岷江上游山区聚落生态位地域边界划分与垂直分异分析

山区聚落生态位是当地居民长期适应山地自然环境的结果,涵盖了人类居所在山地生态系统中所处的地理位置及居民生计所能利用的资源空间.基于SPOT-5遥感数据和GIS技术,对岷江上游山区聚落生态位边界进行甄别,提出了山区聚落生态位地域边界的划分方法,并对其分异特征进行定量分析.结果表明,河流、山脚、山沟、图像纹理和色差等因素对边界划分具有指示意义,是界定山区聚落生态位地域范围的关键因子;岷江上游山区聚落生态位地域面积介于2.27～528.67 hm2之间,且随着海拔升高而增大;在＜1 600m海拔段,聚落生态位的增速较小,当海拔高度超过1 600m时,聚落生态位的增速明显增加.     

福州山区乡村聚落空间格局及其与水土资源的耦合态势

分析山区乡村聚落与水土资源的耦合态势有助于辨析山区乡村的优势与特色,促进区域乡村振兴.以福州山区为例,综合运用GIS手段及空间耦合关联模型分析山区乡村聚落的空间分布特征及其与水土资源的耦合态势.结果表明,2015年福州山区共有乡村聚落斑块5232个,数量多、规模小,主要分布在海拔650 m以下区域;乡村聚落整体呈现中心...     

安徽鹞落坪自然保护区乡村聚落空间格局特征及其影响因素分析

我国自然保护区大多面临生态保护与脱贫攻坚的双重任务。保护区内乡村聚落空间格局则是当地自然环境、社会经济等多重因素作用的结果。开展保护区乡村聚落空间格局研究能够查明保护区内聚落空间特征及分异规律,为今后规范和引导保护区乡村建设,实现生态保护与经济社会协调发展提供决策参考。以安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区为例,综合运用GIS技术、景观指数定量分析方法分析鹞落坪自然保护区乡村聚落规模、形态、分布特征,探索地形、水源、区位以及社会等因素对乡村聚落空间格局的影响。结果表明:(1)鹞落坪保护区乡村聚落空间格局呈现出显著的功能区分异特征,核心区、缓冲区聚落规模小、形态复杂、分布稀疏,而实验区聚落规模大、形态规则、分布密集;(2)地形、水系、道路对保护区聚落空间格局有显著影响,区内聚落主要分布在海拔800 m以下,坡度15°以下,距河流、道路200 m以内的区域;(3)保护区聚落空间格局还与人口分布、经济发展、保护政策等社会因素密切相关。     

太行山南麓不同海拔梯度天然林优势树种生态位特征

为了揭示天然林优势树种对资源环境利用状况及其竞争程度,在太行山南麓海拔850—1850 m天然林分布区设置29块固定监测样地并进行生态学调查,在对天然林树种结构进行PCo A主坐标分析的基础上,采用物种重要值及其变异系数、生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数、生态位相似性指数等指标研究了不同海拔梯度天然林优势树种的生态位特征。结果表明:PCo A主坐标分析和ANOSIM群落相似性检验结果均显示不同海拔梯度乔木树种结构存在着显著的差异(r=0.199,P=0.006);不同海拔梯度的29个样地中共记录到乔木树种68种,其中栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)在低海拔区(850—1 150 m)和中海拔区(1 150—1 450 m)重要值均最大,分别为0.389和0.332;槲栎(Quercus aliena)在高海拔区(1 450—1 850 m)重要值最大,其值为0.227,且在3个海拔区生态位宽度均最大,其Levins和Shannon生态位宽度分别为7.293和2.153、4.023和1.548、8.269和2.200。中海拔区所有优势树种的生态位重叠指数均值和生态位相似性均值均最高,其值分别为0.49和0.39;Levins和Shannon生态位宽度值分别与优势种重要值呈显著正相关(r=0.791,t=-5.777,P=0.010,n=14;r=0.599,t=-8.813,P=0.024,n=14)。研究区重要值和生态位宽度较大的树种为栓皮栎和槲栎,中海拔区优势树种对资源环境需求较相似,种间竞争较激烈。亟需开展以调整种间关系为主要目标的森林经营活动,进而促进健康稳定的林分形成。该研究可为开展不同海拔梯度植物群落发育动态研究提供理论依据,也可为制定科学合理的天然林保护措施提供参考。     

生态恢复过程中华山松林与天然林主要种群的生态位特征比较--以巫溪县红池坝为例

以群落样方为一维综合资源位，研究了炼山后华山松(Pinus armandii)针阔混交群落与天然林中主要乔木种群的生态位特征、并运用空间代替时间的方法，以天然林中种群生态位特征来预示华山松群落中种群生态位发展动态．结果表明：①依照各种群在两种林分中生态位宽度的变化动态，种群可分为生态位扩展型种、生态位衰退型种、生态位稳定型种和生态位敏感型种、②在华山松群落中，大量侵入的乡土树种已具有了较大的生态位宽度，但群落中种间生态位重叠值很高，显现出人工群落中种群生态位分化不良，种间竞争激烈，群落的组成结构不稳定．③天然林中大多数乡土树种的生态位宽度较之在华山松林中大为增加，但由于长期协同进化，种间生态位分化程度高，种间竞争较缓和，群落具有很高的稳定性．④天然群落比人工群落的种群生态位配置更优化，具有更高的稳定性．由此可见，在生态恢复工程中应充分发挥乡土树种的积极作用，尽可能以天然林群落的结构特征作为有益的参照以指导植被恢复与重建工程的实施．图2表3参17     

隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

基于生态保护格局的丘陵山区乡村聚落空间重构策略

从生态保护和建设的角度重构乡村聚落空间,是强化"山水林田湖草"生命共同体,实现生态宜居乡村建设的重要手段。以重庆市荣昌区为例,在分析其乡村聚落空间分异特征的基础上,结合景观生态学理论,运用最小累积阻力模型构建生态保护格局,根据乡村聚落现状布局对研究区生态保护的影响划分乡村聚落调整类型,并提出各类聚落的空间重构策略。结果表明:(1)研究区乡村聚落空间分异特征明显,总体上表现出布局散乱、数量多、规模小、沿河傍水等特征。(2)研究区乡村聚落空间布局现状不利于生态环境保护,将已有的乡村聚落划分为优先整治、限制扩张、适度建设、重点发展4种类型,结合乡村发展实际和区域生态功能定位,提出相应的重构策略。研究结果可为丘陵地区生态宜居乡村建设提供可靠的理论支撑和决策参考。     

刈割留茬高度对大针茅草原群落组成及物种生态位的影响

刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,对草地可持续利用具有重要的意义。为研究大针茅草原植物群落的物种组成及物种生态位对不同刈割留茬高度的响应,在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟毛登牧场大针茅典型草原,以围封不刈割(CK)为对照,设置不同刈割留茬高度(分别为留茬2、5、8 cm)处理,于2020年8月生物量高峰期进行野外取样,测定群落中所有出现物种的高度、盖度、密度及生物量,并分析了群落中物种的重要值及生态位宽度和重叠度。结果表明,草地群落中共出现6科11属13种植物,不同处理下群落优势物种均为大针茅、糙隐子草、羊草和知母。留茬8 cm处理降低了4个优势物种的重要值。其次,4个优势物种中,3种不同留茬高度处理下知母的生态位宽度最大,大针茅的生态位宽度最小。留茬8 cm和留茬2 cm处理时发生生态位重叠的物种对数均多于对照,留茬5 cm处理时发生生态位重叠的物种对数与对照最相近。随着留茬高度的增加,生态位重叠值在0.9—1之间的物种对数减少,在0—0.3之间的物种对数增加。     

宁夏盐池荒漠化地区人工封育草场的植物生态位特征

运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池人工封育草原2006年和2007年植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量,以了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局.结果表明:2007年封育区植物利种的生态位宽度及种间的生态位重叠指数总体上较2006年有所降低;2006年黑沙嵩生态位宽度最大,达0.768,是06年封育区的优势种;2007年封育区的优势种为刺沙蓬和黑沙蒿,其生态位宽度值分别为0.544、0.460;2006年和2007的生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠指数,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系;2006年、2007年较高的Pianka生态位重叠指数都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间.这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性.     

人工封育区植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征——以宁夏盐池为例

为了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局,运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池人工封育草原3种不同措施下的植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量。结果表明:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries Thunb)和新疆猪毛菜(Salsola sinkiangensis A.J.Li)的生物、生态学特性决定了它在该区的优势地位,其生态位宽度远远高于其他物种,并且出现下降的趋势;生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠值,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系;较高的Pianka生态位重叠值都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间。这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性。     

元宝山中山土壤形成特点及系统分类

通过对元宝山的实地考察,选取具有代表性的6个山地土壤剖面进行描述及分析,研究了元宝山土壤的形成条件和特点,并按照《中国土壤系统分类:理论·方法·实践》一书要求,根据诊断层及诊断特性,检索了土壤系统分类名称。得出元宝山土壤垂直分布按海拔由低到高依次为:粘化富铝湿润富铁土-强度铝质湿润淋溶土-黄色铝质湿润淋溶土-普通铝质常湿雏形土-石质铝质常湿雏形土。     

南岭中段弄蝶空间分布格局及多样性分析

为了分析南岭中段区域弄蝶(Hesperiidae)的物种组成、南坡与北坡的差异、不同海拔弄蝶的多样性及生态分布特点,选择南岭中段广东南岭自然保护区(南坡)和湖南莽山自然保护区(北坡)为监测区开展研究.2012—2015年共发现弄蝶83种,其中南坡73种,北坡43种,加之前人调查和记录的共有53属144种,其中东洋区占8...     

粤北亚热带山地森林土壤有机碳沿海拔梯度的变化

选择位于南岭国家级自然保护区的广东第一峰——石坑崆,从海拔300 m起到山顶部1 900 m范围,每隔100 m高程设置1条10 m×120 m的样带,共17条样带,研究土壤有机碳含量沿海拔梯度的变化规律及其与植被类型和凋落物层厚度的关系。结果表明,0～20 cm和>20～40 cm土层有机碳含量均随海拔梯度变化呈极显著差异(P<0.001),并随林分类型不同而呈高度显著差异(P<0.01),土壤有机碳含量总体上呈随海拔上升而升高的变化趋势。凋落物层厚度仅对0～20 cm土层有机碳含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。可见,海拔梯度变化是影响土壤有机碳含量的综合和主导因素,而最表层土壤有机碳含量还易受林分因子的影响,这些因子反映了土地利用变化及自然保护历史。该研究结果提示,减少人类活动的干扰和保持林地适合的凋落物层厚度有助于增加森林生态系统的碳储量。     

冀北山区森林群落草本多样性及其与地形关系研究

通过野外调查取样,应用Menhinick丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究了冀北山区12种典型森林群落内的草本植物多样性规律,并采用典范对应分析（CCA）方法研究其分布与地形的关系。结果表明：不同的群落类型草本植物的组成和多样性指数不同,山杨（Populus davidiana）纯林的种数最多为34种,黑桦（Betula dahurica Pall）纯林的种数最少为19种,其Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数最高,分别为0.927 3和2.879 6;在1 200～1 700 m之间,随海拔升高物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数呈正相关性,但没有线性上升的趋势关系;选取的地形因子对样点草本的影响程度大小为：坡向〉海拔〉坡度〉坡位〉坡形,坡向是样点草本植物空间差异的最主要地形制约因子,环境解释率为98.7%,证明排序可信。     

Episodes of starvation are recorded in the otoliths of juvenile Ambassis vachelli (Chandidae), a tropical estuarine fish

Juvenile Ambassis vachelli, 40 to 50 d old, were used to test the effects of starvation and recovery-feeding on the widths of otolith increments. Three laboratory treatments (fed continuously; fed for 9d then starved for 15 d; starved for 9 d then fed for 15 d), were compared. Fish were also collected throughout the experiment from a field site to assess the natural fluctuations of increment widths. Growth, starvation and recovery were reflected in the widths of otolith increments. The width of increments deposited during starvation were similar in all fish, regardless of prior feeding history, despite the lower mortality recorded in starved fish with a history of intense feeding. Increment-width data were confounded by an ontogenetic decrease in increment widths with age. The results indicate that starvation and recovery are recorded in the increment widths of otoliths and are distinguishable from the effects of ontogenetic development. However, ontogenetic changes in the width of otolith increments confounded the interpretation of otolith-increment series. Therefore, the ontogenetic pattern of otolith increments must be known for each species before valid interpretation of otolith microstructure is possible.     

Microstructure of settlement-marks in the otoliths of tropical reef fishes

The morphology and ultrastructure of the otolith settlement-mark was examined in 44 tropical reef-fish species spanning nine families. A classification scheme based on similar otolith characteristics is presented. Three major categories are identified based on changes in increment width and optical qualities of the settlement-mark. Of the 44 species examined, 39 possessed “abrupt” settlement-marks (Type I) characterised by a rapid decrease in increment width (up to 50% reduction) over settlement. Type I settlement-marks were found in all nine families examined. The 39 species spanned the whole range of possible larval durations (Pomacentrus moluccensis, 15 d ± 0 SE; Naso hexacanthus, 91.2 d ± 2.97 SE). Four of the 44 species possessed “zonal” settlement-marks (Type II), featuring a band of increments that are wider than pre-settlement increments. Species in this category are the labrids Corisaygula, Thalassoma bifasciatum, T. lunare and an unidentified acanthurid (Acanthurus sp. 2). One species of acanthurid (N. brevirostris) possessed a “gradual” settlement-mark (Type III), manifest as a gradual decrease in increment width during the settlement period. A possible fourth type was identified from the literature. Gnatholepis thompsoni and Coryphopterus glaucofraenum possessed a settlement-mark with increment widths that increased post-settlement. Available data suggest a poor relationship between the structure of the settlement-mark and the magnitude of metamorphosis (previously reported as internal and external morphological change). Evidence suggests that the increment profile over early development and the increment transitions associated with the settlement event are taxon-specific and may enable late-larval stage fishes to be identified to species level. Received: 21 May 1997 / Accepted: 3 February 1999     

Spatially explicit models of land abandonment in the Amazon

Given growing concerns about biodiversity loss and carbon emissions stemming from tropical deforestation, it is important to identify the factors associated with land abandonment as they might indicate areas that were deforested but are unsuitable for long-term cultivation. This article utilizes a high-resolution, Landsat-based data-set called TerraClass to relate land abandonment to precipitation, slope, farmgate price of beef, market access, soil quality, and land tenure characteristics in the Brazilian Amazon. The spatially explicit statistical models reveal that rates of land abandonment increase with higher rainfall and slope values, even when controlling for distance to roads, farmgate prices, type of settlement, and soil quality. Moreover, land adjacent to a major road is more likely to be consistently cultivated, but land near large rivers and far from highways is more likely to be abandoned. Land ownership type also influences the likelihood of land abandonment as settlements based on communal property rights have higher rates of land abandonment than settlements with private lots. These results suggest that policies aimed at occupying tropical forests such as the Amazon must consider these biophysical and socioeconomic factors in order to foster human development aligned with sustainability principles.     

Effects of riparian land use on water quality and fish communities in the headwater stream of the Taizi River in China

Riparian land use remains one of the most significant impacts on stream ecosystems. This study focuses on the relationship between stream ecosystems and riparian land use in headwater regions. Four riparian land types including forest, grassland, farmland, and residential land were examined to reveal the correlation between stream water and fish communities in headwater streams of the Taizi River in north-eastern China. Four land types along riparian of 3 km in length were evaluated at 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 m widths, respectively. Generally, the results found a significant relationship between riparian land uses and stream water quality. Grassland was positively correlated with water quality parameters (conductivity and total dissolved solids) at scales from 100 to 500 m riparian width. Farmland and residential land was negatively correlated with water quality parameters at scales from 25 to 500 m and from 50 to 200 m riparian widths, respectively. Although the riparian forest is important for maintaining habitat diversity and fish communities, the results found that only fish communities were significantly correlated with the proportion of riparian farmland. Farmland had a positive correlation with individual fish abundance within a riparian corridor of 25 to 50 m, but a negative correlation with fish diversity metrics from 25 to 100 m. This study indicates that effective riparian management can improve water quality and fish communities in headwater streams.     

Behavior of oyster (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea virginica</Emphasis>) larvae in flume boundary layer flows

Larval behaviors are increasingly recognized as determining factors in the water column distribution and subsequent settlement patterns of marine invertebrates. In particular, larvae within one or two body lengths of the seafloor (= interaction zone) may be better able to control their settlement location or respond to settlement cues. Here we examine temporal changes the behavior of larval oysters (Crassostrea virginica) swimming in the bottom 1 cm of a flume boundary layer. In addition, we present a novel behavior, called "dive-bombing", that consists of an abrupt downward acceleration and subsequent contact with the bottom. Larvae were divided into two arbitrarily chosen size classes (those retained on a 153 m screen and those retained on a 202 m screen) to separate those that developed eyespots from those that did not develop eyespots. Behavior in a flume boundary layer was monitored from day 15 to day 21 post-fertilization. In the larger size class, the percentage of oyster larvae within close proximity (1 to 2 body lengths) of the flume bed steadily increased from 6% to 28% with larval age. In contrast, if larvae were restricted from reaching larger sizes through sieving this proportion remained constant at 12%. Dive-bombing was exhibited by a constant 4% of the larval population regardless of age or size. Kinematic analysis of swimming paths shows dive-bombing to be distinct from other swimming behaviors and from the passive sinking of dead larvae. For example, vertical acceleration at the initiation of dive-bombing is some 30–400 times that measured for other live or dead larvae. Our results indicate that larvae are capable of rapid acceleration and that they may be able to control their approach to the bottom under a much wider range of conditions than had previously been suspected.Communicated by P.W. Sammarco, Chauvin     

Stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chimonobambusa utilis leaves at different elevations北大核心CSCD

海拔对植物养分元素的分配和生存策略的权衡具有重要影响.为了解金佛山方竹(Chimonobambusa utilis)叶片氮、磷养分对海拔梯度的响应,以四川盆地南缘3个海拔(1 400 m、1 600 m和1 800 m)金佛山方竹纯林为研究对象,建立12个典型样地,对生长季节叶片氮、磷含量和土壤养分含量、温度、含水量等进行定量研究和相关性分析.结果表明:(1)随海拔的升高,叶片氮含量呈上升趋势,叶片磷含量呈下降趋势,叶片氮磷比呈上升趋势;各海拔叶片氮磷比均大于16,表明金佛山方竹生长可能受到磷限制.(2)冗余分析表明,叶片氮含量和氮磷比与土壤温度、含水量和速效磷含量呈负相关,与土壤速效氮含量呈正相关;叶片磷含量与土壤全氮和速效氮含量呈负相关,与其余环境因子呈正相关;土壤温度、速效氮、全氮、含水量和速效磷含量对叶片氮、磷化学计量特征整体影响显著,变量解释度分别为72.10%、7.90%、8.80%、2.50%和1.20%.(3)相对重要性分析表明,土壤温度和速效氮含量是叶片氮含量变异的主导因子,土壤温度、速效磷和全氮含量是叶片磷含量变异的主导因子,土壤温度、速效磷含量和速效氮含量是叶片氮磷比变异的主导因子.上述研究结果说明,海拔引起的土壤温度和养分供应的差异调节着金佛山方竹叶片的氮、磷化学计量特征.(图4表3参49)