平相比,天津儿童和成人的暴露量偏小.但是,室内环境中PAEs污染对人体健康的影响仍要引起重视,尤其是对低龄儿童的健康危害.     

城市道路灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征研究

2 0 0 3年 1月采集广州市城区包括居民区、城区交通主干道、垃圾堆放场、休闲旅游区、商业区和工业区等 2 0个道路灰尘样品 .参照USE PA80 61系列方法 ,研究了广州市城区道路灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯 (PhthalateEsters,PAEs)的分布特征 .结果表明 ,道路灰尘样品中PAEs含量范围为 4 48～ 3 70 42 μg·g- 1 (干重 ) ,平均值为 13 2 5 8μg·g- 1 (干重 ) ,TOC质量分数为 1 42 %～ 16 93 % .综合商业大厦、繁华商业步行街、饮料生产厂区、城区交通主干道和农贸市场道路灰尘PAEs含量较高 ;DEHP、DnBP和DiBP为道路灰尘中主要的PAEs;道路灰尘中wDEHP>wDnBP>wDiBP>wDnOP>wDEP>wDMP.     

Organochlorine pesticide and heavy metal residues in some edible biota collected from Quanzhou Bay and Xinghua Bay, Southeast China

In order to assess the contamination of edible marine organisms in Quanzhou and Xinghua Bays,Fujian Province,China,concentrations of organochlorine pesticides(hexachlorocyclohexane isomers or HCHs and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers/derivatives or DDTs) and heavy metals(Cu,Pb,Zn,As,Cr,Cd,Ni and Hg) in 13 species collected from different sites in the bays were analyzed by GC-ECD and ICP-MS.The concentration of the sum of DDTs exceeded that the sum of HCHs in the samples.Most of the organisms showed h...