甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的降解性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在水体中光解、水解及其在东北黑土、江西红壤和太湖水稻土3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性,结果发现:在光[照]度为2 370 lx、紫外辐[射]照度为13.5μW·cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐较易光解,半衰期为1.73 h;25℃时甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在pH 5.0、7.0条件下较难水解,推测其半衰期大于1a,而在pH 9.0条件下较易水解,半衰期为45.3 d,温度升高能加快其水解速率;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为16.3、91.2和41.5 d,其在土壤中的降解主要为微生物降解,降解速率与土壤有机质含量有关.     

芸苔素内酯的水解及其在土壤中的降解特性

测定了芸苔素内酯在不同pH值和温度条件下的水解及其在东北黑土、灭菌东北黑土、江西红壤和河南二合土4种土壤中的降解特性。结果表明：芸苔素内酯的水解和在土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程。在pH值为5、7和9的条件下，25℃时芸苔素内酯的水解半衰期分别为24．1、19．6和16．4d；50℃时水解半衰期分别为20．9、16．3和13．6d。25℃时芸苔素内酯在东北黑土、灭菌东北黑土、河南二合土和江西红壤中的降解半衰期分别为13．8、14．1、16．5和43．3d。     

甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在模拟环境中的降解特性

甲酰氨基嘧磺隆是一种新型磺酰脲类除草剂,其在环境中的归趋备受关注.采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在不同土壤中的降解性、水解和光解特性.结果表明,甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在光照强度4000 lx,紫外强度25μW·cm~(-2)的人工光源氙灯条件下,甲酰氨基嘧磺隆的光解半衰期为1.72 h,易光解.25℃时,pH4、pH7和pH9条件下水解半衰期分别为4.17、91.2、97.6 d,50℃时的水解半衰期分别为1 d、4.75 d和14.5 d,温度和p H值对水解速率具有较大影响.甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为10.8、16.6、31.5 d,该药在酸性土壤中降解较快,影响其在土壤中降解速率的主要因素为土壤pH值.     

毒草胺在环境中的降解特性研究

毒草胺是一种被广泛应用的农药,其在环境中的降解特性备受关注。文章采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了毒草胺的光解、水解及土壤降解特性。研究结果表明,毒草胺在光强为2 370l x、紫外强度为13.5μW.cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,光解半衰期为2.5 h,较易光解。25℃时在pH值为5.0、7.0和9.0的缓冲水溶液中,降解半衰期分别为147.5、173.3和239.0 d;50℃时半衰期分别为15.2、27.0和42.3 d,结果显示温度对其降解速率影响较大,温度增加,水解速率明显加快,水解半衰期降低约6~10倍。该药在江西红壤中降解半衰期为46.5 d,在太湖水稻土、东北黑土中降解半衰期分别为6.4和7.9 d,比较容易降解,主要为微生物降解。结果表明毒草胺在水体中具有一定的稳定性,尤其在避光条件下难以降解。但在土壤中,比较容易被微生物降解。     

芸苔素内酯的水解及其在土壤中的降解特性

测定了芸苔素内酯在不同pH值和温度条件下的水解及其在东北黑土、灭菌东北黑土、江西红壤和河南二合土4种土壤中的降解特性。结果表明:芸苔素内酯的水解和在土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程。在pH值为5、7和9的条件下,25℃时芸苔素内酯的水解半衰期分别为24.1、19.6和16.4d;50℃时水解半衰期分别为20.9、16.3和13.6d。25℃时芸苔素内酯在东北黑土、灭菌东北黑土、河南二合土和江西红壤中的降解半衰期分别为13.8、14.1、16.5和43.3d。     

哒嗪硫磷水解与土壤降解研究

采用室内模拟方法,研究了哒嗪硫磷在东北黑土、江西红壤和南京黄棕壤3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性及pH、温度和表面活性剂（SDS）浓度对水解的影响。结果表明,哒嗪硫磷水解速率随pH值与温度的升高而显著加快,在15℃、pH 5缓冲溶液中水解半衰期为216.56 d,在35℃、pH 9缓冲溶液中半衰期为3.47 d,平均温度效应系数为2.98。SDS能显著抑制哒嗪硫磷水解,且随着浓度的增大抑制作用增强。哒嗪硫磷在3种土壤中的降解速率依次为南京黄棕壤〉东北黑土〉江西红壤,半衰期分别为10.27、78.75、105.00 d,降解速率随土壤pH值的增大而增大。灭菌处理下,哒嗪硫磷在3种土壤中半衰期显著延长,其中在南京黄棕壤中半衰期延长近10倍,哒嗪硫磷在土壤中降解主要为微生物降解。     

茚虫威对映体在土壤中的选择性降解

研究了茚虫威在4种不同类型的农田土壤中的降解动态和选择性降解行为.结果表明,添加水平在0.1—5.0 mg.kg-1的条件下,茚虫威对映体在土壤中添加回收率在(78.56±3.16)%—(108.16±5.32)%之间,最低检测限为0.01 mg.kg-1,定量限为0.05 mg.kg-1.茚虫威在土壤中的消解符合一级动力学规律,消解过程受土壤pH值、有机质含量等因素的影响.茚虫威对映体在1#—4#土壤中的降解速率存在明显的差异性,E1的半衰期分别为15.33 d、19.09 d、10.61 d、11.40 d,E2的半衰期分别为15.44 d、15.61 d、8.58 d、11.13 d,降解快慢顺序为:3#>4#>1#>2#,表明茚虫威在偏碱性的土壤中的降解速率要快于在酸性土壤中,且对映体的半衰期差异在有机质含量较高的土壤中表现得更加明显;对映体分数EF值(enantiomer fraction)表明茚虫威对映体在4种供试土壤中除了1#土壤外均存在明显的立体选择性降解.     

乙虫腈及其代谢产物在稻田中的残留消减动态研究

采用加速溶剂萃取提取、florisil固相萃取小柱净化、气相色谱（电子捕获检测器）测定的方法,研究了江苏南京、江西南昌和福建永泰3地稻田施用乙虫腈农药后,乙虫腈农药及其代谢产物在水稻植株、田水和土壤中的残留消减动力学规律,以及在水稻植株、土壤、稻壳和糙米中最终残留情况。结果表明,乙虫腈母体在南京、南昌和永泰3地水稻植株、土壤、和稻田水中的消减半衰期分别为3．0、4．1和8．3d,9．2、16．9和9．9d,2．8、6．9和10．9d;母体和代谢产物总量在南京、南昌和永泰3地水稻植株、土壤、和稻田水中的消减半衰期分别为8．5、8．2和4．0d,37．1、58．2和20．2d,4．4、8．2和10．8d。在稻田中按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量1．5倍施用乙虫腈,施药1~2次时,在收获的糙米中乙虫腈的均未检出。     

新型农药丁烯氟虫腈的光降解研究

为了解丁烯氟虫腈在液体中的降解趋势,采用液液萃取气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定水中丁烯氟虫腈含量,研究丁烯氟虫腈在紫外光和太阳光照射下,在不同液体中的降解动态和降解产物.研究结果表明,在紫外光照射下,丁烯氟虫腈在水、0.01mol·L-1氯化钙溶液、甲醇、乙酸乙酯以及正己烷中的降解过程均符合一级反应动力学,27℃下丁...     

溴氟菊酯的光解、水解与土壤降解

在实验室测定了溴氟菊酯的光解、不同ｐＨ条件下的水解以及在太湖水稻土、江西红壤与东北黑土等３种不同土壤中的降解。试验结果表明：在３００Ｗ低压汞灯下，溴氟菊酯的水相溶液与其石油醚相济液中的光解均呈二级反应动力学方程，光解半衰期分别为１３．７与９．４ｍｉｎ；在ｐＨ为５，７，９的缓冲溶液中其水解半衰期分别为１５．６，８．３与４．２ｄ；在３种不同土壤中的降解半衰期为４．８～８．８ｄ。     

Photodegradation of Benthiocarb

The photodegradation of ¹⁴C-benthiocarb in water, on a glass surface, on soil and silica gel TLC plates was studied. the study was designed to obtain some information of its dissipation and photodegradation under various laboratory conditions. Benthiocarb degrades readily when exposed to either sunlight or UV light (254 nm). However, it is degraded much faster by UV light than by sunlight. Also, benthiocarb decomposes faster in water or on a glass surface or silica gel surface than on a soil surface. the half-life of benthiocarb exposed to UV light was: 1 hr on glass surface; 1.5 hrs in water; 2 hrs on silica gel TLC plate; 20 hrs on soil TLC plate. Benthiocarb in water, and exposed to sunlight, had a half-life of approximately 3 days. the following major photodegradation products were identified: 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol; 4-chlorobenzaldehyde; 4-chlorobenzoic acid.     

Photodegradation of Benthiocarb

The photodegradation of ¹⁴C-benthiocarb in water, on a glass surface, on soil and silica gel TLC plates was studied. the study was designed to obtain some information of its dissipation and photodegradation under various laboratory conditions. Benthiocarb degrades readily when exposed to either sunlight or UV light (254 nm). However, it is degraded much faster by UV light than by sunlight. Also, benthiocarb decomposes faster in water or on a glass surface or silica gel surface than on a soil surface. the half-life of benthiocarb exposed to UV light was: 1 hr on glass surface; 1.5 hrs in water; 2 hrs on silica gel TLC plate; 20 hrs on soil TLC plate. Benthiocarb in water, and exposed to sunlight, had a half-life of approximately 3 days. the following major photodegradation products were identified: 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol; 4-chlorobenzaldehyde; 4-chlorobenzoic acid.     

灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在水相中光解产物的鉴定

采用HPLC—UV及GC—MS技术鉴定了灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在水相中的表观光解产物,通过分析表观光解反应与暗反应产物的相对含量,确认对氯苯基异氰酸酯和邻氯苯甲酰胺是灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在永相中光解的主要产物。另外,依据反应产物的组成和相对含量,对灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在水相中的光解反应速率常数作了估算。     

恶唑酰草胺在稻田中的残留及消解动态

借助加速溶剂提取、凝胶渗透色谱净化和液相色谱测定方法,研究了南京和南昌两地稻田施用w为10%的恶唑酰草胺乳油后,其有效成分恶唑酰草胺在稻田中的残留及消解动态。结果表明,恶唑酰草胺在水稻植株、稻田土壤及稻田水中的消解较快,在南京和南昌两地水稻植株中的消解半衰期分别为3.5和2.2 d,在稻田土壤中的消解半衰期分别为11.7和20.2 d,在稻田水中的消解半衰期分别为1.3和2.3 d。在稻田中按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的2倍施用恶唑酰草胺乳油,施药1次,在收获的稻秆、稻壳、糙米及稻田土壤中均未检出恶唑酰草胺。这说明恶唑酰草胺为低残留、易降解农药。     

乙草胺和丁草胺的水解及其动力学

本文研究了乙草胺和丁草肢在恒温２５℃,ｐＨ值为４,７,１０蒸馏水和河水中的水解动力学．酰胺类除草剂的水解反应属于一级反应．结果显示乙草胺和丁草胺在蒸馏水和河水中的水解速度差不多,在ｐＨ ４水溶液中的水解速度较在ｐＨ７和１０的速度快,Ｈ＋有催化水解的作用．乙草胺在ｐＨ４,７,１０的速率常数分别为５×ｌ０－４ｄ－１,３×１０－４ｄ－１,３×１０－４ｄ－１．半衰期分别为１３８６ｄ,２３ｌ０ｄ,２３１０ｄ．丁草胺在ｐＨ４,７,１０的速率常数分别为 ｌ．１× １０－３ｄ－１,６ × １０－４ｄ－１,６ × １０－４ｄ－１．半衰期分别为 ６３０ｄ,１１５５ｄ,１１５５ｄ．     

Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic waste has attracted considerable attention because of its feasi- bility and the generation of valuable products. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment and hydrolysis are key processes for lignocellulose conversion. Hydrothermal process is a promising technique because of its efficiency to break down the lignocellulosic structures and produce fermentable hexoses. Most studies in this field have therefore focused on understanding these processes or optimizing the parameters, but commonly reported low yields of fermentable hexoses. The inability to produce high yields of fermentable hexoses is mainly attributed to inadequate information on the conversion mechanisms of lignocellulose, particularly the reaction rules of dissolu- tion, which is a limiting step in the entire conversion process. This paper critically reviewed the progress done in the research and development of the hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Principles, processes, and related studies on separate dissolution and asynchronous hydrolysis of lignin, hemieellulose, and cellulose are presented. Potential research prospects are also suggested.     

灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中的降解动态和残留分析

采用气相色谱法研究了10%灭线磷GR(颗粒剂,下同)中灭线磷在广东省、湖北省两地水稻田土壤和田水中的残留降解动态和最终残留量.研究结果表明灭线磷在土壤和田水中的添加回收率分别为82.85%～93.70%和85.03%～98.17%.灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在广东省和湖北省稻田土壤中的半衰期分别为9.73 d、10.70 d,田水中的半衰期分别为0.83 d、0.85 d.10%灭线磷GR以(1800 g(a.i.)·m~(-2)和2700 g(a.i .)·hm~(-2)两个剂量施药后,灭线磷在广东省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.002 3～0.0034mg·kg~(-1);2700 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,灭线磷在湖北省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.001 7 mg·kg~(-1),1800 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,在土壤中未检测出灭线磷.     

The environmental fate of thymol,a novel botanical pesticide,in tropical agricultural soil and water

In this study, the environmental fate of thymol, including hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, soil sorption and soil degradation, was studied under conditions that simulated the tropical agricultural environment. This study was undertaken to supply basic information for evaluating the environmental risks of applying this new botanical pesticide to tropical crop production. The results showed that the hydrolysis of thymol was pH-dependent and accelerated by acidic conditions and high temperatures. However, the hydrolysis rate was far lower than the aqueous photolysis rate, indicating that direct photolysis is an important dissipation pathway for thymol in water. The sorption of thymol by three tropical soils was consistently well described by the Freundlich model, and the sorption coefficients increased in the order sandy soil < loamy soil < clay soil, a characterization that depended on the organic carbon contents of the soil. The soil degradation rate of thymol decreased in the order sandy soil > loamy soil > clay soil, which has a negative correlation with the sorption of thymol in soils. We concluded that the degradation rates of thymol in tropical soil and water are fast: thymol in water is photodegraded (50%) by sunlight within 28 h, and the thymol in soils is degraded (50%) within 8.4 d. Therefore, the environmental risk to the surrounding soils and water of thymol application for tropical crop production is low.